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AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION 2016 ANNUAL CONFERENCE
NOVEMBER 13 – 17, 2016
FEASIBLE?
RECLAIMED WATER & CONSUMPTIVE USE PERMITTING
A SUPPLIER PERSPECTIVE
• BRIAN L WHEELER, P.E., EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
• TOHO WATER AUTHORITY
RECLAIMED WATER THE UTILITY PERSPECTIVE
• RECLAIMED WATER – ASSET? LIABILITY? OR BOTH
• LOCATION – LOCATION – LOCATION
• UTILITY LOCATION – WATER RESOURCE LIMITED AREA VS ADEQUATE WATER RESOURCES
• LIMITED RESOURCE – RECLAIMED WATER = ASSET/RESOURCE
• ADEQUATE RESOURCE – RECLAIMED WATER = WASTEWATER EFFLUENT = LIABILITY
• AS ASSET/RESOURCE RECLAIMED WATER = DISPOSAL LIABILITY TOO
• PRESENTATION = RECLAIMED WATER UTILITY IN A WATER RESOURCE LIMITED AREA
RECLAIMED WATER AS A UTILITY ASSET/RESOURCE
• BASIC PRINCIPLES OF UTILITY STRATEGY FOR RECLAIMED WATER
• FLORIDA - RECLAIMED WATER IS THE UTILITY’S ASSET/RESOURCE
• BEST VALUE IN MEETING UTILITY’S WATER RESOURCE NEEDS
• KEY COMPONENTS OF VALUE:
• COST/BENEFIT OF APPLICATION • PERMITABILITY • PUBLIC/CUSTOMER ACCEPTANCE
RECLAIMED WATER – BASIC SOURCE FACTS
• QUANTITY/FLOW FROM WATER RECLAMATION FACILITY IS
• CONTINUOUS 24HRS/DAY – 7DAYS/WEEK – 365DAYS/YEAR
• FLOW VARIES DIURNALLY, WITH PEAKS AND VALLEYS IN RATE OF FLOW OVER THE DAY
• TOTAL DAILY FLOW TYPICALLY MAY VARY WITHIN A NARROW RANGE OF +/- 15-20%
• RECLAIMED WATER QUALITY
• LOW TURBIDITY - AESTHETICALLY HAS APPEARANCE OF REGULAR WATER
• CONTAINS LOW LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
• HIGH LEVEL DISINFECTION
ALTERNATIVE USES FOR RECLAIMED WATER AS A
UTILITY RESOURCE
• OFFSET USE OF POTABLE WATER RESOURCES • IRRIGATION • COOLING • AS POTABLE SOURCE • OTHER USES
• AQUIFER RECHARGE – POTABLE SOURCE
• ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION
• SALTWATER INTRUSION BARRIER
• SURFACE WATER AUGMENTATION
• DIRECT & INDIRECT POTABLE USE
CURRENT RECLAIMED WATER USE IN FLORIDA
Public Access Landscape Irrigation
55%
Agricultural Irrigation
10%
Groundwater Recharge
14%
Industrial Reuse16%
Wetlands & Other
5%
ALTERNATIVE RECLAIMED WATER USES AND COSTS ARE SITUATION
SPECIFIC
• FEASIBILITY OF RECLAIMED WATER USES CAN VARY FOR EACH UTILITY.
• FEASIBILITY IS AFFECTED BY:
• PROXIMITY OF RECLAIMED WATER SOURCE TO THE USE SITE
• AMOUNT OF BENEFIT (I.E. POTABLE OFFSET, RECHARGE, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OFFSET, ETC.)
• SEASONALITY &/OR VARIABILITY IN DEMAND VS SUPPLY
• WATER QUALITY NEEDED FOR USE
• REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS
• STATEWIDE
• LOCAL
RECLAIMED WATER LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION AS OFFSET TO POTABLE DEMAND
HYPOTHETICAL SIMPLISTIC EXAMPLE OF BENEFIT
• UTILITY 20 YEAR FUTURE WATER DEMAND = 20MGD, 10MGD POTABLE & 10 MGD IRRIGATION
• 80% OF POTABLE WATER USE PRODUCES 8MGD WASTEWATER/RECLAIMED WATER
• 1 GALLON RECLAIMED WATER IRRIGATION OFFSETS 0.75 GALLONS OF POTABLE IRRIGATION
• THEREFORE, RECLAIMED WATER IRRIGATION OFFSETS POTABLE DEMAND BY 6MGD
• UTILITY 20 YEAR FUTURE WATER DEMAND = 14MGD WITH RECLAIMED WATER IRRIGATION
RECLAIMED WATER: ALTERNATIVE TO POTABLE SOURCES FOR IRRIGATION
• LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION MOST COMMON USE OF RECLAIMED WATER IN FLORIDA • RESIDENTIAL LANDSCAPE • GOLF COURSES • PARKS • DEVELOPMENT COMMON AREAS • ROAD LANDSCAPE MEDIANS
• FACTORS AFFECTING FEASIBILITY: • LOCATION OF RECLAIMED SOURCE RELATIVE TO CUSTOMERS • APPLICATION TO NEW DEVELOPMENT VS RETROFIT TO EXISTING • MANDATED USE VS VOLUNTARY USE – POTENTIAL STRANDED ASSET
FACTORS WHICH WILL INCREASE UTILIZATION OF RECLAIMED WATER RESOURCE FOR
IRRIGATION POTABLE OFFSET
• IRRIGATION BENEFIT OFFSET LIMITED TO 50% OF AVAILABLE RECLAIMED WATER SUPPLY WITHOUT:
• STORAGE CAPACITY TO • MITIGATE/ELIMINATE VARIABILITY IN DAILY RECLAIMED WATER PRODUCTION
• MITIGATE SEASONAL DEMANDS, DRY VS WET WEATHER & HOT VS COOLER WEATHER • SHORT TERM 30 DAYS OR LESS
