AMH 2020 LSSC

Chapter 16

Second Industrial Revolution

Growth in Natural Resources Coal Iron Timber Petroleum Water power Labor (immigrants)

Railroads

Promoted by the government Given federal money Land Resources Very few regulations

Moved freight Raw material moved to the manufacturing

centers Regulated time

Growth of Railroads

Contributed to the overall growth of U.S. Coal, wood, felt, glass, rubber, glass 3/4 of all steel in U.S. went to rails lowered cost of shipping

lowered cost to consumers

Rail linking America

Chicago - stockyards Minneapolis - grain St. Louis – beer

1860s U.S. had 2 chartered RailroadsUnion PacificCentral Pacific

Thomas Edison

Menlo Park

Scientific laboratory Phonograph Light bulb Every 10 days minor invention Every 6 months major invention Hundreds of patentsEventually became Edison Electric

Menlo Park Lab Museum

Nikola Tesla

Hungarian immigrant

Converted electricity into mechanical power

Notable inventers

Alexander Graham Bell Telephone

George Westinghouse Improved on Edison’s inventions Illuminated the nation

George Eastman Film/camera

Rise of Big Business

Steel

Railroads

Banking Oil

Andrew Carnegie

Born in Scotland

Immigrated to U.S. at 12

Started as a telegrapher

Built steel mills in Pittsburgh

1901 sold for half a billion

Philanthropist

Steel mill towns

Pittsburgh steel mill Mill town in Pennsylvania

John D. Rockefeller

Oil Baron Born in New York Devout Christian Ruthless in

business used spies threatened rivals bribed politicians

Standard Oil

Indiana New Jersey

Work in Industrial Society

Unskilled workers-Easily replaced

Coal miners

Agricultural workers

Garment workers

Agriculture workers

Coal Workers Pennsylvania

Factory Worker

Child worker North Carolina

The West

Native American Tribes

Pressure in the West

Native Americans Viewed as a hindrance to expansion

Farmers

Gold

Railroads

Plains Indians

Depended on Buffalo herds

U.S. policy wanted to keep on reservations starved

Conflicts

Tribes eventually subdued

Apache

Black Hills Gold Rush

• Gold on Reservation land Disturbed Native hunting grounds

Sioux upset and decide to rebel Rain-in-the-Face (Lakota chief) Crazy Horse (Lakota warrior) Sitting Bull (Lakota medicine man)

Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer

George Custer

Born in Ohio Attended West Point Fought in Civil War Court Martialed twice President Grant decides to send him

West

Battle of Little Big Horn

Comanche

Chief Joseph

Chief Joseph

Nez Perce tribe from Idaho Tribe moved to a reservation

Boasted they had never killed a white man After 8 years, land was reduced Protested to Bureau of Indian Affairs

Bureau agreed with Nez Perce White settlers refused to leave Grant reverses this decision under pressure

Retreat to Canada

Surrender at the Border

Ghost Dance

Jack Wilson aka Wovoka-vision, dead Indians would appear

and white man would disappear-Indians would be protected from

bullets-necessary to do a circular dance

Brought hope to desperate Natives

Wovoka

Wounded Knee

Bigfoot

Assimilation

Carlisle Indian School If they assimilated could be citizens “Kill the Indian, Save the Man” Anglicize

Cut hair Speak English No Indian anything

Carlisle School

1887 Dawes Severalty Act

Division of Indian Reservation land Good farm land did not help the Plains Indians, didn’t want

to farm 160 acres for family 80 acres for single 40 acres for child

Buffalo Bill

Buffalo hides

Desert Act of 1877

640 Acres for $1.25 an acre Designed for cattle ranchers Had to irrigate within 3 years Often didn’t Land speculation rampant

Gilded Age Politics

Corruption became blatant

Local level Machine politics

National level Scandals involving big business

Machine politics

New York-Boss Tweed and Tammany HallMachine politics

-exploited immigrants-but also served-similar to organized crime syndicates

“Boss” William Tweed

Political cartoon

Credit Mobilier Scandal

Created to make money in Railroad construction Appeared to be independent of the Union

Pacific Made money even if railroad did not

Charged Congress and inflated amount Subcontracted work at significantly lower

amount

Credit Mobilier

Congress paid Union Pacific for railroad construction

Union Pacific paid Credit Mobilier for work

Credit Mobilier overcharged government by millions

Scandal

Several prominent congressmen on the board

Schuyler Colfax implicated Vice president of President Grant

Speaker of the House implicated

Bribery was rampant

Over 43 million was made by Credit Mobilier

Political trends in Gilded Age• Presidents were veterans of Civil War

• Republicans supportive of Big Business• Eastern interests

• Democrats• Dominated in south and immigrant communities

• Local/regional issues • Most people more concerned with local issues

Reform Legislation

Civil Service Act of 1883 Exams for federal employees

Interstate Commerce Act 1887 Oversee railroads

Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890 Attempt to regulate big business

Politics at Local level

Rise of third-party candidates

Greenback-Labor party Rural support

Rise of Populist movement

Led by farmers in South, Midwest, and West Farmers feel left out of “American dream” Farming increasingly difficult

Cost of machinery Mortgaging farm Produce more to make more money Drove prices down

Social Darwinsim

Took the ideas of Darwin and twisted Developed by Herbert Spenser

Justified racism

Justified treatment of poor and working class

Labor

Industry resisted organized labor efforts

Few labor laws

Life very difficult for unskilled labor 10 hours a day, 6 days a week

Conflicting Supreme Court Rulings

1898 Holden V. Hardy-Upheld a law limiting coal mining hours

Longer hours = More accidents

1905 Lochner V. New York-Bakers could work as long as necessary

Baking not dangerous

Strikes and Organized Labor

1877 Great Railroad Strike

“…..already the cry of the dying children begins to be heard. Soon, to judge from the past, there will be a thousand deaths of infants per week in the city” New York Times reporting on pre-strike conditions among working class

1877 U.S. undergoing economic

depression

Reasons for strike

Wage cuts Long hours (12 hour shifts) Deaths and injuring of workers Loss of hands, feet, fingers Men crushed between cars

Great Railroad Strike

Labor movement

Knights of Labor Protestant Non-immigrant Secretive Religious type rituals

Terence Powderly

Irish Catholic No longer secret

society No longer religious Broadened

membership Skilled and unskilled Men and women Native and immigrant All religions

Reforms wanted by Knights

8 hour work day Regulate Trusts Prohibit child labor Prohibit convict/forced labor Abolish liquor Advocate moral conduct

Haymarket Square Strike

Chicago 1892 at McCormick Harvester Co.-workers meet at Haymarket square-police arrive, order everyone out

-bomb is thrown, chaos ensues

Haymarket Strike 1892

Social Gospel movement

Religious groups become involved

Applied Christianityby Washington Gladden

-church must correct social injustices-help make work places safer-fight unfair labor practices