America’s HistorySixth Edition

CHAPTER 4

Growth and Crisis in Colonial Society, 1720-1765

Copyright © 2010 by Bedford/St. Martin’s and Mr. Ellington, Ruben S. Ayala High School

Henretta • Brody • Dumenil

1. Freehold Society in New EnglandA. Farm Families: Women an the Rural Household EconomyB. Farm Prosperity: InheritanceC. The Crisis of Freehold Society

2. The Middle Atlantic: Toward a New Society, 1720-1765A. Economic Growth and Social InequalityB. Cultural DiversityC. Religious Identity and Political Conflict

3. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1740-1765A. The Enlightenment in AmericaB. American Pietism and the Great AwakeningC. Religious Upheaval in the NorthD. Social and Religious Conflict in the South

4. Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, & Social Conflict, 1750-1765A. The French and Indian War Becomes a War for EmpireB. The Great War for EmpireC. British Industrial Growth and the Consumer RevolutionD. The Struggle for Land in the EastE. Western Uprisings and the Regulator Movements

Ch. 3: Growth and Crisis in Colonial Society, 1720-65

• Puritan women were subordinate to their husbands

• Women had a dual of role of being a helpmate and rearing kids, usually 6-7

Part 1: Freehold Society in New England1A: Farm Families: Women and The Rural Household Economy

• Men strived to own enough property to provide an adequate inheritance for the children

• Inheritance led to the power to arrange marriages

• Women gave up their property when (re)married

• Whole towns of independent property owners emerged in New England

Part 1: Freehold Society in New England1B: Farm Property: Inheritance

• High birthrates brought an inheritance crisis and ended arranged marriages

• Smaller families and more efficient farming partially offset the land crisis

• Community exchange preserved freehold system

Part 1: Freehold Society in New England1C: The Crisis of Freehold Society

• The Mid-Atlantic colonies grew quickly and became diverse

• ½ of all white farmers in the mid-Atlantic were landless by 1760

• By the 1760s, many towns were crowded and divided

Part 2: The Middle Atlantic: Toward a New Society2A: Economic Growth and Social Inequality, 1720-65

• Quakers, Germans, and Scots all settled in the Pennsylvanian and surrounding areas

• Most Ethnic groups resisted assimilation and held on to their culture and language

Part 2: The Middle Atlantic: Toward a New Society2B: Cultural Diversity

Estimated European Migration to the British Mainland Colonies, 1700-1780

• Strict marriage rules kept Quaker society intact

• Quaker tolerance and pacifism came under attack as they became a minority in PA

• Diversity in the mid-Atlantic caused ongoing tension

Part 2: The Middle Atlantic: Toward a New Society2C: Religious Identity and Political Conflict

• Reason replaced folk wisdom in the early 1700s

• Enlightenment ideas appealed to educated and affluent people, like Ben Franklin

• Deists viewed God as a “watchmaker”

Part 3: The Enlightenment and Great Awakening3A: The Enlightenment in America

• Pietism stressed righteous behavior and appealed to the masses

• Edwards began a revival with his strong preaching

• Whitefield led huge camp meetings sparking First Great Awakening

Part 3: The Enlightenment and Great Awakening3B: American Pietism and the Great Awakening

• The Great Awakening was the first broad social movement in American history

• It split many “Old Light” churches and propelled the growth of newer denominations

• New colleges and a new sense of religious independence came about

Part 3: The Enlightenment and Great Awakening3C: Religious Upheaval in the North

• Presbyterians and Baptists spread in the South

• Baptists became popular with small farmers and preached Christianity to slaves also

• Power of planters and role of women not changed

Part 3: The Enlightenment and Great Awakening3D: Social and Religious Conflict in the South

• France and England both claimed western lands

• Colonial and British rejection of Franklin’s Albany Plan showed growing differences

• A Virginia militia led by Washington attacked a French fort the Ohio area leading to war

Part 4: Mid-Century Challenge: War, Trade and Social Conflict, 1750-1765

4A: The Fr. & Indian War Becomes a War for Empire

• The French & Indian War merges starts a worldwide war for empire, The Seven Years’ War

Part 4: Mid-Century Challenge: War, Trade,and Social Conflict, 1750-17654B: The Great War for Empire

• France lost all its North American colonies

• The Proclamation of 1763 was issued after Pontiac’s rebellion, greatly angering the colonists

• Trade and industrialization made England powerful

• The middle colonies became world’s bread basket

• Transatlantic trade raised colonial living standards but also left Americans in debt and dependant

Part 4: Mid-Century Challenge: War, Trade,and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 4C: British Industrial Growth and the Consumer Revolution

Part 4: Mid-Century Challenge: War, Trade,

and Social Conflict, 1750-1765

4D: The Struggle of Land in the East

• Westward expansion and economic difficulties sparked disputes over Indian policy, political representation, debts

• Paxton Boys massacred 20 Indians

• Regulator groups used force to protect farmers from foreclosure and demand political changes

Part 4: Mid-Century Challenge: War, Trade,and Social Conflict, 1750-1765

4E: Western Uprisings and Regulator Movements