Differentiated Instruction

718 Chapter 21

Section 3Step-by-Step Instruction

Review and PreviewStudents have read about the United States’ preparations for joining the war in Europe. They will now read about how the arrival of American troops affected the outcome of the war.

Section Focus QuestionHow did the arrival of American troops in Europe affect the course of the war?Before you begin the lesson for the day, write the Section Focus Question on the board. (Lesson focus: The Americans helped turn the war in favor of the Allies.)

Prepare to Read

Build Background KnowledgeAsk students to recall the ways that tech-nology influenced trench warfare. Then ask that they predict how the arrival of more soldiers and equipment on one side might affect the outcome of a war being fought in trenches. After they make predic-tions about what they will learn, address any misconceptions that students may have about the topic. Remind them to con-firm or revise their predictions after they read the section.

Set a Purpose! Form students into pairs or groups of

four. Distribute the Reading Readiness Guide. Ask students to fill in the first two columns of the chart.

Teaching Resources, Unit 7, Reading Readiness Guide, p. 44

! Use the Numbered Heads participation strategy (TE, p. T24) to call on students to share one piece of information they already know and one piece they want to know. The students will return to these worksheets later.

Answer

Reading Skill As commander of the American Expeditionary Force, Persh-ing was again leading U.S. troops on for-eign soil. His new force was much larger and the enemy more formidable.

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Unfamiliar Words Suggest to students that they use a ruler to help them keep their place as they read, line by line, down the page. Have students mark unfamiliar

words or phrases (such as expeditionary on this page) with a sticky note. Review with them from time to time what they have marked.

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718 Chapter 21 World War I

Americans at War

Key Terms and PeopleconvoyJohn J. PershingVladimir Lenin

communismarmistice

A Real War“Machine guns cracking, flares and lights,artillery from both sides. A real war, and we arewalking right into the zone, ducking shells allthe way.”

—Eugene Kennedy,American soldier, 1918

Why It Matters After Congress declared war in April 1917,

more than a year passed before U.S. forces engaged in major

battles. However, once America’s soldiers were in the front

lines, they made a difference. World War I would soon end

in an overwhelming Allied victory.

! American soldiers fighting in Europe

Objectives• Understand the setbacks that the Allies faced

in 1917 and 1918.

• Discover how American forces contributed to the Allied victory.

• Explain the agreement that ended the fighting.

Reading Skill

Connect Main Ideas to Earlier IdeasEach chapter in this textbook focuses on a different time period or aspect of American history. As you read the chapters, think about how the events of one time period connect to events of other periods. Finding the connections will increase your under-standing of history.

Section Focus Question: How did the arrival of Ameri-can troops in Europe affect the course of the war?

Joining the FightWhile the United States prepared its army, the Allies in

Europe were growing increasingly desperate. From

February through April 1917, German submarines sank

844 Allied vessels. Britain’s top naval official predicted that

Germany would win the war unless the flow of supplies

from America increased.

Protecting Allied Shipping In order to maintain the

flow of products needed to sustain the war effort, Allied

naval leaders developed a convoy system. A convoy is a

large group of merchant vessels sailing together. Light, fast

Allied destroyers accompanied the convoys. The first

convoys reached Britain in May. Soon, Allied ship losses fell

to a fraction of what they had been.

American Expeditionary Force Meanwhile, American

forces were preparing to go overseas. The U.S. Army chose

John J. Pershing to command the American Expeditionary

Force, as American troops in Europe were known. A dashing

and dedicated general, Pershing had led the pursuit of Pancho

Villa in Mexico.

Pershing insisted that American soldiers fight in sepa-

rate units under American command. Only rarely were they

integrated with British or French units. This was in keeping

with Wilson’s orders. To influence the postwar settlement,

Wilson believed, the United States had to make a victorious

showing, on its own, in battle.

Chapter 21 719

Teach

Joining the Fightp. 718

Instruction! Vocabulary Builder Before teaching

this section, preteach the High-Use Words deprive and dictate using the strategy on TE p. T21.Key Terms Have students continue fill-ing in the See It–Remember It chart for the Key Terms in this chapter.

