AMERICAN JEWISH YEAtt BOOK 1945-46 - AJC · PDF fileAMERICAN JEWISH YEAtt BOOK 1945-46 Hf THE; YEAR ... especially the Youth Aliyah, which, ... by Miss Iva Cohen of the staff of the

AMERICAN JEWISH YEAtt BOOK1945-46

Hf THE; YEAR IMMS.

HENRfETTA SZOLB

SI WON MILLER

ii;:&ANKUN 0. ROOSEVELT AND THE JEWISH CRISISTHE WAR RECORD OF AMERICAN JEWS

AMERICAN JEWISH CHAPLAINS IN WORLD WAR IITHE HIUEL FOUNDATIONS ON AMERICAN CAMPUSES

FRENCH JEWRY UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION: .JEWISH COMMUMTV ;UfE illsl Mm AMERICA :

THE AMERICAN JEWISHYEAR BOOK

Volume 47

HENRIETTA SZOLD

1860-1945

The American JewishYear Book 5706

1945-46

Volume 47

Prepared by the Staff of

THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

Under the direction of

HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN and JULIUS B. MALLER

Editors

PHILADELPHIA

THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA

5706—1945

COPYRIGHT, 1945 BY

THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA

All rights reserved. No part of this book may bereproduced in any form without permission inwriting from the publisher: except by a reviewerwho may quote brief passages in a review to be

printed in a magazine or newspaper

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

PRESS OF THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY

PHILADELPHIA, PENNA

PREFACE

The year 5705 witnessed the end of a critical period during which theJews of Europe were marked for, and came close to, extermination at thehands of the Nazi hordes. The passing of this world-shaking crisis fromwhich Europe especially is now painfully recovering is reflected in thepresent volume not only in the Review of the Year, but also in the specialarticles and in most of the reference features.

The vital part taken by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in thiscritical period, with which in point of time his administration providentiallycoincided, directly affected the life and destiny of Jews in all parts of theworld. It was, therefore, deemed appropriate to devote the first specialarticle in this volume to a factual recital, in outline only, of those phases ofhis untiring and valiant championship of humanity and justice which willconstitute one of the most important and unforgettable chapters in ourannals. The article was prepared by Mr. Edward N. Saveth, member ofthe research staff of the American Jewish Committee.

Within the Jewish fold, the outstanding greatness of Henrietta Szold isuniversally recognized. In the United States, she lived and worked for overhalf a century before settling in Palestine. Not the least of her services tothe community were those performed as editor of the Jewish PublicationSociety of America, which included editing several volumes of the AMERICANJEWISH YEAR BOOK. Her phenomenal career in Palestine included greatachievements, as the representative of Hadassah, in the upbuilding of theJewish settlement, especially the Youth Aliyah, which, under her inspiringdirection, succeeded, despite huge obstacles, in snatching thousands ofJewish children from the very jaws of destruction and saving them forJudaism and the Jewish people.

The comprehensive and highly interesting biographical sketch of MissSzold was written by Miss Lotta Levensohn of Jerusalem, who knewMiss Szold intimately both in the United States and in Palestine, was aneye-witness of her career, and a participant in many of her activities.

What the editors hope will be the first of a series of articles on the ex-periences of the various Jewish communities of Europe during Nazi occupa-

vi PREFACE

tion is the highly interesting article on the Jews of France written by ActingGrand Rabbi Jacob Kaplan of Paris, with whom arrangements for the articlewere made during his visit to the United States last winter. Rabbi Kaplan'soriginal article presents a vivid picture of the situation of the Jews of Franceon the eve of the Nazi invasion, a detailed account of the Jewish experienceduring the occupation, the steps being taken by the French authoritiesto restore pre-war status to the surviving Jews, and the progress of thelatter, with the active assistance of the American Jewish Joint DistributionCommittee, in their efforts to rehabilitate themselves economically and toreconstitute their community life. The editors express their grateful ap-preciation for Rabbi Kaplan's contribution.

Similarly valuable is the article on Jewish communities in Latin Americancountries by Mr. Louis H. Sobel, an executive officer of the Joint Distribu-tion Committee. Mr. Sobel's report is based upon information gathered byhim during an extended trip through South America as well as upon datacurrently being received by the J.D.C. from representatives and corre-spondents in the countries concerned. This article is particularly timelysince most of the existing Jewish communities have received numbers ofrefugees from the Hitler terror, and the progress of their adjustment to andintegration with their new environments is a subject of great concern toJews everywhere, especially in the United States. Furthermore, as Mr. Sobelso clearly points out, these countries, though rich in natural resources, arebut sparsely populated and are potentially countries of immigration whichcan be of great service in solving the migration problem created by the war.

Because of the rapid growth and increasing importance of the work beingdone on American college campuses by the B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations,the incidence of its twenty-first bithday in 1945 was regarded as a fittingoccasion for the publication of the article on this institution by the personbest equipped for the task, Dr. Abram L. Sachar, its national director. Thearticle formulates the principles underlying this activity, describes itsmethods and materials, and shows how it is performing a vital culturalfunction not only in the lives of the students directly affected but also inthe present and future development of the Jewish community as a whole.

Two other special articles deal with the domestic scene. Dr. Samuel C.Kohs, Director of the Bureau of War Records of the National Jewish Welfare

PREFACE vii

Board, has contributed an article on the work of that Bureau outlining theproblems involved, and the results thus far achieved. Rabbi Philip S. Bern-stein, Executive Director of the Committee on Army and Navy ReligiousActivities of the Welfare Board, contributes a brief article on Jewish Chap-lains in the American Armed Forces during the war. This article is followedby a series of brief biographical sketches of all chaplains.

On August 12, 1945, Mr. Simon Miller of Philadelphia, President of theJewish Publication Society of America from 1913 to 1933, passed away.In tribute to his memory, a. brief biographical sketch, by Mr. Edwin H.Schloss, is included in this volume.

The Review of the Year continues to be the work of members of theresearch staff of the American Jewish Committee as well as a number ofoutside specialists. This year we have advanced somewhat in the practiceof having the articles dealing with foreign countries written by personspossessing first-hand information. In addition to Great Britain and Canada,which have previously been so treated, the articles on the Union of SouthAfrica and on France are from the pen of residents of those countries. Nowthat normal communications with the Old World are being restored, it ishoped that this practice will be further extended during the ensuing year.

