AMERICAN STUDIES The Roaring 20s Practice Question This type of speech is intended to ruin someones reputation by lying and is not protected by the United States A.Libel and Slander B.Fighting Words C.Clear and Present Danger D.1 st Amendment. Practice Question During WWI Charles Schenck was accused of discouraging Americans to enter the draft. Under the new Espionage Act he was found guilty. The government justified their ruling with which of the following? A. Libel and Slander. B. Fighting Words. C. Clear and Present Danger. D. 1 st Amendment. Practice Question In the United States, a citizens exercise of speech and expression may be legally restricted when that individual A. threatens public safety. B. opposes public opinion. C. criticizes public officials. D. condemns public institution After WWI Minorities who worked during the war were reluctant to return to pre-war status of inferiority Many blacks and women lost their jobs when soldiers came home Women gain right to vote in 1920 with the 19 th amendment Increased confrontation between blacks and whites 1920: Warren G. Harding elected Promised to lead the nation back to Normalcy Conservative idea to return to the quieter times before the war and Progressivism Did very little to regulate business and followed laissez-faire Failed to recognize changes necessary for modern life and new economy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EthSRi-VxaQ&index=6&list=PLOboypeG8Zn8JXTbclCmohqS0smaWgsxt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EthSRi-VxaQ&index=6&list=PLOboypeG8Zn8JXTbclCmohqS0smaWgsxt Teapot Dome Scandal Name of federal land in Wyoming with huge oil reserves Members of his cabinet took bribes from oil companies to lease them govt land Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall Harding knew nothing, but chose corrupt cabinet members Before investigations were over, he died suddenly in 1923 Calvin Coolidge President after Hardings death, then elected to remain in office in 1924 The business of America is business: Likes laissez- faire, dont regulate big business Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon: Banker and businessman High tariffs and low taxes for American businesses Farmers suffer due to low prices, low demand, and no help from the government Called Silent Cal America in the 1920s After WWI: Americans are very suspicious of political radicals 1917: The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia creates fear of a similar uprising in the US Americans fear: Communism: radical system of govt with command economy, opposite of US system of capitalism and democracy Radical Political violence: Overthrowing of govt or violence against govt officials Labor unrest: Angry workers striking and making demands The Red Scare The Red Scare: Time of widespread fear and dislike of Communism, radicals, and immigrants The Palmer Raids Wartime factories close: many lose their jobs, increasing labor union strikes International Workers of the World: Socialist labor union that opposed WWI and the draft Seen as unpatriotic and a threat to democracy 1919: Strikes break out across the nation, IWW is blamed Workers called communists and Attorney General Palmer arrests union members and deports many immigrants Over 600 deported for being Red or radical Sacco and Vanzetti 1920: Most controversial Red Scare trial Two Italian immigrant anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, executed for robbery and murder Little evidence, many believe the jury was prejudice Many appeals are denied and both are executed in 1927 Protests around the world because the verdict was motivated by discrimination against their ethnicity, class, and political views Practice Question During the Red Scare in the United States after World War I, all of the following happened to immigrants except A. immigrants were deported without being charged or convicted of any crimes. B. immigration laws were passed allowing a larger number of immigrants to enter the country. C. two immigrants, Sacco and Vanzetti, were put to death on questionable charges. D. immigration laws were passed restricting the number of immigrants entering the country. Nativism Nativism: Native-born people have fear and hatred for foreigners (immigrants) Causes increasingly restrictive immigration policies Before WWI: Immigration was open, businesses wanted cheap labor, plenty of jobs After WWI: Many factories close, troops want jobs and see immigrants as a threat AFL Union and Business owners support the troops and fear immigrants will cause more political unrest Immigration 1920s Quota Acts: Limits # of immigrants from each country National Origins Act limits it further to only 2% of immigrants from each country that were here in 1890 These laws decrease immigration, especially for Southern and Eastern Europe Russia and Italy seen as breeding ground for radicals Asian immigration is eliminated completely 1920s Popular Culture Time of rebellion against traditional style and values Older population was worried about the break down of traditional values and morals Manners were more relaxed and less formal Fashion became more revealing Pastimes were silly and flamboyant Artists, writers, and musicians experimented with new ideas The Roaring 20s were a time of prosperity and outrageous behavior Both good and bad Before the 1920s After Bathing Suits The Flapper 1920: 19 th Amendment gives women suffrage Time-saving appliances allow women to spend less time on chores, and work part-time Having income allowed them to leave home before marriage and be more independent The Flapper: a modern woman who rejected strict values of the past and advocated open attitudes toward lifestyle, fashion, and sex Symbol of change in society and gender roles Only a small % of women during 1920s, but image was reinforced by movies, books, and the