Upload
oswin-mills
View
215
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
American Imperialism & Expansionism
1890-1915
World Powers
The most economically and militarily strong countries in the world
1
Expansionism
A nation’s desire to expand beyond its borders and acquire more territory
2
Imperialism
Stronger nations create empires by dominating
nations that are economically, politically,
culturally or militarily weaker.
3
Four Factors Fostering Imperialism
•Economic•Nationalistic•Military•Humanitarian
4
Economic Factors•Industrialized nations
needed new sources of natural resources, such as rubber and petroleum.
•They also wanted new markets in which to sell their manufactured goods.
5
Nationalism• Devotion to one’s own nation.• A belief that one’s own people
and culture is superior to others.• Causes nations to compete with
others for new territory as a matter of pride and power.
6
Military Factors•European and American
military technology was much more advanced than Asia and Africa.
•We needed naval bases around the world for fuel and supplies.
7
Humanitarian Factors•Western doctors and missionaries believed they had a duty to bring medicine and Christianity to “heathen” Africans and Asians.
8
People Who Promoted
Imperialism
Rudyard Kipling
British author of the poem, “The White
Man’s Burden”
9
“The White Man’s Burden”
•Belief in the racial superiority of Germanic and Anglo Saxon peoples.
•The “white man” has the responsibility of improving the lives of less advanced cultures.
10
Excerpt from “The White Man’s Burden”
Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives' need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan
11
Alfred T. Mahan• Navy Captain (eventually Admiral).• 1890 - Wrote The Influence of Sea
Power Upon History. • Argued that the greatest nation was
the one with strongest navy.• Pushed for expansion of the U.S.
Navy and the need for new territories.
12continued
Mahan’s book influenced
Congress to appropriate money to
build up the U.S. Navy
12
William McKinley• President from 1896 – 1901• Supported the annexation
of Hawaii.
• Demanded that Spain grant Cuba independence.
• Ordered the attack of the Spanish fleet in the Philippines.
13
Henry Cabot Lodge
• Powerful U.S. Senator from Massachusetts.
• Major supporter of imperialism.
14
William Randolph
Hearst
15
William Randolph Hearst
•Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist.
•Newspaper publisher.•Changed American
journalism by reporting sensational stories (crimes, murders, scandals, etc.)15
The Spanish-American War
1898A “splendid little war” fought
between Spain and America for territorial control in the Caribbean and Pacific.
16
Cuban Rebellion 1895• Small island 90 miles from Florida –
colony of Spain.• Cubans rebelled against Spain.• General Valeriano Weyler and 150,000
troops were sent to stop revolt.• Weyler forced 100’s of thousands of
Cubans into “re-concentration” camps.• Over 200,000 died of disease and
starvation.16
Cuba – 90 Miles from Florida Keys
Havana, Cuba Florida Keys
The “Butcher Weyler”
“Reconcentration” Victims in Cuba
Caption: The duty of the hour . . . To save her not only from Spain but from a worse fate.
The de Lôme Letter, Feb.
1898• Written by the Spanish ambassador, Written by the Spanish ambassador,
de Lômede Lôme• De Lôme insulted President McKinleyDe Lôme insulted President McKinley• Intercepted by Cuban rebelsIntercepted by Cuban rebels• Published by W. R. HearstPublished by W. R. Hearst• Intensified anti-Spanish feelings in Intensified anti-Spanish feelings in
U.S.U.S.
17
Dupuy de Lôme
Spanish Ambassad
or to Washingto
n
The Ambassador had said that McKinley was . . .
““weak and a bidder for the admiration weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his on good terms with the jingoes of his party”party”
Jingoism
An intense burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive expansionist foreign policy in the 1890’s.
18
U.S.S. Maine• U.S. battleship• Jan. 1898 - President McKinley sends
it to Havana, the capital of Cuba, to protect American citizens and property during rioting.
• Mysteriously explodes on Feb. 15.• 260 American sailors killed.