The attention of our readers should be called to the Supplements to theReview of the Year, which fully deserve that designation. These lists ofanniversaries of individuals and institutions, of Jews who were elected toimportant offices or were otherwise honored, of gifts and bequests, of out-standing men and women who were taken from our midst, and of books ofJewish interest published during the year, constitute a register of events ofcontemporary interest as well as a record for posterity.

The same is true of the annual reports of the American Jewish Committeeand of the Jewish Publication Society, the two organizations which co-operate in issuing the Year Book. The report of the Committee containssupplementary information closely related to many of the events at homeand abroad summarized in the Review of the Year. The report of theJewish Publication Society deals with the activities of one of the mostimportant educational and cultural agencies of the Jewish community.

Except for the American Jewish Bibliography, which was again preparedby Miss Iva Cohen of the staff of the library of the American Jewish Com-

viii PREFACE

mittee, the Supplements to the Review of the Year were the work of Mrs.Rose G. Stein, who fulfilled her assignment with exemplary devotion. Thelatter took over this important task which, since 1909, when the AmericanJewish Committee assumed responsibility for the preparation of the YEARBOOK, was performed by Miss Rose A. Herzog, retired after thirty-eightyears service with the Committee. Notwithstanding her retirement, how-ever, Miss Herzog continued to cooperate in the preparation of this volume.The editors thank Miss Herzog for her valued aid.

The recurrent directories and lists have been brought up to date, thanksto the cooperation of the national organizations and the periodicals. Thestatistical section has also been revised as much as was possible underprevailing conditions. It is hoped that by next year we may be able topresent reliable estimates of the number and distribution of Jewish survivorsof the Nazi holocaust.

The editors wish to thank members of the staff and the various contrib-utors of special articles and sections of the Review of the Year for theircooperation.

Special thanks are due to Mr. Joseph M. Bernstein, editorial associate,for his valuable work at every stage in the preparation of the YEAR BOOK.Mr. Bernstein ably and conscientiously performed the task of reading andrevising the various manuscripts that went into the volume.

Finally, grateful acknowledgment is made of the wholehearted and un-flagging cooperation of Mr. Maurice Jacobs, executive vice president ofthe Jewish Publication Society.

As these lines are being written, it is clear that World War II has endedin the complete victory of the Allies. It is devoutly to be hoped that thisevent will usher in a long and blessed era of world peace in which all thepeoples of the world will be freed from oppression and tyranny. We hopethat succeeding volumes of this series will more and more reflect the returnto peace.

New York, August 17, 1945.

HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN

JULIUS B. MALLER

CONTRIBUTORS

EDGAR, BERNSTEIN, journalist, correspondent of Jewish TelegraphicAgency, Johannesburg, Union of So. Africa.

JOSEPH M. BERNSTEIN, editorial associate, American Jewish YearBook.

PHILIP S. BERNSTEIN, rabbi, executive director, Committee onArmy and Navy Religious Activities, National Jewish WelfareBoard.

AUGUSTA COHEN, member of research staff, American Jewish Com-mittee.

IVA COHEN, member of library staff, American Jewish Committee.SAMUEL DININ, Ph.D., executive director, Bureau of Jewish Edu-

cation, Los Angeles, Calif.URIAH Z. ENGELMAN, Ph.D., director, Department of Research and

Information, American Association for Jewish Education.WILLIAM FRANKEL, barrister-at-law, communal worker, London,

England.JULIUS H. GREENSTONE, Ph.D., principal emeritus of Gratz College,

Philadelphia, Pa.; author of "The Jewish Religion" and otherworks.

EUGENE HEVESI, Jur. D., formerly head of the foreign trade policybranch of the Hungarian Foreign Trade Office; onetime Hun-garian commercial attache in Rumania, and later trade com-missioner in New York.

JACOB KAPLAN, Acting Grand Rabbi, Paris, France; author of"Temoignages sur Israel dans la Litterature Francaise."

ALEXANDER S. KOHANSKT, Ph.D., former director of research,American Jewish Conference; now executive director, MaineJewish Committee, Lewiston, Me.

SAMUEL C. KOHS, Ph.D., director, Bureau of War Records, NationalJewish Welfare Board.

Louis KRAFT, B.S., executive director, National Jewish WelfareBoard; member, executive committee and board of directors,United Service Organizations (U. S. O.).

x CONTRIBUTORS

LOTTA LEVENSOHN, journalist and author, Jerusalem, Palestine.HARRY S. LINFIELD, Ph.D., director, Jewish Statistical Bureau,

auspices of National Council for Statistics of Jews, New York,N. Y.

HARRY L. LURIE, executive director, Council of Jewish Federationsand Welfare Funds.

RAPHAEL MAHLER, Ph.D., writer and editor, specialist in Jewisheconomic history.

Louis MINSKY, director, Religious News Service.ELLEN POSNER, M.A., member of research staff, American Jewish

Committee.ABRAHAM REVUSKY, B.S., member of editorial staff, Jewish Morning

Journal, New York, N. Y.; author of "The Jews in Palestine,""The Histadrut," "Social Forces in Palestine."

DAVID ROME, press officer, Canadian Jewish Congress, Montreal;author of "The First Two Years; A Record of the JewishPioneers on Canada's Pacific Coast, 1858-1860."

GERALDINE ROSENFIELD, M.A., member of research staff, AmericanJewish Committee.

ABRAM L. SACHAR, Ph.D., national 'director, B'nai B'rith HillelFoundations.

EDWARD N. SAVETH, M.A., member of research staff, AmericanJewish Committee.

EDWIN H. SCHLOSS, member of editorial staff, Philadelphia Record.Louis SHUB, M.A., member of staff, Overseas Department, Amer-

ican Jewish Committee.Louis SOBEL, assistant secretary, American Jewish Joint Distribu-

tion Committee.ROSE G. STEIN, member of staff, American Jewish Committee.JOSHUA TRACHTENBERG, Ph.D., rabbi of Temple Covenant of

Peace, Easton, Pa.SYDNEY H. ZEBEL, Ph.D., writer on historical subjects; member

of faculty, New York University.