• LONG TERM 30 DAYS TO SEVERAL MONTHS
• ABILITY TO SUPPLEMENT RECLAIMED WATER SUPPLY • MITIGATE SEASONAL DEMANDS AS ABOVE
• SOURCES – GROUNDWATER, SURFACE WATER, STORMWATER
End User Type, New Development vs. Retrofit, and Consumption Factors
$7 $12
$25
$18
$49
$-
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
Bulk/Golf Course High Demand Residential(12,000 gal/mo)
Low Demand Residential(3,000 gal/mo)
Capi
tal $
/gal
/day
Del
iver
ed
New Development Retrofit
End User Type, New Development vs. Retrofit, and Consumption Factors
$7 $12
$25
$18
$49
$-
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
Bulk/Golf Course High Demand Residential(12,000 gal/mo)
Low Demand Residential(3,000 gal/mo)
Capi
tal $
/gal
/day
Del
iver
ed
New Development Retrofit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
SUPPLY AND DEMAND VARIATIONS
Reclaimed Water Supplies
Limited Customer Base to match existing supplies
Seasonal Excess Water
Seasonal Excess Water
Supp
ly/D
eman
d
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Supp
ly/D
eman
d
SUPPLY AND DEMAND VARIATIONS
Expanded Customer Base results in increased overall reclaimed water use
Limited Customer Base to match existing supplies
Reclaimed Water Supplies
Seasonal Excess Water
Seasonal Excess Water
Monthly demands greater than available supplies must be met using storage or supplemental water.
STORAGE ALTERNATIVES:
STORAGE TANKS RESERVOIRS AQUIFER STORAGE RECOVERY WELLS
COMPARISON OF STORAGE COSTS OPTIONS
Stor
age
Cost
($/m
g)
$-
$100,000
$200,000
$300,000
$400,000
$500,000
$600,000
Storage Tanks Lined Reservoirs (includes estimated
land costs)
Full Scale ASR
AQUIFER RECHARGE BY RECLAIMED WATER • INFILTRATION BASINS IN AQUIFER RECHARGE ZONES
• CREDIT FOR RECHARGE BY REGULATORY AGENCIES UP TO 0.9 – 1.0 GALLONS PER GALLON OF RECHARGE
• EXAMPLE
• RECHARGE OF 1.0MGD OF RECLAIMED WATER TO AQUIFER
• WITHDRAW 0.9MGD OF GROUNDWATER FROM AQUIFER
• LOCATIONS AVAILABLE FOR AQUIFER RECHARGE LIMITED
AQUIFER RECHARGE IS DEPENDENT ON GEOLOGY
Environmental Restoration = Impact Offsets
• The term “impact offset” means the use of reclaimed water to reduce or eliminate a harmful impact that has occurred or would otherwise occur as a result of other surface water or groundwater withdrawals. S. 373.250(5)(a)1.
Reclaimed Water Impact Offset - Example
Utility proposes groundwater withdrawal
Will cause saltwater intrusion
Recharge with reclaimed water to create a saltwater barrier
Withdrawal permitted conditioned on recharge with reclaimed water to prevent harmful saltwater intrusion
IMPACT AVOIDED
DIRECT & INDIRECT POTABLE REUSE
• DIRECT AND INDIRECT POTABLE REUSE CAN BE COST EFFECTIVE
• SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION IN CALIFORNIA & TEXAS
• CAN BE COST EFFECTIVE COMPARED TO DESALINATION
• PILOT STUDIES IN FLORIDA BUT NO FULL PROJECTS TO DATE
• FURTHER DEVELOPMENT NEEDED IN FLORIDA
• FACTORS AFFECTING COST AND FEASIBILITY
• PUBLIC EDUCATION AND ACCEPTANCE
• REGULATIONS INCLUDING REQUIRED TREATMENT
• LEVEL OF TREATMENT
• CONCENTRATE DISPOSAL
RECLAIMED WATER COSTS SUBSIDIZED BY WATER/WASTEWATER UTILITY RATEPAYERS
• COST OF SERVICE EXCEEDS REVENUE FROM RECLAIMED WATER SERVICE
• WATER &/OR WASTEWATER RATES SUBSIDIZE COSTS
• RECLAIMED WATER RATE DESIGN SHOULD ACCOMPLISH COLLECTIVELY:
• MAXIMIZE COST RECOVERY
• PROMOTE EFFICIENT USE
• AVOID PROVIDING AN INCENTIVE FOR USER TO DISCONNECT OR AVOID SERVICE
• USERS CAN HAVE POTENTIAL TO SELECT ANOTHER SOURCE FOR NON-POTABLE USE
SUMMARY UTILITY PERSPECTIVE ON
RECLAIMED WATER CONSIDERATIONS • RECLAIMED WATER IS A UTILITY WATER RESOURCES ASSET
• RECLAIMED WATER IS A UTILITY EFFLUENT DISPOSAL LIABILITY
• APPLICATION OF RECLAIMED WATER ASSET BY UTILITY IS SITUATIONAL SPECIFIC
• FACTORS MOST INFLUENTIAL TO SITUATION ARE: • UTILITY’S WATER RESOURCE SITUATION – SHORTAGE VS NO SHORTAGE
• LOCATION – LOCATION – LOCATION
• COST/BENEFIT OF APPLICATION
• PUBLIC EDUCATION – PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE
QUESTIONS?