! Read Joining the Fight with students using the Structured Silent Reading strategy (TE, p. T22).

! Discuss the effect that the American troops had on the morale of the Allies. Ask: Why did the United States send troops that were not ready for combat in June 1917? (The troops were sent to improve morale among the French troops.)

! Discuss Wilson’s decision to have American troops fight under an Ameri-can commander. Ask: How would hav-ing American troops fight under a European commander weaken Wil-son’s ability to influence a postwar set-tlement? (If American troops had fought under a European commander, the United States would have been seen as subordinate to the countries on whose behalf the Ameri-cans were fighting.)

! Show the transparency The Western Front.

Color Transparencies, The Western Front

Independent PracticeHave students begin to fill in the Study Guide for this section.

Monitor Progress

As students fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure students understand the preparations necessary before the Americans could join the fight in Europe. Provide assistance as needed.

Answers

Convoys traveled together with light, fast Allied destroyers.

(a) approximately 50 miles (b) The offensive was hard-fought. The Allies were able to make this push when the American forces joined the fighting in large numbers.

Use the information below to teach students this section’s high-use words.

High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence

deprive, p. 720 v. to keep from having; to take away by forceThe Confederacy was deprived of supplies due to the northern blockade of southern ports.

dictate, p. 721 v. to direct or order a specific actionDuring Reconstruction, Radical Republicans dictated policy in the South.

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Section 3 Americans at War 719

North Sea

Rhine

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ar R.

Meuse R.

Somme R.

OiseR.

Marne R.

Aisne R.

Seine R.

GERMANY

SWITZERLAND

BELGIUM

FRANCE

LUXEMBOURG

NETHERLANDS

LORRAINE

ALSA

CE

Paris

Reims

Château-Thierry

Argonne Forest

Verdun

SommeAmiens

YpresBrussels

BelleauWood

5°E

10°E

50°N

K E YFarthest Germanadvance, 1914

Allies

Central powers

Neutral nations

Armistice line,1918

Major battles

Allied offensive,1918

0 km

1000 miles

100

Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection

N

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EW

The first American troops reached Europe in June 1917. The unit

was not ready for combat. Its purpose was to prop up sagging French

morale. This First Division symbolized America’s commitment to the

fight and its intention to send more troops. As the newly arrived

Americans paraded through Paris, crowds cheered and threw flowers.

How did the convoy system help the Allies?

Setbacks and AdvancesDuring 1917, as the Allies waited for more American troops to

arrive, their situation grew increasingly desperate. On the Western

Front, a three-month British offensive bogged down in the mud in

Belgium. To the south, Austria-Hungary and Germany scored a

major victory over the Italians at Caporetto.

Russia Makes Peace In Russia, the new government that had

replaced the tsar struggled to keep up the war

effort. But the Russian army was exhausted.

Two million soldiers deserted the front lines.

By July, German troops were driving deep

into Russia.

Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin,

a radical faction known as the Bolsheviks

seized the government on November 7, 1917.

Lenin intended to set Russia on the road to

communism. Communism is an economic

and political system based on the idea that

social classes and the right to private property

should be eliminated. Lenin embraced the

ideas of the German thinker Karl Marx, who

had predicted that workers around the world

would unite to overthrow the ruling class.

Lenin’s first order of business was to pull

Russia out of the war. In March 1918, Russia

and Germany signed a peace agreement, called

the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It transferred some

30 percent of Russia’s territory to Germany.

The peace in the east was a huge setback

to the Allies. It allowed the German army to

shift 40 divisions to the Western Front. The

stage was now set for a crucial showdown.

Could Germany knock out the Allies before

the bulk of American forces reached Europe?

Germany Attacks On March 21, 1918,

the German army unleashed a series of

daring attacks. The goal of this “peace

offensive,” as Germany called it, was to

defeat the Allies quickly and bring peace on

German terms.