CALENDARS

CALENDARS

By JULIUS H. GREENSTONE

The Jewish year consists of 12 months, each month having29 or 30 days. An intercalated year has 13 months, an addi-tional month, called Adar Sheni (second Adar), being addedbetween Adar and Nisan. Nisan, Sivan, Ab, Tishri, Shebat,and the first Adar (in the intercalated year) always have 30days; Iyar, Tammuz, Elul, Tebet, Adar (in a simple year, orAdar Sheni in an intercalated year) always have 29 days each.Heshvan and Kislev sometimes both have 30 days, when theyear is called "perfect" {Shelemah, indicated by letter if),sometimes both have 29 days each, when the year is called"defective" (Haserah, indicated by letter n), and sometimesHeshvan has 29 days and Kislev 30 days, when the year iscalled "regular" (ke-Sidrah, indicated by the letter D).Whenever the month has 30 days, the 30th day of the monthis the first New Moon day of the following month, which hastwo New Moon days. When the month has only 29 days, thefollowing month has only one New Moon day. In order tosimplify the tables of the Calendar for Fifty Years, only oneNew Moon day is indicated, the one which is the first of themonth. Thus when there are two New Moon days, the secondalone is given.

5706

is called 706 (i"tWl) according to the short system (p"S7). It is adefective leap year of 13 months, 55 Sabbaths, 383 days, begin-ning on Saturday, the seventh day of the week, and having the firstday of Passover on Tuesday, the third day of the week; thereforeits sign is (3nt), i. e., t for seventh, n for defective (mDn) and 3 forthird. It is the sixth year of the 301st lunar cycle of 19 years, andthe twenty-fourth year of the 204th solar cycle of 28 years, sinceCreation, according to the traditional Jewish reckoning.

3

1945, Sept. 8—Oct. 7] TISHRI 30 DAYS [HtWl 5706

CivilMonth

Sept.

89

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930Oct.

1234567

Dayof theWeek

ssMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTWThFSS

MTWThFS

s

fewishMonth

Tisbri

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930

SABBATHS, FESTI-VALS, FASTS

New Year mwn B>K"n 'N

New Year rMZTI 0K1T '3

Fast of Gedaliah

naw nae> ,irmn

-I1B3 DVDay of Atonement

Tabernacles ni3DT 'K

Tabernacles ni3DT '3

ijnon ^m

i mxy 'yoa

•Eighth Day of Feastmm nna»

Rejoicing of the Law

an nos

t'nn 'aoi ,n'»K-i3

New Moon Bnn »«"IT '«

PENTATEUCHALPORTIONS

nvens/Gen. 21(Num. 29:1-6/Gen. 22(Num. 29:1-6

Ex. 32:11-14; 34:1-10

Deut. 32

[Lev. 16JNum. 29:7-11l-A/ZerKoon: Lev. 18

/Lev. 22:26-23:44\Num. 29:12-16Lev. 22:26-23:44Num. 29:12-16Num. 29:17-25Seph. 29:17-22Num. 29:20-28Seph. 29:20-25Num. 29:23-31Seph. 29:23-28Num. 29:26-34Seph. 29:26-31Num. 29:26-34Seph. 29:29-34Deut. 14:22-16:17Num. 29:35-30:1

IDeut. 33:1-34:12jGen. 1:1-2:3iNum. 29:35-30:1

Gen. 1:1-6:8

Num. 28:1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nnesnI Sam. 1:1-2:10

Jer. 31:2-20/Is. 55:6-56:8\Seph. none

/Hos. 14:2-10;1 Joel 2:15-27jSeph. Hos. 14:3-10;\ Micah 7:18-20

/Is. 57:14-58:14\Afternoon: JonahjSeph. add: Micah 7:\ 18-20

Zech. 14

I Kings 8:2-21

I Kings 8:54-66or 9:1

/Josh. 1[Seph. 1:1-9

/I Sam. 20:18-42\Seph. add: Is. 61:10;\ 62:5

*The Book of Ecclesiastes is read.4

1945

CivilMonth

Oot.

89

10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031Nov

12345

, Oct

Dayof theWeek

MTWThFS

sMTWThFS

sMTWThFSsMTW

ThFSsM

8—Nov. 5] HESHVAN 29 DAYS qitpn 5706

Jewishvfonth

Teshv.

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324

2526272829


New Moon BHn Wtfn '2

m

I'nn 'aoi m» "n

]Dp TIED DV


nvmsNum. 28:1-15

Gen. 6:9-11:32

Gen. 12:1-17:27

Gen. 18:1-22:24

Gen. 23:1-25:18

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nnosn

/Is. 54:1-55:5\Seph. 54:1-10

Is. 40:27-41:16

/H Kings 4:1-37\Seph. 4:1-23

I Kings 1:1-31

1945, Nov. 6—Dec. 4] KISLEV 29 DAYS [l^DJ 5706

CivilMonth

Nov.

6789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930Dec.

1234

Dayof theWeek

TWThFS

sMTWThFSSMTWThFS

sMTWThFSsMT

JewishMonth

Kislev

123456789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829


New Moon » i n 0NT

NX'l

/Hanukkah, rDjn\Feast of Dedication

t'nn 'aoi sen


nvens

Num. 28:1-15

Gen. 25:19-28:9

Gen. 28:10-32:3

Gen. 32:4-36:43

/Num. 7:1-17\Scpli. 6:22-7:17

/Gen. 37:1-40:23(Num. 7:18-23Num. 7:24-35Seph. 7:24-29Num. 7:30-41Seph. 7:30-35Num. 7:36-47Seph. 7:36-41

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nnosn

Mai. 1:1-2:7

Hos. 12:13-14:10 or11:7-12:12 or11: 7-14:10

Seph. 11:7-12:12

Hos. 12:13-14:10 or11:7-12:12 orObad. 1:1-21

Seph. Obad. 1:1-21

Zech. 2:14-4:7

1945, Dec. 5—1946, Jan. 2] TEBET 29 DAYS [r)3D 5706

CivilMonth

Dec.

