American Imperialism “America Becomes a World Power” Copy all underlined as notes & all RED = Vocab, so copy on your vocabulary sheet to turn in)

American Imperialism

“America Becomes a World Power”

Copy all underlined as notes & all RED = Vocab, so copy on your vocabulary sheet to turn in)

Keeping Up With Other Nations

• Imperialism- stronger nation dominates the weaker nation in some way(s).

• By the mid-19th century many European powers had established empires.

• The US began to follow their example by the late 19th century

How Imperialism Works• Economically- Taking over their business,

out selling their products. – China, Banana Republics

• Politically- (Nationalist factors) Controlling their governments/colonizing. – Philippines, Cuba- Platt Amendment

• Militarily- By use or show of force. – Philippines, Banana Republics, Japan, Mexico,

etc.. • Culturally- (Humanitarian Factors)

Influencing them to take on different customs, religions, manners. – Native Americans, Philippines, Latin America,

etc..

The Advance of Imperialism

Baby steps towards an American

Empire…George Washington had warned, suggested,

“Don’t get involved…it just causes problems. Worry about just the US.” But…

• Jefferson- Louisiana Purchase- 1803 Enlarge the country…What about the Native Americans?

• Monroe Doctrine- 1823 It’s OUR hemisphere…stay out!

• Manifest Destiny- 1850’s It’s OUR (US) Destiny (not our fault we take over everything!)

• Commodore Perry (1853)- gets Japan to open up trade with the US.

Commodore Perry in Japan 1853

Baby Steps… continued5. 1860’s- Had treaty set up with

China, we get to have territory and bases, they get to buy our stuff.

6. 1866- US sent troops to Mexico as “Back-Up” against French (Remember Cinco de Maya?)

China Claimed by the Great Powers

We hit the Jackpot!

7. 1867- Seward’s Folly- Bought Alaska from Russians

– We paid $7.2 million – About 2.5 cents per acre for an area twice the size of

Texas

8. 1890’s The US builds the Great White Fleet.

– The US becomes an “instant” military power on the seas

Bring In the Dough.9. 1867- 1890- What about all these

Pacific Islands? Hawaii, Midway, Samoa..

10.1880’s- Hello Latin America- Give us your bananas, and we’ll give you American stuff to buy. BANANA REPUBLICS.

11.1898- Spanish American War- Let’s get the Spanish out of there once and for all (Cuba and Philippines)

Events Leading up to War…

A Spanish Colony- Cuba1. Cuban Revolution - Cubans were being mistreated by Spain. (The Spanish Reconcentration Policy ) This was not news but became an issue when US sugar cane companies couldn’t get enough workers to their fields

• Cuban exiles- (Jose Marti- wrote newspaper articles) Plead with President McKinley to help Cuban Rebels, say it just like France helping American Patriots back in 1776.

Should we keep the Peace or keep a Piece of

the Pie 2”2. Pressure from the American Press

– Yellow Journalism- distorted reporting of news– Wm. Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

compete with each other to sell more newspapers by telling exaggerated stories about what was going on in Cuba. Violence sells, people interested. Americans want to help rebels.

3. Sugar Companies want American involvement- – These Big companies pressure McKinley to assist

Cuban Rebels.

The War Begins4. Remember The Maine- McKinley

sends the USS Maine to protect American interests- Sugar companies and people. It’s mysteriously blown up in Havana Harbor. – Today we think it was an accident because of

the boiler room problems.)

• Newspapers report it as a Spanish Attack! The U.S. wants revenge!

• WAR is declared with Spain – Some small battles in Cuba get a lot of press. – The real battle will between the Navies.

The USS Maine Havana Harbor, February 16, 1898

EVENTS OF THE WAR:1. Teddy Roosevelt Charges up San

Juan Hill!• When war broke with Spain in April of that year, Roosevelt was serving as Assistant Secretary of the Navy.