press Example in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Practice Question During the 1920s the group known as Flappers became popular for their rebellious nature. Explain who the flappers were and what they represented. Then briefly describe the changes they made to the 1920s social behavior and or norms. (2 points) The Economy Time of Economic Prosperity: Fueled by growth of car industry Henry Ford invents the assembly line to quickly and cheaply mass produce cars like his Model-T By end of the decade the # of cars on the road had tripled and other US industries enjoyed higher productivity and profits -Price in 1916: $400 (about $6000 today) -1.5 million sold in million a year in Model-T produced every 24 seconds -Public Transportation also increased Creation of the Suburbs Americans had a nostalgia for the small-town or rural homes of their childhood Desire for an escape from the traffic, noise, and air pollution of the urban life Middle Class was able to commute to jobs in the city because of newly affordable automobiles The 1920s saw a boom in the housing industry: Over 1 million homes built in 1925 Practice Question Which advance was largely responsible for the growth of suburbs in the United States in the mid- 20th century? A. emigration from the United States. B. improvements in passenger airplanes C. widespread availability of automobiles D. economic opportunities in rural towns. Mass Consumption Quick, cheap production leads to lots of new goods New business practices: marketing and advertising Installment Buying: Charge goods on store credit and make payments over time Honor system: Trusted to pay it back Allows average man to afford cars, telephones, radios, refrigerators, toasters, phonographs, etc. Changes the way we think about money: Encourages spending of money people dont have Many accumulate a lot of debt Nation appears wealthier than it really is Practice Question Which of the following was NOT an element of the economic changes of the 1920s? A. Recession B. Big Business gains power through Laissez-Faire re-emerging C. Moving Assembly Line D. Mass Production Entertainment: The Radio Mass communication changes US pop culture Commercial radio originated in the 1920s with networks like CBS and NBC Radio advertising funded shows and increased demand for consumer goods 1922: Only about 60,000 homes had radios, by 1930 they were in more than 10 million homes -1 st time people across the nation shared a common culture -Anyone could listen to sporting events -Everyone could hear the news and stay informed -Major News Event: Aviator Charles Lindbergh made the first solo flight from the US to Europe Moving Pictures Movies became popular: Films were silent with subtitles performed by actors like Charlie Chaplin Theaters appear in cities across US creating a mass entertainment sensation, Hollywood is born 1927: First talkie The Jazz Singer had synchronized soundtrack and made movies even more popular https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_1apYo6-Owfe=activefe=active Fads of the 1920s Betty Boop, Winnie the Pooh, Mickey Mouse Slinky, Swallowing Goldfish, Stamp Collecting Mini Golf, Dance Marathons, Magic 8 ball, pea shooters, rouge knees, 23 skidoo Flag Pole Sitting, Bubble Gum Blowing Contests Hokey Pokey, Jitterbug and the Charleston Pez, Reeses, Penicillin, Kool Aid, Bright Red Lipstick Zoot Suits, Hair dryers, SATs, Crossword Puzzles Jazz, hats, 1 st Miss America Pageant, smoking Prohibition 1919: 18 th Amendment or Volstead Act prohibits sale and manufacture of alcohol Why: Alcohol causes crime, poverty, spousal abuse, and lower productivity at work Millions made their own liquor or smuggled it into the US over boarders Bootleggers were people who made a living selling illegal alcohol https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiYqFXmVAFg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiYqFXmVAFg Many were gang/mob members Al Capone ran a crime syndicate in Chicago Organized crime increases with opening of speak-easies Secret night clubs that sold homemade alcohol like moonshine Law intended to improve society actually increased crime https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvR1i1oP4wI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvR1i1oP4wI Scopes Monkey Trial In many states, the law said only Creationism could be taught in school Tennessee 1925: Biology Teacher John Scopes taught Darwins Theory of Evolution Lawyer Clarence Darrow defended him against vs. William Jennings Bryan (former Secretary of State) Battle between traditional religious values and new scientific teachings Scopes was convicted but only fined $100, trial was highly publicized History of Racism in the America Emancipation Proclamation: End of the Civil War: Civil Rights Amendments: Jim Crow Laws: Plessy vs. Ferguson: Lynching: Ku Klux Klan KKK: Racist organization that dislikes change and anyone different from themselves 1920s Revival: Reemerged in great strength in both the South and North States like Indiana and Oklahoma and cities like Detroit, Atlanta and Chicago Height of power: Had over 5 million members nationally Included Senators, Representatives, and state/local govt officials, as well as regular citizens Ku Klux Klan Klansmen claimed they stood for Christian values and true Americanism, but in reality they fed upon hate and fear Hated all who were not white and Protestant Including African Americans, immigrants, Catholics, Jews, homosexuals, women, etc. Sponsored elaborate cross-burning rallies and parades dressed in their white hoods/robes Resorted to violence to intimidate enemies Membership declines by 1930 after immigration decreases and many members are arrested for crimes Down to 30,000 Racial Awareness When did you realize that skin color can make a difference in the way people are