56789

10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031Jan.1946

12

Dayof theWeek

WThFS

sMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTW

JewishMonth

Tebet

1234b6789

101112131415161718192021222324252627

2829


New Moon BHn B>*O

Eighth Day ofHanukkab

ypa

Fast of Tebet

PJ'l

'n'i

rennn 'am ,niD»

jBp "I1EO DT


ni'BHB

/Num. 28:1-15INum. 7:42-47/Num. 7:48-59\Seph. 7:48-53Num. 7:54-8:4

Gen. 41:1-44:17

Ex. 32:11-14; 34:1-10

Gen. 44: 18-47: 27

Gen. 47:28-50:26

Ex. 1:1-6:1

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nriBBn

I Kings 3:15-4:1

(Is. 55:6-56:8\Seph. none

Ezek. 37: 15-28

I Kings 2: 1-12

[Is. 27:6-28:13; 29:22,23

[Siph. Jer. 1:1-2:3

1946

CivilMonth

Jan.

3456789

10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031Feb.

1

Jan.

Dayof theWeek

ThFSSMTWThFSSMTWThFS

sMTWThFSSMTWThF

3—Feb. 1] SHEBAT 30 DAYS [BntP 5706

ewiflh,lonth

Shebat

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930


New Moon P i n »KT

K3

/ mj^'N1? n'l\New Year for Trees

nT»ra».rfc«a

rcnnn 'am ,mv

]ap l i sa DV

New Moon »"in »N"H 'N


nruns

Num. 28:1-15

Ex. 6:2-9:35

Ex. 10:1-13:16

Ex. 13:17-17:16

Ex. 18:1-20:21

Num. 28:1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nnosn

Ezek. 28:25-29:21

Jer. 46:13-28

/Judges 4:4-5:31\Scph. 5:1-31

/Is. 6:1-7:6; 9:5. 6\Seph. 6:1-13

1946, Feb. 2—Mar. 3] ADAR RISHON 30 DAYS [jitPtn TIN 5706

CivilMonth

Feb.

23456789

10111213141516171819202122232425262728Mar.

123

Dayof theWeek

ssMTWThFSsMTWThFSSMTWThFS

sMT

WThFSS

JewishMonth

AdarRishon

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930


» i n '"IT '2 ,D'CJBB>0New Moon

noi-in

Up D'-llS

msn

rcnpini ]op l isa or

, rennn 'am ,^np'i

New Moon V~m VtT\1 '«

P-ENTATEUCHALPORTIONS

nrwiB

(Ex. 21:1-24:18\Nutn. 28:9-15

Ex. 25:1-27:19

Ex. 27:20-30:10

Ex. 30:11-34:35

/Ex. 35:1-38:20\Ex. 30:11-16

Num. 28:1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

Is. 66

I Kings 5:26-6:13

Ezek. 43:10-27

[I Kings 18:1{ (or 20)-39(Seph. 18:20-39

/II Kings 12:1-17\Seph. 11:17-12:17

1946, Mar. 4—Apr. 1] ADAR SHENI 29 DAYS ['JB> TIN 5706

CivilMonth

Mar.

456789

10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031April

1

Dayof theWeek

MTWThFS

sMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTWThFSsM

JewishMonth

AdarSheni

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627

Ito

to

CD

00

SABBATH, FESTI-VALS, FASTS

New Moon BHn BWH 'Z

HlpB

Fast of Esther

mar 'B ,*np'iD'llB

Purlin, Feast of Esther*O'llB 1»1»

Shushan Purlm

ms 'B ,is

[iznnn 'am ,TB»ennn 's

]L5p "I1B3 DV


nvvia

Num. 28:1-15

Ex. 38:21-40:38

Ex. 32:11-14; 34:1-10

/Lev. 1:1-5:26IDeut. 25:17-19

Ex. 17:8-16

/Lev. 6:1-8:36\Num. 19

/Lev. 9:1-11:47I Ex. 12:1-20

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nntJBn

/I Kings 7:51-8:21\Seph. 7:40-50

/Is. 55:6-56:8\Seph. none

/I Sam. 15:2-34\Seph. 15:1-34

Ezek. 36:16-38Sepk 36:16-36

/Ezek. 45:16-46:18\Seph. 45:18-46:15

"The Book of Esther is read, both in the evening and in the morning.10

1946

Month

April

23456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930May

1

. Apr

Dayof theWeek

TWThFSSMTWThFS

sMTW-ThFSSMTWThFSsMTW

2—May 1] NISAN

JewishMonth

Nisan

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930


New Moon BHn B>N"I

^nsn row ,jnxo

o'~ii33 rviynFast of First-BornPassover riDBl '«

Passover nDDl '3

111 nyiDn în1*JPassover PIDBl '1

Passover riDDl 'n

in HD«

wnnn "3W ,nin ' ins

New Moon »in»Kn'K

30 DAYS []D'J 5706


Num. 28:1-15

Lev. 12:1-13:59

Lev. 14:1-15:33

Ex. 12:21-51Num. 28:16-25Lev. 22:26-23:44Num. 28:16-25Ex. 13:1-16Num. 28:19-25Ex. 22:24-23:19Num. 28:19-25Ex. 33:12-34:26

iNumV 28:19-25Num. 9:1-14Num. 28:19-25Ex. 13:17-15:26Num. 28:19-25Deut. 15:19-16:17Num. 28:19-25

Lev. 16:1-18:36

Num. 28:1-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

rmasn

II Kings 4:42-5:19

Mai. 3:4-24 orII Kings 7:3-20

Seph. Mai. 3:4-24

(Josh. 3:5-7; 5:2-6;1.27

\Seph. 5:2-6; 1:27II Kings 23:1 (or 4)-9,

21-25

(Ezek. 36:37-37:14\Seph. 37:1-14

II Sam. 22

Is. 10:32-12:6

(Ezek. 22:1-19 (or 16)\ or Amos 9:7-15

•The Song of Songs is read.

1946, May 2—30] IYAR 29 DAYS f-|"M 5706

CivilMonth

May

23456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930

Dayof theWeek

ThFS

sMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTWThFSSMTWTh

JewishMonth

lyar

123456789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829


New Moon BHn 0KT1 '3

'30 nDB

33d Day nnya r1?of 'Omer

[»inn 'aoi ,'npm

Op "11SD QV


nvensNum. 28:1-15

Lev. 19:1-20:27

Lev. 21:1-24:23

Lev. 25:1-26:2

Lev. 26:3-27:34

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nntJDn

Amos 9:7-15 orEzek. 22:1-19(or 16)

Sefih. Ezek. 20:2(or l)-20

Ezek. 44:15-31

Jer. 32:6-27

Jer. 16:19-17:14

1946

CivilMonth

May

31June

12345/?D

789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829

, May 31—June 29] SIVAN 30 DAYS [p'D5706

Dayof theWeek

FSsMTWFTTL.

