"American Progress," by John Gast, 1872

Second Industrial Second Industrial RevolutionRevolution

1850-19151850-1915

So, What Changed?So, What Changed?

Focus shifted from Focus shifted from agriculture to agriculture to industryindustry

Fueled by:Fueled by:• EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs• New inventionsNew inventions• Cheap laborCheap labor

Steel…………the new Gold?Steel…………the new Gold?

Bessemer Process Bessemer Process made steel-making made steel-making faster and cheaper faster and cheaper (1850’s)(1850’s)• Locomotives / RRLocomotives / RR• Bigger bridgesBigger bridges• Taller buildingsTaller buildings• Steel MachinerySteel Machinery• Every day itemsEvery day items

Steel transformed Steel transformed U.S. to modern U.S. to modern industrial economyindustrial economy

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Major Inventions of the TimeMajor Inventions of the Time New inventions developed our New inventions developed our

country into an industrial power country into an industrial power and transformed everyday life:and transformed everyday life:

Light BulbLight Bulb – Thomas Edison – Thomas Edison (1882)(1882)

Telegraph Telegraph – Samuel Morse – Samuel Morse (1837)(1837)

TelephoneTelephone – patented by – patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 – by 1900 there were by 1900 there were 1.5 million1.5 million telephones in use!telephones in use!

TypewriterTypewriter – Christopher Sholes – Christopher Sholes (1867(1867

Linotype MachineLinotype Machine – introduced – introduced in 1884 by Mergenthaler, it in 1884 by Mergenthaler, it produced a line of type produced a line of type automatically.automatically.

Sewing MachineSewing Machine – Elias Howe & – Elias Howe & IM SingerIM Singer

1868 patent drawing by Sholes

Technology and TravelTechnology and Travel By 1900, Electric By 1900, Electric

streetcars or trolleys streetcars or trolleys powered by overhead powered by overhead electrical wires electrical wires replaced horse-drawn replaced horse-drawn streetcarsstreetcars

First subway opened First subway opened in Boston – 1897in Boston – 1897

Automobiles (Duryea Automobiles (Duryea brothers), 1893brothers), 1893

Airplanes (Wright Airplanes (Wright brothers), 1903brothers), 1903http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=9223&rendTypeId=4

Changes in ProductionChanges in Production Mass production of goodsMass production of goods

Sped up manufacturing Sped up manufacturing = increasing quantity = increasing quantity of goods produced.of goods produced.

Increased investor’s Increased investor’s profits.profits.

Increased demand for Increased demand for unskilled labor.unskilled labor.

Increased demand for Increased demand for raw materials.raw materials.

Resulted in lower prices Resulted in lower prices on goods for the on goods for the consumer.consumer.

Changes in Production Cont.Changes in Production Cont. PieceworkPiecework::

Brought women into the work Brought women into the work force. force.

Based on the number of pieces Based on the number of pieces created (more sewn = the more $ created (more sewn = the more $ earned).earned).

Women would gather supplies Women would gather supplies needed from employer and take needed from employer and take work homework home

Assembly lineAssembly line: : Revolutionized by Henry Ford. Revolutionized by Henry Ford. Each worker preformed one Each worker preformed one

specific, repetitive task.specific, repetitive task. Reduced production of the Reduced production of the

automobile from 12 ½ hours to 1 automobile from 12 ½ hours to 1 ½ hours per car. ½ hours per car.

Cars = much more affordable – Cars = much more affordable – cheaper labor!cheaper labor!

http://eh.net/graphics/encyclopedia/burnette.women.workers.britian.figure5.jpg

http://thingamy.typepad.com/sigs_blog/images/line_2.jpg

Changes in Industry Stir Changes in Industry Stir the Melting Pot…the Melting Pot…

Bye - Bye Skilled Labor, Hello Bye - Bye Skilled Labor, Hello Immigrants!Immigrants!

Cheap labor = Cheap labor = necessity for industrial necessity for industrial successsuccess• Machines replaced skillMachines replaced skill• Workers needed to run Workers needed to run

machinesmachines

Immigrants poured Immigrants poured into America and into America and workers left rural workers left rural areas to search for areas to search for factory jobsfactory jobs

““Give Me Your Tired, Your poor…”Give Me Your Tired, Your poor…”

Employment Employment opportunities in America opportunities in America attract immigration attract immigration because…:because…: Poor economic conditions Poor economic conditions

existed in Europe existed in Europe Religious persecutionReligious persecution $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Ellis Island reaches peak Ellis Island reaches peak years of operation as years of operation as the “gateway” to the “gateway” to America. America.

Statue of Liberty is unveiled Statue of Liberty is unveiled in 1886 as a gift from the in 1886 as a gift from the French to the USAFrench to the USA

~ Emma Lazarus

From Tractor Lights to City LightsFrom Tractor Lights to City Lights America became an America became an urban societyurban society – a – a

society based on city life.society based on city life.

These factors helped:These factors helped:• electric powerelectric power = power machines = power machines railwaysrailways = provide markets & = provide markets &

transport for raw materialstransport for raw materialsnew industrynew industry = many cities = many cities

specialized in a product specialized in a product (Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh steel )steel )

steel framessteel frames = “skyscrapers” – steel = “skyscrapers” – steel could hold the weight of many stories could hold the weight of many stories and allowed for buildings to grow and allowed for buildings to grow upup

rural workersrural workers = lost farms due to = lost farms due to mechanization & provided cheap mechanization & provided cheap factory laborfactory labor

The number of cities increased too.The number of cities increased too. The Flatiron Building. NYC’s first skyscraper - 1902

Unfortunately, Rapid Unfortunately, Rapid Industrial, Population, and Industrial, Population, and

City Growth has its City Growth has its ConsequencesConsequences

And they were not that And they were not that pretty!pretty!