treated? (age/situation) Feel free to describe more than one event. What causes racism or other types of discrimination? Where does it come from? Think of an incident where you witnessed some form of discrimination; how did you react? This could be any form of bullying in regards to someones race, gender, socioeconomic class, disability, etc. Lynch Mob Bystander: a person who is present at an event or incident but does not take part Samaritan: a charitable or helpful person https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqTdXOQmXrc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqTdXOQmXrc Agree or Disagree Discussion I pose a question or statement that is opinion-based, then you quietly walk to one corner of the room that reflects your opinion on that statement Agree, Strongly Agree, Disagree or Strongly Disagree Once in your corners, we will begin the discussion in the Strongly Agree corner and move around the room Be respectful and open-minded, no interrupting! One person from the group will volunteer to explain their viewpoint in one minute, and you may only speak once for your group The next group will then be able to respond At the end of each statement, you will have the option of switching groups if your opinion is changing Practice Question During the 1920s KKK re-emerged with great numbers and had a huge influence on the average American. What ideas were they influencing people to believe in? A. Womens equality and voting rights. B. Youths rebellion against society and rules. C. Fear of rapid change with new cultures and immigration. D. African American voting rights and freedoms. The Great Migration Migration of African Americans from rural south to cities of the north Before WWI: Majority lived on farms in the south Sharecroppers: Farmers who gave their landlords a share of crops in exchange for use of the land Too poor to own their own land, system kept them poor During and After WWI: Many move north to escape racism and poverty Get jobs in factories in the north Racial Tension Many whites saw them as rivals for jobs and housing Some cities restricted where blacks could live 1917: Supreme Court found residential segregation laws unconstitutional Deeds restricted the sale of property to African Americans They were forced to live in ghettos or segregated neighborhoods, like Harlem in New York Race Riots Race riots: White mobs attack blacks in their neighborhoods, happened in several US cities Homes were destroyed, businesses burned, African Americans were beaten and killed : hundreds of blacks were lynched in US Many never reported/recorded Eventually public opposition leads to anti-lynching laws in 1920s Numbers decreased in following decades (last: 1964) The Harlem Renaissance African Americans contributed to rich cultural and artistic life that marked the 1920s Harlem was the neighborhood that had an explosion of talent with black intellectuals, writers, musicians, artists, and scholars Movement was an expression of African American cultural identity and pride How is this related to racism and segregation? Writers like Langston Hughes put their mark on American cultural and literary history Invention of Jazz music Practice Question In the late 1800s, a population shift among African Americans began in the United States. Known as the Great Migration, this pattern of shifting population accelerated as a result of World War I and continued throughout the 1920s. (4 points) Describe the population shift involved in the Great Migration. Explain reasons why there was a Great Migration from the south to the north. Explain how this migration produced an important change in the domestic affairs of the United States during the first three decades of the twentieth century. Describe two ways life was affected in the North. Practice Question In the early 20th century, many African-Americans moved from the South to cities in the North. This Great Migration helped stimulate a flowering of artistic talent by African-Americans in New York known as the Harlem Renaissance. One way in which the Harlem Renaissance was significant was that it A. reduced racial tensions in the northern cities. B. led to a decline in activity by the Ku Klux Klan. C. led to a relaxation of restrictions on African- Americans in the South. D. contributed to the recognition of African-American culture. Stock Market Speculation 1920s began with hope, optimism, and prosperity Most US businesses were highly productive and expanding, which all believed would continue Many people invested heavily in the stock market Buying stock on credit= Buying on the margin Bull Market: Public confidence in stocks causes stock prices to rise What were some causes of the crash? Stock market speculation was a national mania; not a problem as long as stock prices continued to rise : Stock values doubled, but in September the tide turned and stock prices dropped sharply Stock Market Crash of 1929 October 1929: The Crash Black Tuesday: Stock plummeted as panicky investors sold all their holdings 29 th the market plunged further dropping 43 points A record 16 million shares were sold that day Brokers who had sold stocks to investors on credit (margin) called in their debts Few could pay because they had been forced to sell their stocks for so low at huge losses Thousands of people had lost all stocks and savings, starting the Great Depression 1920s Foreign Policy 1921: Washington Naval Disarmament Conference Five Nations with largest Navies agreed to limit ship construction (US, Britain, France, Italy, and Japan) 1928: Kellogg-Briand Pact 63 nations agree to never fight an aggressive war Problem: Treaty had no real commitment to stopping aggressors or to act in any way in response League of Nations World Court: Nations to argue case before judges and settle disputes peacefully US Isolationist Policies keep us from joining