InFSsMTWThFSSMTWThFS

sMTWThFS

rewishMonth

Sivan

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930


New Moon P i n VfcO

naiaa

myaen 'NFeast of Weeksniyaen 'aFeast of Weeks*

in'ryna

Ksnnn'an] ,"^> rhv

ttnpiO] ]Bp TIB3 DV

v~m »K"n'«,mpNew Moon


nvtns

Num. 28:1-15

Num. 1:1-4:20

/Ex. 19:1-20:23(Num. 28:16-31/Deut. 15:28-16:17INum. 28:26-31

Num. 4:21-7:89

Num. 8:1-12:16

Num. 13:1-15:41

/Num. 16:1-18:32\Num. 28:9-15

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nncasn

Hos. 2:1-22

Ezek. 1:1-28; 3:12

/Hab. 3:1-19\Ezek. 2:20-3:19

Judges 13:2-25

Zech. 2:14-4:7

Josh.p

[Is. 66{Seph. add: I Sam.[ 21:18.42

•The Book of Ruth is read.

1946, June 30—July 28] TAMMUZ 29 DAYS m o n 5706

CivilMonth

June

30July

123456789

10111213141516171819202122232425262728

Dayof theWeek

sMTWThFSSMTWThFS

sMTWThFS

sMTWThFS

s

JewiBhMonth

Tain.

123456789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829


New Moon BHn PKVI'a

npn

/ nom -I»J; nya» DIXFast of Tammuz

Dm'B

[(snnn 'aai ,'jjDD,niDo

]Dp "1133 OV


ni'BHD

Num. 28:1-15

Num. 19:1-22:1

Num. 22:2-25:9

Ex. 32:11-14; 34:1-10

Num. 25: 10-30: 1

Num. 30:2-36:13

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

nnosn

Judges 11:1-33

Micah 5:6-6:8

/Is. 55:6-56:8\Seph. none

Jer. 1:1-2:8

/Jer. 2:4 28;3:4\Seph. 2:4 28;4:1,2

14

1946, July 29—Aug. 27] AB 30

CivilMonth

July

293031Aug.

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627

Dayof theWeek

MTW

ThFSsMTWThFS

sMTWThFSSMTWThFSsMT

JewishMonth

Ab

123

456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930


New Moon BHP1 WH1

/ ana nye>n oix\FastofAb*

iom ruei ,pnnNi

apy

w-mn '3OJ ,n«n

]Op 11B3 DV

New Moon

DAYS


nvens

Num. 28:1-15

Deut. 1:1-3:22

(Deut. 4:25-40\ Afternoon: Ex. 32:11-[ 14; 34:1-10

Deut. 3:23-7:11

Deut. 7:12-11:25

Deut. 11:26-16:17

Num. 28:1-15

U N 5706

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

Is. 1:1-27

Morning:Jer. 8:13-9:23

A Hernooyi:Is. 55:6-56:8

Seph. Hos. 14:2-11Micah:18-20

Is. 40:1-26

Is. 49:14-51:3

Is. 54:11-55:5

*The Book of Lamentations is read.T5

1946, Aug. 28—Sept. 25] ELUL 29 DAYS [ ^ K 5706

CivilMonth

Aug.

28293031Sept. 1

23456789

10111213141516171819202122232425

Dayof theWeek

wThFS

sMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTWThFSsMTW

JewishMonth

Elul

1234

56789

1011121314151617181920212223242526272829


cnn ran 'aNew Moon*

D't3B»

- nan 'a

"|^'l ,0*3X3

SeUhot*

npn n'-i an:?

PENTATEUCH ALPORTIONS

nvtinsNum. 28:1-15

Deut. 16:18-21:9

Deut. 21:10-25:19

Deut, 26:1-29:8

Deut. 29:9-31:30

PROPHETICALPORTIONS

rrnBsn

Is. 51:12-52:12

Is. 54:1-10

Is. 60

Is. 61:10-63:9

The Sephardim say Selihot during the whole month of Elul.16

TIME OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN SIX NORTHERN LATITUDES*

Day of

Month

Jan. 11020

Feb. 11020

Mch. 11020

Apl. 11020

May 11020

June 11020

July 11020

Aug. 11020

Sept. 11020

Oct. 11020

Nov. 11020

Dec. 11020

Lat. 44° North(For Maine, Nova Scotia,Northern New York. Michi-gan, WisconsinNorth

. Minnesota.and South Dakota.

Montana, Washington,Northern Oregon, NorthernIdaho)

1-1

5.525.515.475.395.295.155.014.434.264.003.413.192.522.362.161.551.471.441.552.122.272.463.063.233.403.554.074.224.354.455.005.105.205.325.395.45

Portland. Me.

co

7.377.367.307.197.076.526.376.216.035.405.245.074.494.374.264.174.144.144.184.244.324.464.575.075.225.335.455.586.096.226.386.517.047.177.277.34

I4.314.404.535.095.225.365.486.006.126.276.396.517.057.157.257.387.447.497.497.467.397.267.146.586.376.206.015.415.255.074.494.384.284.214.204.23

If'% W

6.166.256.356.497.017.127.247.377.498.078.218.399.019.149.37

10.0010.1210.1810.109.589.449.259.038.418.207 597.397.166.596.436.286.186.126.076.086.09

(ForLat. 42° NorthMassachusetts, New

Hampshire. Vermont, Cen-tral New York, SouthernMichigan Wisconsin.Northern Iowa, Wyoming,Southern Idaho, SouthernOregon)

II5.485.485.485.385.295.175.024.484.304.083.493.293.072.532.352.172.112.082.122.232.372.553.123.273.443.554.074.234.334.444.585.075.185.295.375.43

Boston, Mass.

1

7.307.297.247.147.046.506.356.216.035.435.275.114.544.444.36•1.25

4.224.234.264.324.404.525.015.115.245.345.445.566.066.186.336.446.577.107.197.26

&

4.384.464.585.145.265.385.506.016.126.266.356.456.597.087.187.297.357.397.407.387.327.207.096.556.366 216.045.436.295.134.554.444.354.294.284.30

fl6.206.286.366.506.597.127.237.347.468.018.138.288.476.029.189.379.479.539.549.449.359.178.598.398.167 597.387.177.006.456.306.216.146.096.086.11

Lat. 40° North(For Southen New York.Connecticut, Rhode Island,Pennsylvania, New Jersey,Northern Ohio, Indiana,Illinois, SouthernNebraska, Northernrado, Utah, Nevada,forma)

u5.465.465.455.375.295.175.034.494.334.123.543.363.163.022.462.322.272.252.282.382.503.063.193.343.504.004.124.254.354.454.575.095.175.275.355.41

New York CityChicago, 111.