19
U.S.S. Maine
Painting of the Sinking of the U.S.S Maine
The U.S.S. Maine Sinks
The U.S.S. Maine Sinks
Fire Crew and Coal Passers on the U.S.S. Maine, 1896
Funeral for the Victims of the Maine
U.S.S. Maine Mast Monument at Arlington
National Cemetery in Virginia
U.S.S. Maine Mast
Monument,
surrounded by graves of
the dead
Graves of Unknown Sailors Who Died on the U.S.S. Maine
McKinley’s War Message• March 1898 – McKinley sends Spain a list
of 4 demands (including Cuban independence).
• Spain refuses to grant Cubans freedom.• April 11 – McKinley asks Congress to
declare war against Spain.• Americans demand war –
• “Remember the Maine!” • “To hell with Spain!” 20
Teddy Roosevelt
as Assistant Secretary
of the Navy
Battle of Manila Bay• In February, 1898 TR, Asst. Sec. of the
Navy, had ordered the navy to attack Manila Bay if war were declared.
• May 1, 1898• Admiral Dewey launches a surprise attack
on Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay.• Destroys Spain’s entire Pacific fleet.• Battle takes 7 hours. • Philippines were a prime location for a
naval base and for trading with Asia.
21
The Philippines
Dewey’s Route to the Philippines
Dewey’s Route to Manila
Admiral Dewey’s Ship, The Olympia
Manila Bay, The Philippines
Admiral George Dewey,
Liberator of the
Philippines
Admiral Dewey
William McKinley
22
The Rough Riders
• TR resigns as Asst. Sec. of the Navy.• Begins a volunteer regiment - the
First Volunteer Cavalry. • A diverse group of firemen,
policemen, miners, cowboys and athletes recruited by TR.
TR and the Rough Riders
Battle of San Juan Hill
• July 1, 1898• The Rough Riders led an
invasion of Cuba by charging up San Juan Hill and capturing it within minutes.
23
Fredric Remington’s Rough Riders’ Charge up
San Juan Hill
Hey Bro, did you bring the Powerade?
No, Dude. I thought you did.TR Takes a
Break
Treaty of Paris• Signed in December 1898. • U.S. paid Spain $20 million.• Spain recognized Cuban independence.• Spain gave the U.S. the Philippines,
Puerto Rico, and Guam.• These islands became “unincorporated”
territories of U.S. – not to become states.• Acquisition of new territory hotly debated
by anti-imperialists in the Senate.
23
Territorial Acquisitions
from the Spanish- American War
The Pacific Ocean
The Caribbean Sea
Cuba
Cuba• Cuba became independent nation.• McKinley installed a military
government for 3 years.• Set up school system and restored
economic stability.• 1900 – Cubans allowed to draft
their own constitution – modeled on U.S.
24
continued
Cuba• U.S. required Cuba to include
provisions of the Platt Amendment– Cuban govt could not enter any
foreign agreements. – U.S. was allowed to establish
naval bases in Cuba as needed.– U.S. had right to intervene
when necessary.24
Puerto Rico• Did not become independent.• U.S. Military government until 1900.• 1917 – Puerto Ricans granted U.S.
citizenship.• Could elect their local legislators, but
send no reps to U.S. Congress.• U.S. kept power to appoint key
officials, such as the governor. 25
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Philippines
Guam
Pacific Islands Acquired
The Philippines• January 1899 –
Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines to be a republic.
• America ignores this.• February 1899 – War
erupts between rebel forces and American soldiers.
26
President McKinley justifies his policy toward the Philippines:
“We could not leave them to themselves – they were unfit for self-government, and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse than Spain’s was . . . There was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them. . .”
Filipino Soldiers
Why do you shed all this blood; why do you spend all this energy, all these millions of dollars? Is it for our good or for your own? Sixto Lopez, Filipino leader, in letter to U.S. General Wheeler
A Filipino viewpoint of the war:
Filipino-American War
• Lasted 3 years• 4,000 Americans killed• 3,000 Americans wounded• Cost U.S. $160 million• 16,000 Filipino soldiers killed• 200,000 Filipino civilians killed
27
Filipino Casualties
Filipino casualties
Surrender of Filipino Insurgents - 1902
Filipino Flag
Filipino Coat of Arms
How some saw the new U.S. role in
the Philippines
Guam – Island in
the South Pacific –
east of the Philippines
Philippines
Guam
Pacific Islands Acquired
Other Territories Acquired
Hawaii• 1887
– Trade treaty allowed Hawaii to export sugar to U.S. duty (tariff) free
– Pearl Harbor leased to the U.S. as a fueling station
• 1891 – King Kalakaua dies– Queen Liliuokalani takes throne
28 continued
Hawaii• 1893
– U.S. Marines help pineapple planter Sanford B. Dole to remove Queen Liliuokalani from power.