They Worked Hard for No MoneyThey Worked Hard for No Money Working class poor is created by Working class poor is created by industrialization:industrialization:

Unskilled people flocking to Unskilled people flocking to cities looking for opportunity.cities looking for opportunity.

Immigrants.Immigrants. Rural unemployed people.Rural unemployed people.

Harsh working conditions result Harsh working conditions result from the rise of manufacturing & from the rise of manufacturing & the availability of labor.the availability of labor.

Low wages & long hours.Low wages & long hours. Tedious jobs with unsafe Tedious jobs with unsafe

conditions.conditions. No job security = high fear No job security = high fear

of losing one’s job.of losing one’s job. Children exploited and Children exploited and

forced to work.forced to work.

Harsh Living ConditionsHarsh Living Conditions

Housing is an issue.Housing is an issue. Slums and Slums and tenementstenements

develop.develop. Many people Many people share a small space.share a small space.

Company townsCompany towns are are created. Intended to created. Intended to benefit the worker but benefit the worker but instead made them instead made them feel controlled by the feel controlled by the company.company.

Time for a ChangeTime for a Change

What’s happening here?What’s happening here?

Does this help?Does this help?

So, what are these people doing So, what are these people doing again?again?

Jump or Burn…what would you do?Jump or Burn…what would you do?

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire VictimsVictims

The Labor MovementThe Labor Movement Labor Movements created in Labor Movements created in

reaction to harsh working conditionsreaction to harsh working conditions Workers joined together to create Workers joined together to create

labor unionslabor unions::

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor: Founded in : Founded in 1869 to organize all workers – 1869 to organize all workers – skilled & unskilled.skilled & unskilled.

American Federation of LaborAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL): Began in 1886, it (AFL): Began in 1886, it organized skilled workers into organized skilled workers into local unions based upon specific local unions based upon specific skills.skills.

They fought for an 8 hour workday, They fought for an 8 hour workday, better working conditions and higher better working conditions and higher wages.wages.

United They Fought!United They Fought!

Unions used various Unions used various “tools” to influence “tools” to influence management to make management to make changes:changes:Strikes – Strikes – refusing to refusing to

workworkBoycotts – Boycotts – refusing to refusing to

buy a productbuy a product

The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age

Mark Twain labeled this time in Mark Twain labeled this time in American History (turn of the 20American History (turn of the 20thth century) the Gilded Age – the country century) the Gilded Age – the country looked prosperous on the outside, but looked prosperous on the outside, but was corrupt on the insidewas corrupt on the inside

America, a Gold Plated NationAmerica, a Gold Plated Nation Corruption is rampant during the Corruption is rampant during the

Gilded AgeGilded Age.. Rich and powerful peopleRich and powerful people live glamorous live glamorous

lives and lives and hide the dishonest ways they hide the dishonest ways they earned their moneyearned their money. It is the dark . It is the dark underside of life in the USA. underside of life in the USA.

The Federal Government is corruptThe Federal Government is corrupt::Congressmen are taking bribesCongressmen are taking bribes and and

establishing plans to profit from establishing plans to profit from government actions. government actions.

The The Spoils SystemSpoils System is in full swing & is in full swing & many many government employees are government employees are unqualified.unqualified. People with the best People with the best connections get the job!connections get the job!

Abuse of Native Americans & the Abuse of Native Americans & the treaties with them result.treaties with them result.

A “Not to be Trusted” GovernmentA “Not to be Trusted” Government

Corrupt City Governments:Corrupt City Governments: Political machinesPolitical machines control control

local politics. local politics. ““Boss” Tweed ruled NY City Boss” Tweed ruled NY City

politics at Tammany Hall.politics at Tammany Hall.

Muckrakers Muckrakers are journalists are journalists who exposed the dark side who exposed the dark side of industry & local of industry & local government.government.

William Mercy “Boss” Tweed

I Sense a Reform Coming I Sense a Reform Coming On…….On…….

Change is Good…Change is Good… Reform Movements develop in response to Reform Movements develop in response to

society’s problems. Legislation is passed society’s problems. Legislation is passed to regulate businesses & government:to regulate businesses & government: Civil service examsCivil service exams become required become required

for certain federal jobs.for certain federal jobs. This would This would eliminate unqualified people.eliminate unqualified people.

The Civil Service Reform Act is passed The Civil Service Reform Act is passed in 1883. It set aside 15,000 jobs that in 1883. It set aside 15,000 jobs that would be filled through a test so only would be filled through a test so only people who proved capable would be people who proved capable would be hired.hired.

Interstate Commerce Act is passed in Interstate Commerce Act is passed in 1887 to regulate transportation & 1887 to regulate transportation & railroads. It is important because it railroads. It is important because it established the governments right to established the governments right to regulate business. regulate business.

Sherman Antitrust Act is passed in Sherman Antitrust Act is passed in 1890 to regulate businesses. It was 1890 to regulate businesses. It was intended to limit the power of trusts.intended to limit the power of trusts.