1

7.257.257.197.107.016.486.356.216.045.455.285.134.594.504.394.314.284.294.314.374.444.565.055.155.275 365.455.566.056.156.296.406.537.057.147.20

I4.434.515.035.185.295.406.516.016.116.246.336.436.557.047.147 247.297.347.357.337.277.167.056.536.336196.025.435.315.164.594.494.394.344.334.36

owa,Colo-Cali-

| |

6.226.296.386.517.007.127.227.327.447.568.088.218.32S.459.009.239.329.369.379.319.219.068.508.338.107547.367.166.586.436.316.216.156.116.11ii.14

*Adapted, by permission, from The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI18

TIME

Day of

Month

Jan. 11020

Feb 11020

Mch. 11020

Apl. 11020

May 11020

June 11020

July 11020

Aug. 11020

Sept. 11020

Oct. 11020

NOT. 11020

Dec. 11020

OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET CN

Lat. 38°-!6° North(For District of Columbia,Delaware, Maryland Vir-ginia, West Virginia, South-ern Ohio, Southernana, Southern Ilh

Indi-nois,

Northern Missouri, Kan-sas Central Colorado, Cen-tral Utah, Central Neb-raska, Central California)

Washington, D. CNorfolk, Va.

5.435.455.435.365.275.165.044.504.354.153.583.403.223.082.542.412.362.352.392.472.583.143.263.403.544.014.164.274.364.464.575.055.145.255.335.38

11

7.197.197.147.066.576.466.336.206.055.465.315.175.024.534.444.364.344.344.374.434.515.005.085.185.295.375.455.566.046.146.296.406.536.597.087.14

1

4.494.575.085.225.315.425.526.016.116.226.306.406.527.007.097.187.237.287.197.277.217.127.026.496.316.186.025.435.315.165.014.524.444.404.384.40

| l6.256.316.396.527.027.117.217.317.417.538.058.168.328.459.009.139.219.269.279.229.128.588.448.288.067.517.327.136.586.456.316.236.186.136.146.17

Six NORTHERN LATITUDES*

Lat. 34°-32° North(For South Carolina, North-ern Georgia, Alabama^ Mis-sissippi, Louisiana, Texas.Southern New Mexicozona, California)

Savannah, Ga.Charleston. S. C

i !

5.355.375.375.315.255.165.074.554.414.254.133.573.433.323.223.133.113.103.133.193.273.393.473.574.084.154.234.324.374.454.545.015.095.175.235.29

17.037.037.016.566.486.386.286.196.055.495.375.255.135.054.594.534.524.524.555.005.055.135.195.265.355.405.475.546.006.076.166.256.356.446.516.57

•sa&

5.055.135.205.325.415.505.576.046.116.206.266.336.416.486.547.017.057.107.117.107.076.586.496.396.256.146.015.455.355.235.115.034.574.554.554.58

,Ari-

It6.336.396.476.577.047.117.197.267.357.437.508.008.118.208.318.418.478.528.538.518.458.338.228.087.527.397.237.086.576.456.346.276.236.216.246.28

Lat. 30°-28° North(For Florida, SouthernGeorgia, Alabama, Mia-sissippi, Louisiana, Texas)

Pensacola, Fla.New Orleans, La.

Q B

5.305.335.325.295.225.155.074.564.434.294.184.043.513.413.333.243.223.223.253.303.383.483.564.044.144.194.274.344.394.444.535.005.065.135.215.26

. !s£

6.576.586.596.516.436.356.266.196.055.505.395.295.175.115.055.004.594.595.015.055.115.195.245.295.375.425.475.535.596.066.146.216.296.386.466.52

1CO

5.115.185.255.375.455.525.596.056.126.196.246.306.376.446.506.556.597.047.057.037.006.536.456.366.236.126.015.465.365.255.145.085.015.005.015.04

l-sfS

6.386.426.516.567.057.127.197.257.337.397.457.648.028.138.228.318.378.408.418.388.338.248.138.007.467.357.227.066.556.466.356.306.266.256.276.29

*Adapted. by permission, from The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI19

CALENDARS 21

Jewish Holy Days, Festivals and Fasts

NEW YEAR (Rosh ha-Shanah). The ecclesiastical year was reck-oned from the month of Nisan; and the first day of the seventhmonth, Tishri, came to be regarded as the beginning of thecivil year. In the Bible the festival is known as "a day ofblowing the shofar," or ram's horn (Numbers 29.1), ~ ritestill universally observed in the synagogues. It is also called"a memorial of blowing the trumpets" (Leviticus 23.24). Theday acquired a solemn significance and was transformed intoa "Day of Judgment," so named in post-Biblical writings.According to an ancient tradition, the first day of Tishri marksthe first day of creation, on the anniversary of which mankindis judged by God. The dominance of the idea of judgmentgave the day a solemn character, approaching that of theDay of Atonement. Judgment is passed on New Year andthe decree is sealed on the Day of Atonement. The blastsof the shofar send a tremor through the congregation. It isa sign of alarm: the destiny of the world is being settled forthe coming year. The sounding of the ram's horn, commandedin the Bible, is interpreted as a reminder of the ram whichAbraham sacrificed in place of Isaac. New Year opens theTen Days of Penitence — a kind of spiritual stock-takingseason — which close with the Day of Atonement.

THE FAST OF GEDALIAH is observed in commemoration of theassassination of Gedaliah, the Prince, whom Nebuchadnezzar,king of Babylonia, appointed as governor over the remnantsof the Jews in Judea after the more important elements ofthe population had been driven into exile to Babylonia in586 B. C. E. The assassination was supposed to have oc-curred on the New Year, but the fast was postponed to theday after the holiday (II Kings 25.25; Jeremiah 41.1, 2).