• He immediately quit his position and helped form a regiment of volunteers.

2. The "Rough Riders" enlisted cowboys and college men led by Roosevelt under the command of Leonard Wood.

3. They arrived in Cuba in time to take part in the US victory at Battle of San Juan Hill.

• The victory at San Juan Hill gave the Americans control of the heights overlooking the Spanish stronghold of Santiago and doomed the Spanish to defeat in Cuba.

Roosevelt (center) and the Rough Riders celebrate

at the top of San Juan Hill

The Spanish American War

4. US Dominates- US Navy finds the Spanish Navy in Manila Harbor, Philippines the wipe out their old wooden ships with new American steel ships.

5. War Over in 3 Months-

“A Splendid Little War”-Secretary of State John Hay

THE RESULTS/ AFTERMATH

1. US is a World Power – We are 1-0! 2. US gets the Philippines, Puerto

Rico,Cuba, Guam- But what do we do with them?

3. Start an Empire?– What Issues do we have this? – What Problems will we encounter

with administering an empire?

Here We Go!

4. Guam- No Problem- it just a stopover for US Ships

5. Latin America- It will be our version of Africa or Asia (Natural resources galore!) Puerto RICO!

6. Cuba- We tried to help you, but I guess we’ll just take you over. Passed Platt Amendment (Valid until 1934)

• Cuba can not make any agreements without US “help” and established military bases there

7. The Filipino’s Fight Back

Philippine Insurrection- Tougher than the Spanish American War- 3 years +3,000 dead and we still don’t control everything. Establish their government with a governor appointed by US President

In 1903, an elderly supporter named James F. Rusling recalled that in 1899, McKinley had said to a religious delegation:

"The truth is I didn't want the Philippines, and when they came to us as a gift from the gods, I did not know what to do with them.... I sought counsel from all sides - Democrats as well as Republicans - but got little help. I thought first we would take only Manila; then Luzon; then other islands, perhaps, also. I walked the floor of the White House night after night until midnight; and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for light and guidance more than one night."

"And one night late it came to me this way - I don't know how it was, but it came:

(1) That we could not give them back to Spain - that would be cowardly and dishonorable;

(2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany - our commercial rivals in the Orient - that would be bad business and discreditable;

(3) that we could not leave them to themselves - they were unfit for self-government - and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain's was; and

(4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow men for whom Christ also died.

“And then I went to bed and went to sleep and slept soundly."

What has the United States Fought For?(For the Filipinos/Cubans/Hawaiians/Panamanians…or for the

Americans?)

The Death of McKinley• The notoriety from the charge up San Juan

Hill was instrumental in propelling TR to the governorship of New York in 1899.

• The following year Roosevelt was selected to fill the Vice Presidential spot in President McKinley's successful run for a second term in 1900.

• He was standing in a receiving line at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition when a deranged anarchist shot him twice. He died eight days later.

• With McKinley's assassination in September 1901, Roosevelt became President.

The Assassination of McKinley

Diplomacy During the Roosevelt Presidency

“There is an…adage which runs, ‘Speak softly and carry a big stick: You will go far.’ If the American nation will speak softly and yet build and keep at a pitch of the highest training a thoroughly efficient navy, the Monroe Doctrine will go far.”

•Roosevelt Corollary

•An extension of the Monroe Doctrine

•Said US would exercise power to prevent intervention from other countries in Latin America

“Big Stick” Diplomacy

• Use of military force to influence political events in other countries

• US can and will intervene!

“sooner or later, we must keep order ourselves”

How does this differ from the Monroe Doctrine?

• Monroe Doctrine

– US would not tolerate any additional European colonies in North America.

• Roosevelt Corollary

– US would exercise power to prevent intervention from other countries in Latin America

– Big Stick Diplomacy

The Panama Canal

Expansion Continues-The 1800’s

1835 France is given a permit to build a canal across Panama. However first they have to come up with a plan to build the canal. In 1881, France starts to build a Panama canal.