– Dole proclaims Hawaii to be a republic, and himself President.
• 1898– Congress approves the annexation
of Hawaii against the protest of Liliuokalani.
28
Hawaii“We need Hawaii just as much and a good deal more than we did California. It is Manifest Destiny.”
President William McKinley, 1898
The Importance of Hawaii in U.S. Trade
Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii
Sanford Balland Dole
Pineapple Planter & President of Republic
of Hawaii
Samoa• Pacific Island• Pago Pago Harbor• 1889 - Became a protectorate of
Germany, Britain, & U.S.• 1899 – annexed by the U.S. as a base
for trade with Asian countries
29
Samoa
Pago Pago, Samoa
Pago Pago Harbor
One More Imperialistic Gain:
The Panama Canal
Isthmus
A narrow strip of land joining two larger areas of land.
30
The Isthmus of Panama
Panama Canal• Panama – a province of Colombia• 1879 – a French company buys a 25
year land concession from Colombia to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama
• 1889 - Project fails
31continued
Panama Canal• French company offers to sell its
rights to U.S. $100 million• 1902 – price lowered to $40 million• U.S. tries to work out a treaty with
Colombia• Colombia stalls, hoping for a higher
offer on the land 114cont31
continued
Panama Canal
• 1902 – TR secretly promises American support of a Panamanian revolt against Colombia.
• 1903 – TR sends U.S. warships to wait offshore.
• U.S. immediately recognizes Panama’s independence.
31continued
Panama Canal• U.S. signed a treaty with Panama
giving us a 10-mile wide canal zone.
• U.S. would have complete sovereignty over area.
• U.S. paid Panama $10 million.
31continued
Panama Canal• Building was difficult due to
untrained workers.• Diseases - Malaria and yellow
fever spread by mosquitoes killed many workers.
• Canal was completed in 1914 ahead of schedule and under budget.
31
TR Visits the Canal
Zone
Why Important?
The Panama Canal provides a faster route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean
Imperialistic Foreign Policy
1890 -1915
Spheres of
Influence
Spheres of Influence
• Areas of economic and political control in a region.
• The Pacific and Caribbean had become spheres of influence for the U.S.
• European and Asian countries had exclusive control and trading rights in different areas of China.
32
America’s Spheres of Influence
Pacific and Caribbean
Spheres of Influence in
China
Open Door Policy
• McKinley wanted an “open door” to China.
• All countries, including the U.S., would be allowed to trade freely with China.
33
How Europeans Saw the “Open Door”
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy
• TR - “Speak softly, and carry a big stick; you will go far.”
• The big stick = U.S. Navy • The threat of American military force
and intervention in other nations’ problems would strengthen our position as a world power.
34
The Great White Fleet
• December 1907• Roosevelt sends part of the
U.S. Navy fleet on a cruise around the world.
• Purpose was to demonstrate our impressive naval power.
35
Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet Sails Around the Globe
Big Stick Diplomacy
Roosevelt Corollary• 1904 - An informal addition to the
Monroe Doctrine.• The U.S. would not intervene in
other countries’ affairs, unless they negatively affected U.S. interests.
• The U.S would not allow Europeans to intervene in the western hemisphere.
36
When Santo Domingo goes bankrupt, Roosevelt Corollary is used to protect the island from European nations
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
• Taft wanted to “substitute dollars for bullets.”
• U.S. investment in foreign nations would help to maintain orderly societies.
• Creates enemies in the Caribbean who hated U.S. influence.
37
U.S. Interventions in Latin America
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
• The U. S. shouldThe U. S. should– be the consciencebe the conscience
of the world.of the world.– spread democracy.spread democracy.– promote peace.promote peace.– condemn condemn
colonialism.colonialism.
38
Wilson Teaches a Lesson in
Moral Diplomacy