SABBATH SHUBAH is so named because the Haftarah read on thatday (Hosea 14.2-15) begins with the word "Shubah" ("re-turn"), the prophet exhorting the people to return to God andrepent of their sins.

DAY or ATONEMENT (Yom ha-Kippurim, or Yom Kippur) is aday of great solemnity, and the most extensively observed

22 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

holiday. The holiday has no connection with any historicevent. In the Bible it is described as "the sabbath of sab-baths" (Leviticus 23.32): a sabbath of eminent sanctity. Theday is associated with a strict rite, the fast, which lasts fromsunset to sunset. The day is spent in prayer. The servicesin the synagogue begin in the evening and are resumed in themorning and continue throughout the day. The keynote of theprayers is contrition, confession, and regeneration, a tone alsomanifest in the choice of the prophetic lessons of the day:the first being Isaiah 53 and the second the Book of Jonah.But the Day of Atonement is not only a fast; it is also ahigh festival.

TABERNACLES (Sukkot) is the third of the three pilgrim festivals.It was an agricultural festival, marking the completion of theharvest, and is designated in the Bible as the "Feast of Ingath-ering" (Exodus 23.16 and 34.22). It is also called the "Feastof Tabernacles" — more exactly of Booths (Leviticus 23.34;Deuteronomy 16.13). An historical significance was given tothe festival; it came to be celebrated in commemoration ofthe booths in which the Israelites dwelt during their wanderingin the wilderness after they left Egypt (Leviticus 23.39). Acharacteristic feature of the celebration, symbolic of the agri-cultural character of the festival, is the carrying of the Lulab(palm) and Etrog (citron) by the worshippers marching in pro-cession in the synagogue around the reading desk — in thedays of the Temple, around the altar — and intoning theHoshana, "Deliver now" (Psalm 118.25). In both Bibleand Liturgy the festival is described as "the season of ourrejoicing." A jubilant note runs through the whole celebra-tion.

HOSHANA RABBAH ("Great Hoshana") is the name given to theseventh day of the Sukkot festival. The procession aroundthe reading desk in the synagogue with Lulab and Etrog,reciting the Hoshana, is made in seven circuits. Hence thename, "Great Hoshana."

EIGHTH DAY OF THE FEAST (Shemini 'Azeret) is celebrated as aseparate festival, although there is no special ceremony con-nected with its observance. The day marks the beginning

CALENDARS 23

of the rainy season in Palestine. Hence the insertion into theservice of the prayer for rain.

REJOICING OF THE LAW (Simhat Torah) is really the second day ofShemini 'Azeret. The day closes the celebration of the Feastof Tabernacles and is associated with the reading of the Law,marking the completion of the reading of the Pentateuch incourse of the annual cycle. Children and adults join in a happymood in the ceremonies. Hilarity is the general characteristicof the day.

N E W MOON (Rosh Hodesh) was in ancient times an importantholiday on which special sacrifices were offered and solemnassemblies were held. Its observance is now confined to someadditional prayers and psalms inserted in the synagogueservice and the reading from the Torah. On the Sabbathpreceding the New Moon, the approaching day or days isannounced by the reader and special prayers for well-beingduring the coming month are recited. When the previousmonth has thirty days, the thirtieth as well as the first dayof the following month are observed as New Moon. The daypreceding the New Moon is known as the "Minor Day ofAtonement" (Yom Kippur Katan) and is observed by the piousas a semi-fast day.

HANUKKAH (Feast of Dedication) is not a Biblical festival. I t isan annual eight-day celebration, to be observed in joy andgladness, and was instituted in the year 165 B. C. E. in com-memoration of the rededication of the Temple after the suc-cessful Maccabean revolt against Antiochus Epiphanes, Kingof Syria. The historical account of the heroic exploits ofJudas Maccabeus and his brothers, and of the incidents whichled up to the institution of the festival, are contained in theI. and I I . Book of the Maccabees. The chief ceremonial fea-ture of the festival is the kindling of lights in the evenings.Hanukkah is » festival of ideals. I t symbolizes the triumphof Judaism over heathenism. And the symbol of the festival,light, represents the triumph of light over darkness.

T H E FAST OF T E B E T ('Asarah b'Tebet) commemorates the begin-ning of the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, which


culminated in the destruction of the Temple in 586 B. C. E.and in the exile of the Jews to Babylonia (II Kings 25.1).Observant Jews fast on this day from sunrise till sunset.

NEW YEAR FOR TREES (Hamishah 'Asar bi'Shebat) is the Pales-tine Arbor Day. It is customary to partake of fruits thatgrow in Palestine and to distribute such fruits to schoolchildren.

PARASHAT SHEKALIM is the name given to the Sabbath precedingthe New Moon of Adar (or Adar Sheni in an intercalated year),when the section of the Torah (Exodus 30.11-16) which relatesof the poll tax imposed by Moses on all Israelites of twentyyears of age and over is read in the synagogue.

PARASHAT ZACHOR is the name given to the Sabbath preceding thefestival of Purim, so called because of the special section of theTorah (Deuteronomy 25.17—19) which begins with the phrase"Remember what Amalek did unto thee." According totradition, Haman was a descendant of Amalek, hence therelation of this Parashah with the Purim festival.

FAST OF ESTHER is observed in commemoration of the fast in-stituted by Esther and Mordecai when the Jews of Persiawere threatened with extermination through the machinationsof Haman.

PURIM or the FEAST OF LOTS commemorates the deliverance of theJews from the wholesale destruction Haman had planned forthem. There is no mention of any religious observance inthe Book of Esther. It is observed as a kind of carnival. Itis a festival of merrymaking, of charity, and of the interchangeof gifts among friends. The Book of Esther is read duringthe synagogue services.

SHUSHAN PURIM is the name given to the 15th day of Adar whenthe Jews of Shushan, the former capital of Persia, celebratedPurim (Esther 9.18).

PARASHAT PARAH is the name given to the Sabbath preceding theNew Moon of Nisan. Only those who were ritually clean could

CALENDARS 25

partake in the offering of the paschal lamb on the eve ofPassover. In order to warn the people against coming incontact with a dead body whereby they become unclean andthus would be excluded from the performance of the rite,the section dealing with ritual cleanliness and the rite of thepreparation of the red heifer, the ashes of which had to besprinkled on a person who was thus contaminated (Numbers19), is read in the synagogue.