Connect Main Ideas to Earlier Events/IdeasRecall that Pershing

already had experience commanding U.S. troops on foreign soil. Connect that main idea to Pershing’s role in World War I.

The Western Front

For three years, neither side could gain an advantage on the Western Front. Then, in 1917, the Allies threw back a German offensive and pushed forward.(a) Interpret a Map Approximately how close did

the Germans get to Paris?(b) Evaluate Information How

would you describe the Allied offensive of 1918? What factor allowed the Allies to make this push?

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Differentiated Instruction

720 Chapter 21

Setbacks and Advancesp. 719

Instruction! Have students read Setbacks and

Advances. Remind students to answer the reading Checkpoint question.

! Discuss how U.S. troops helped push back the Germans in France. Ask: How did Americans help win World War I? (German soldiers were losing their will to fight, and the Allies had fresh American troops.)

! Discuss the withdrawal of Russia from the war. Ask: Who was Vladimir Lenin? (the Bolshevik leader of Russia) Ask: Why do you think Lenin gave up Russian territory in exchange for peace with Germany? (Russian soldiers were deserting the front lines, and a revolution brought turmoil and a new government to power in Russia.)

Independent PracticeHave students continue to fill in the Study Guide for this section.

Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 21, Section 3 (Adapted Version also available.)

Monitor Progress

As students fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure students understand the setbacks and advances as the American troops began fighting on the battlefield. If students do not seem to have a good understanding, have them reread the section. Provide assistance as needed.

Answers

He raised money to build a high school (now the Alvin C. York Technical Institute).

The U.S. Marines fought the

Germans fiercely, often in hand-to-hand combat, and drove them from the forest.

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Gifted and Talented

Write a News Report Have students use the information in the lesson and addi-tional research to write a news report from the point of view of the French about the

arrival of the American troops. Ask stu-dents to describe the deployment and its effect on the Allies’ morale. Have students present their reports to the class.

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720 Chapter 21 World War I

Pershing traveled to the French army’s head-

quarters to pledge that American troops would now

fight under French command. “Infantry, artillery,

aviation, all that we have are yours,” he declared.

“Use them as you wish.” The vow, made public,

raised French spirits. But two months passed before

the Americans could make a significant contribution

to the Allied cause.

The advancing Germans broke through Allied

lines in Belgium and France. By the beginning of

June, Germany had reached the town of Château-

Thierry (shah TOE tyeh REE), on the Marne River, less

than 50 miles from Paris. As many as a million Pari-

sians fled in panic before the approaching enemy. By

this time, however, American troops had arrived to

reinforce the Allies.

Turning the Tide American and French troops

counterattacked near Château-Thierry. The French

commander assigned American units to evict

German troops from a narrow, heavily forested area

called Belleau (BEH loh) Wood. The Germans had

fortified the forest with barbed wire, artillery, and

machine guns.

During three weeks of intense, often hand-to-

hand combat, U.S. Marines suffered heavy casualties.

But, in their first major battle of the war, they

succeeded in driving the Germans out.

Germany had lost some 800,000 men since the start

of 1918. Yet, the offensive continued. In mid-July, the

Germans attempted a new drive toward Paris. The drive gained a bit of

ground and then stalled. With more than a quarter million Americans

participating, the Allies counterattacked. The Germans had to pull

back. Costs to both sides were high in this Second Battle of the Marne.

Battle of the Argonne Forest Weakened by influenza and

deprived of supplies by the Allied blockade that had tightened since

America’s entry into the war, Germany’s army was losing the will to

fight. Now, it was the Allies’ turn to take the offensive.

In September 1918, Allied forces pushed forward along a line that

stretched from the North Sea to Verdun. The Americans were toward

the right. More than one million American soldiers advanced on

heavily fortified German positions between the Meuse River and the

Argonne Forest in northeastern France.

At first, the Americans advanced slowly. But as November began,

German defenses finally crumbled under the unrelenting assault.

Farther north, French and British forces advanced as well.

What role did American troops play at Belleau Wood?