Image Courtesy of: http://www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/jennions/images/Panama%20lake.jpg

Courtesy of: http://www.canalmuseum.com/photos/panamacanalphoto002.htm



The French Give Up

• 1881 A French company begins construction on the canal. After eight years, 1889, France gives up on the project.

• Why? Over 20,000 construction workers died working on the project for France and the company goes bankrupt.

Why was it so important to build a canal?

• In 1904, Theodore Roosevelt is president, and the United States is fast becoming one of the most powerful nations in the world.

• Such recent inventions as the telephone and the automobile make the 3,000 mile wide country seem a lot smaller.

The Canal will shorten the trip across the US by nearly 8000 miles!

Panama Canal• Isthmus of Panama: belonged to Columbia

• Ferdinand de Lesseps bought a concession in 1879 to build a canal.

• After 10 years, the company abandoned the project.

• Congress passed the Spooner Act in 1902, authorizing the purchase of the French assets for $40 million.

• Colombia would not negotiate with the U.S.

Lease• Roosevelt indicated that the U.S. would not interfere if

the French company organized a Panamanian revolt against Colombia.

• In November, 1903 a revolt broke out with U.S. warships offshore to provide support for the rebels.

• The U.S. recognized Panama as an independent country and ratified the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty in 1904.

• The treaty gave the U.S. a grant of a 10-mile-wide strip for a Canal Zone for $10 million.

• 1904 The United States takes over construction and work begins on the Canal

The United States

The Lock SystemThe Panama Canal consists of locks and gates at each end where boats are raised or lowered to different water levels.

Here is how the Panama Canal works

Image Courtesy of: http://www.panamacanal-cruises.com/panama-canal-pictures/crosssections.jpg

Here are the giant locks


Here are the giant locks being built

Photo from the Canal Zone Brats www.czbrats.com

Here is how the Panama Canal works

Photo Courtesy of: http://navy.memorieshop.com/Panama/ProfilePC.jpg

Challenges of Building the canal

Just like when the

French had tried to

build the canal, the

builders of the canal

had to figure out how

to cut a 51 mile path

through a tropical

jungle and an area of

mountains!

Image Courtesy of: http://www.astrosurf.org/lombry/Documents/terre-panama-canal-panama-srtm.jpg

The building of the canal

Photo courtesy of: www.canalmuseum.com

The building of the canal

Photo courtesy ofwww.canalmuseum.com

1914 The Canal Opens

Image Courtesy of:http://www.canalmuseum.com/photos/panamacanalphoto042.htm

The Panama Canal Today

• http://www.pancanal.com/eng/photo/camera-java.html

• http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9040875966564826702

Who Owns the Canal Today?

• 1977

– The United States signs a treaty with Panama and agrees to give Panama control of the canal in 1999

– Do you agree with this decision??

The Open Door Policy• Roosevelt’s chief concern in Asia was

to preserve trade with China…– AKA the “Open Door Policy”

• TR helped with negotiations that ended the Russo-Japanese War (Won Nobel Prize) and kept trade open for Russia and other world powers. – Russia gave up influence in Korea and

Manchuria in exchange for a huge cash payment that they did not have

Open Door Policy• 1899 - America suggests an Open Door

Policy for China.

• In this policy: – (1) spheres of influence would be accepted

formally by all powers– (2) all nations would be treated equally within

each sphere of influence– (3) all nations would receive tariff extensions

from China – (4) China's sovereignty would be preserved.

Spheres of Influence

• “Spheres of Influence”

– The division of control over China around the turn of the century

– China is said to be "carved up like a melon" by foreign powers competing for "spheres of influence" on Chinese soil.