PARASHAT HA-HODESH is the name given to the Sabbath when theNew Moon of Nisan is announced or when it coincides withthe New Moon. The name is derived from the section of theTorah (Exodus 12.1-20), beginning with the word "ha-Hodesh"and describing the laws pertaining to the observances con-nected with the Passover holiday.

SHABBAT HA-GADOL (The Great Sabbath) is the name given to theSabbath immediately preceding Passover. It derives its nameprobably from the allusion to the "great day of the Lord"(Malachi 3.23) in the Haftarah read on that day.

FAST OF THE FIRST-BORN is observed by the first-born males onthe day before Passover in commemoration of the deliveranceof the first-born of the Israelites in Egypt when the tenthplague was brought upon the Egyptian first-born.

PASSOVER (Pesah) is the first of the three pilgrim festivals. Itwas originally an agricultural festival, marking the early bar-ley harvest. Later it became associated with the deliverancefrom Egypt. In the Bible the feast is also designated as "theFeast of the Unleavened Bread" (Leviticus 23.6), and through-out the eight days no leavened or fermented food may beconsumed. In the liturgy the festival is described as "theseason of our freedom." Passover is primarily a festival ofthe home. On the first two nights (in Palestine and among theReform Jews on the first night only), in the intimate circleof the family, there takes place the Seder ("service"), a serviceof blessings, story and song, as found in the time-hallowednarrative of the institution, the Haggadah, fitted to interestalso the young and the uneducated. The rite is symbolic ofthe ancient meal at which the paschal lamb was served, to-


gether with the Mazzot and the bitter herbs. The Sederceremony envelops the home in gentleness.

THIRTY-THIRD DAY OF 'OMER (Lag b'Omer) is observed as a semi-holiday. The offering of an 'Omer (a sheaf) of barley on thesecond day of Passover (Leviticus 23.10, 11) marked thebeginning of the barley harvest, from which time seven weekswere to be counted until the wheat harvest, commemoratedby the festival of Shabuot. This period is known as Sefirah(counting) or 'Omer Days. Because of the many misfortunesthat befell the Jews during those days, they are kept as daysof mourning and no festivities are undertaken. However, onthe thirty-third day, according to tradition, a plague thatraged among the followers of R. Akiba ceased, and the dayis kept as a semi-holiday.

SHABUOT (Feast of Weeks, or Pentecost) is the second pilgrimfestival. It was celebrated as an agricultural festival, markingthe end of the barley harvest and the beginning of the wheatharvest, and also as the festival of First Fruits (Numbers 28.26).This harvest festival was taken to be the time when the TenCommandments were given on Sinai, and in the liturgy thefestival is described as "the season of the giving of our Law."Both aspects of the festival have come down to us: the syna-gogues are decked with flowers, and the Ten Commandmentsare solemnly intoned from the Scroll of the Pentateuch. Thefestival has no special ceremonial feature. In medieval times,and also later, it was the custom to initiate young childreninto the study of the Hebrew language and the Jewish religion.Since the middle of the nineteenth century, the ceremonyof confirmation of adolescent boys and girls takes place onthis festival in many synagogues.

FAST OF TAMMUZ (Shib'eah 'Asar b'Tammuz) commemorates thebreach made in the wall of Jerusalem during the siege by theBabylonians in 586 B. C. E. (II Kings, 25.3, 4; Jeremiah52.6, 7). It inaugurates the three weeks of mourning, conclud-ing with the 9th day of Ab, during which no festivities areundertaken by observant Jews.

SHABBAT HAZON is the name given to the Sabbath preceding theFast of Ab because the Haftarah on that day is taken from

CALENDARS 27

the first chapter of Isaiah which begins with the word "Hazon"(vision).

FAST OF AB (Tishe'ah b'Ab) is observed in commemoration of thedestruction of the First Temple by Nebuchadnezzar in 586B. C. E. and also of the Second Temple in 70 C. E. by theRomans. It is kept as a fast day from sunset to sunset. TheBook of Lamentations is read in the synagogue and elegies(Kinot) are recited during the services in the evening and themorning.

SHABBAT NAHAMU is the name given to the Sabbath following theFast of Ab because the Haftarah on that day is taken fromIsaiah 40.1-26 which begins with "Nahamu" (Comfort ye),appropriately selected for this occasion.

SELIHOT are penitential prayers recited every evening during themonth of Elul according to Sephardic rite. The Ashkenazimbegin the recitation of these prayers on the Sunday precedingRosh ha-Shanah or on the Sunday before, if Rosh ha-Shanahcomes on a Monday. They are usually chanted before dawnon each of these days.


Calendar for Fifty Years5671 (1910)—5721 (1960)

For the convenience of those who desire to determine the Jewishcalendar date corresponding to the secular date, there are presentedbelow abridged calendars for 50 years, from 5661 to 5711, corre-sponding roughly to the civil years 1900 to 1950. These calendarswill be found especially useful in connection with the Bar Mizwahcelebration and the observance of Yahrzeit.

In order to find the Hebrew date corresponding to the date of theboy's birth, it is necessary to find the column in which the yearof his birth is given. In that column the secular date will be foundwhich has to be compared with the corresponding Hebrew dateson the left side of the page; e. g. if the date of birth was January20, 1930, find the column headed "1929-30." There will be foundthat the tenth of Tebet occurred that year on January 10. Bycounting ten days from that date, it will be found that January 20corresponded to the twentieth day of Tebet. Then turn to thecolumn marked 1942-43, where it will be found that the tenth ofTebet occurred on December 18, 1942, so that the twentieth dayof that month would correspond with December 28, 1942, whenthe boy eached his thirteenth birthday according to the Jewishcalendar.

In the case of Yahrzeit, too, the prevalent custom is to followthe Jewish rather than the secular date. To find the Jewish datewhen the secular date is known, the same process is to be followedas indicated in the case of the Bar Mizwah.

The Calendar will also be found useful when it is desired to estab-lish a secular date when the Jewish date is known. The process otcalculation is the same, except that we must start with the Hebrewside of the Calendar and proceed to the secular year under the givencolumn.

The Hebrew letters at the top of each column indicate the signof the year. The first letter indicates the day of the week when thefirst day of New Year is celebrated; the second letter indicates thatthe year is "perfect," "defective," or "regular;" and the thirdletter indicates the day of the week on which the first day of Pass-over is celebrated.

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