Biography Quest

Alvin York 1887–1964

Alvin York was a poor, uneducated farmer from the hills of Tennessee. He was also a man of deep religious beliefs. “I didn’t want to go and fight and kill,” he later wrote. “But I had to answer the call of my country.”

Sergeant York became the most decorated American soldier of World War I. During one battle, he captured 132 Germans and 35 machine guns almost single-handedly.

After the war, how did York use his fame to help children?For: The answer to the question about YorkVisit: PHSchool.comWeb Code: mvd-7213

Vocabulary Builderdeprive (dee PRìV) v. to keep from having; to take away by force

History Background

Chapter 21 Section 3 721

The Armisticep. 721

Instruction! Have students read The Armistice.

Remind students to look for causes and effects.

! Ask: How did President Wilson influ-ence the armistice? (He insisted that the Kaiser step down and that Germany become a democratic country.)

! Discuss the human costs of World War I. Ask: What was the war’s effect on the European population? (The war killed a generation of young men, severely injured many others, displaced and killed civilians, and left millions of children orphaned and homeless.)

! In order to help students better under-stand the costs of World War I, assign the worksheet Costs of the War for the Allies, and discuss the toll in human life and resources of the war.

Teaching Resources, Unit 7, Costs of the War for the Allies, p. 48

Independent PracticeHave students complete the Study Guide for this section.

Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 21, Section 3 (Adapted Version also available.)

Monitor Progress

! As students complete the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure stu-dents understand the armistice and the toll of the war. Provide assistance as needed.

! Tell students to fill in the last column of the Reading Readiness Guide. Ask them to evaluate if what they learned was what they had expected to learn.

Teaching Resources, Unit 7, Reading Readiness Guide, p. 44

Abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser Wilhelm’s forced departure from Germany probably saved him from a worse fate, possibly execution. He had entered the war reluctantly to save Austria-Hungary, unable to control the tensions that escalat-ed when Austria took a hard stance

against Serbia. He made little attempt to reign in his generals’ grand schemes dur-ing the war and refused to compromise on a peace plan. After he was forced to abdi-cate, he found asylum in the Netherlands, where he lived until his death in 1941.

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Section 3 Americans at War 721

The ArmisticeBy early autumn, Germany’s military and political leaders real-

ized that their cause was lost. Their army had no reserves, whereas

the arrival of Americans had assured the Allies of a fresh supply of

soldiers. The German leaders decided to seek an armistice. An

armistice is a halt in fighting that allows peace talks to begin.

Germany knew that France and Britain wanted to impose a harsh

settlement. But President Wilson had recently proposed a “Fourteen

Points” peace plan, founded on principles for international coopera-

tion. (See Section 4.) On October 6, the head of the German govern-

ment sent Wilson a note requesting an armistice based on the Four-

teen Points. But Wilson ultimately had little say.

A Harsh Armistice France and Britain dictated the terms of the

armistice. They required Germany to pull back its troops on the

Western Front. Germany also had to cancel the Treaty of Brest-

Litovsk and hand over its entire fleet of U-boats.

Meanwhile, the other Central powers—Bulgaria, Austria-

Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire—had asked for an armistice, too.

None of them was in any position to resist Allied demands.

Wilson’s major impact during this period was his insistence that

the Kaiser, the absolute monarch of Germany, must step down. On

November 9, Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to Holland. There, he soon

gave up the throne. Germany became a republic.

Vocabulary Builderdictate (DIHK tayt) v. to direct or order a specific action

Honoring Veterans

1921 The day World War I ended has been remem-bered ever since. On November 11, 1921, the body of an unidentified American soldier was laid to rest in the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery.1938 November 11 was made a national holiday, Armistice Day. The name of Armistice Day was later changed to Veterans Day.

Veterans Day Today Each year, on November 11, we continue to honor those who have served in our nation’s armed forces.

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2005 An honor guard keeps 24-hour watch at the Tomb of the Unknowns.

722 Chapter 21

Assess and Reteach

Assess ProgressHave students complete Check Your Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.