• The Game of Grab

The Annexation of Hawaii• Hawaii had become an important

trading partner with the US (Sugar, fruits…)

• King Kalakaua was forced to give up a great deal of powers to the planters (Dole)

• Upon his death, his sister became queen. – Queen Liluokalani– Dole removed her from power and the

Islands became a republic and were then annexed by the US

• President Grover Cleveland is depicted as Lorelei sitting dejectedly on a rock in foreground, the Sandwich Isles lie in the distance, a U.S. vessel is shipwrecked and a British ship nearby.

• YIKES!!! That’s scary!

• In the back of the classroom students representing California, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and Alaska are quietly reading. In the front row are boys representing the Philippines, Porto (sic) Rico, Cuba, and Hawaii looking as if they would rather not be there.

Jingoism

– We don't want to fight – But, by Jingo, if we do, – We've got the ships, – We've got the men, – We've got the money,

too.

•Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism

•Usually with a hawkish or expansionist political stance.

•In plain language it means bullying other countries.

The White Man’s Burden-By Rudyard Kipling

Take up the white man’s burden

Send forth the best ye breed –Go, bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need… Take up the white man’s

burdenThe savage wars of peace – Fill full the mouth of famine, And bid the sickness cease…

Take up the white man’s burden! Have done with childish days

The lightly proffered laurel, The easy ungrudged praise: Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers.

Pear’s Soap Ad

The first step towards lightening the “white man’s burden” is through teaching the virtue of cleanliness.

The Anti-Imperialists

• On June 15, 1898, the Anti-imperialist league formed to fight U.S. annexation of the Philippines, citing a variety of reasons ranging from the economic to the legal to the racial to the moral.

• It included among its members such notables as Andrew Carnegie and Mark Twain.

Platform of the American Anti lmperialist League

“We hold, with Abraham Lincoln, that "no man is good enough to govern another man without that other's consent. When the white man governs himself, that is self-government, but when he governs himself and also governs another man, that is more than self-government-that is despotism."

So Long, Teddy, Hello Big Guy

• Roosevelt decides not to run again and picks William Howard Taft to succeed him as Republican nominee– Taft had been Governor of the

Philippines– Shared some of T.R.’s beliefs

about breaking up trusts, but still supported business

– Thought U.S. investment abroad would help Latin America gain stability.

Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy

• Maintain “Open Door” in Asia and Latin America

• “Substituting dollars for bullets”– Reflects Taft’s pro-business

views

Roosevelt in “Retirement”• Roosevelt had gone to

Africa for big-game hunting

• Comes back, thinks Taft is a softie on political reforms– Forms a new party—

The Bull Moose Party, also known as the Progressives

• In a three-way race, in 1912 TR finishes second—ahead of Taft, but behind the Democrat!!

Cartoon depicting William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt lying exhausted after the 1912

presidential campaign and saying, “Cheer up! I might have won.”

The battle between Taft and Roosevelt bitterly split the Republican Party; Taft's people dominated the party until 1936.

Woodrow Wilson• Democratic former Governor

of New Jersey and former president/professor at Princeton

• Son of a Minister—strong Christian upbringing

• Ticks off T.R. by trying to make a treaty awarding Colombia damages for the loss of the Panama Canal Zone.

• Sponsors a new kind of diplomacy…

Moral Diplomacy

Main goals of Moral Diplomacy:

• Spread Democracy

• Promote Human Rights

• Promote Peace

• Condemn Colonialism

How Wilson wants to do it:

• Third-party arbitration

• Cease-fire agreements

• Negotiations

Questions to Ponder…

• What were the diplomatic measures taken by each of these administrations? (Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson)

• Why was the United States still unable to avoid entering WWI in 1917?

• To be continued in Cold War efforts…

Does American Imperialism Still Continue??

• Vietnam 1954- 1975• Latin America - 1930 -

2003+• Late 20th Century

– Africa– Asia– Middle East

• Today– Iraq, Afghanistan,

How do these people feel about the US

today?

Discuss:Was 9-11 a result of American Imperialism?

Yes or no??