Teaching Resources, Unit 7 Section Quiz, p. 54

To further assess Student Understanding, use the Progress Monitoring Transparency.

Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 21, Section 3

ReteachIf students need more instruction, have them read this section in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and complete the accompanying question.

Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 21, Section 3 (Adapted Version also available.)

ExtendHave students research other monuments and memorials that honor the sacrifices and hardships of those who served in World War I. Ask them to choose one monument in the United States and one in Europe. Then ask students to make a two-panel display on which they mount a sketch or printed image of the monument and a paragraph explaining the monument and any inscriptions on it. Display stu-dents’ projects in the classroom.

Progress Monitoring OnlineStudents may check their comprehen-sion of this section by completing the Progress Monitoring Online graphic organizer and self-quiz.

Answer

The war ended with an armistice that the Allies imposed on Ger-many.

Litovsk, give up its fleet of U-boats, and force the Kaiser to step down.(b) Possible answer: Agreeing to these terms was the only way Germany could end a war it was losing.

3. The United States sought war with Spain in order to aid Cuban rebels and expand its territories. In Europe, its goal was to protect its interests and it entered the war very reluctantly.

4. Possible sentences: Merchant ships sailed together in large convoys to

protect themselves from attack by the Germans. Vladimir Lenin and the Bol-sheviks established a government of communism in Russia by eliminating the right to private property. The Allies and the Germans signed an armistice in which they agreed to end the war if certain terms were met.

5. Outlines should correctly and chrono-logically reflect the Allies’ progress in World War I as presented in the text.

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722 Chapter 21 World War I

Section 3 Check Your Progress

War’s Deadly Toll The armistice took effect at 11 A.M. on

November 11—the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918. The

war had finally ended. At the front, soldiers could hardly believe it

was true. One American soldier later recalled:

“After the long months of intense strain, of keying them-selves up to the daily mortal danger, of thinking always in terms of war and the enemy, the abrupt release from it all was physical and psychological agony. Some suffered a total nervous collapse.”

—Thomas Gowenlock, Soldiers of Darkness

World War I was the most destructive war history had yet seen. It

cost the lives of approximately 10 million military personnel—more

than had died in all the wars fought in Europe during the previous

100 years combined.

In Europe, a generation of young men had lost their lives. France

suffered approximately 1.3 million military deaths; Britain, 900,000;

Germany, 1.6 million; and Russia, 1.7 million. American combat

deaths numbered 50,000 in less than a year of fighting. Millions of

other soldiers were blinded, lost limbs, suffered permanent lung

damage from poison gas, or experienced psychological problems.

No one knows how many civilians died of disease, starvation, or

other war-related causes. Some historians believe that as many civil-

ians died as did soldiers. Much of northern France lay in ruins.

Millions of children were left orphaned or homeless.

How did the war end?

Looking Back and Ahead The war had ended in an

overwhelming Allied victory. In Section 4, you will read about the

next great challenge: creating the peace.

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Comprehension and Critical Thinking1. (a) Identify Identify two ways

the Americans contributed to the Allied victory.(b) Make Predictions How do you think the war might have ended if the United States had not entered? Explain.

2. (a) Recall What were the terms of the armistice that ended the war?

(b) Draw Conclusions Why do you think Germany agreed to these terms?

Reading Skill3. Connect Main Ideas to Earlier

Events Connect America’s role in World War I with its role in the Spanish-American War. What was the United States fighting for in each case?

Key Terms4. Write a sentence using each of

the key terms from this section: convoy, communism, armistice.Include a definition of the key term in each sentence.

Writing5. Create an outline for an essay

tracing the progress of Allied forces during World War I. List the information in the order you would present it in the essay.

A wounded soldier returns home

Section 3 Check Your Progress

1. (a) The Americans contributed troops and supplies to the Allied victory.(b) Answers will vary, but should recog-nize the Americans’ impact on the morale and fighting strength of the Allies.

2. (a) Germany was forced to pull back its troops, cancel the Treaty of Brest-