American History—American History—Chapter 1 and 2 NotesChapter 1 and 2 Notes

Terms Terms

• Nomadic—groups of people who roamed from Nomadic—groups of people who roamed from place to place in search of water and food. Did place to place in search of water and food. Did not develop any sort of agriculture.not develop any sort of agriculture.

• Land Bridge—when Alaska and Russia were Land Bridge—when Alaska and Russia were connected by land (Ice)…the first people to connected by land (Ice)…the first people to America walked across this bridge.America walked across this bridge.

• HoHoKam—first Native American group to HoHoKam—first Native American group to become “civilized” by growing crops such as become “civilized” by growing crops such as corn and beans.corn and beans.

Land BridgeLand Bridge

AztecsAztecs

• Located in Central Located in Central Mexico.Mexico.

• Tenochtitlan—Tenochtitlan—capital of their capital of their empire (located in empire (located in the middle of a the middle of a lake.)lake.)

• Most powerful of Most powerful of all the Empiresall the Empires

Aztec MapAztec Map

Other Great EmpiresOther Great Empires

• Mayan—built a large empire in Central Mayan—built a large empire in Central America (Guatemala)America (Guatemala)

• Inca—created a 2500 mile long empire Inca—created a 2500 mile long empire that stretch through South America.that stretch through South America.

• The Inca, Maya, and Aztec allThe Inca, Maya, and Aztec all• Built great cities, had huge palaces and temples, Built great cities, had huge palaces and temples,

and a written language.and a written language.• All 3 of these civilizations were destroyed by the All 3 of these civilizations were destroyed by the

small pox virus that was brought by Europeans.small pox virus that was brought by Europeans.

California IndiansCalifornia Indians

• Kashaya, Pomo, Yurok, Hupa were Kashaya, Pomo, Yurok, Hupa were different tribes.different tribes.

• Adapted to the diverse climates of Adapted to the diverse climates of the area (coast, forest, desert)…the area (coast, forest, desert)…used many natural resources.used many natural resources.

NW Coast IndiansNW Coast Indians

• Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Haida.Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Haida.• Use the sea as a source of food Use the sea as a source of food

(whales, sea otters, seals.)(whales, sea otters, seals.)• Noted for building totem poles and Noted for building totem poles and

other elaborate ceremonies.other elaborate ceremonies.

Indians of the SouthwestIndians of the Southwest

• Hohokam, Hopi, Pueblo.Hohokam, Hopi, Pueblo.• Multi-story houses that were built Multi-story houses that were built

into the sides of cliffs/caves. into the sides of cliffs/caves. (Adobe)(Adobe)

• Used irrigation systems to grow Used irrigation systems to grow corn, beans, squash, melons.corn, beans, squash, melons.

Eastern Woodland IndiansEastern Woodland Indians

• Iroquois (most powerful)Iroquois (most powerful)• Lived and hunted in the wooded area Lived and hunted in the wooded area

east of the Mississippi River.east of the Mississippi River.• Lived in villages, blended hunting and Lived in villages, blended hunting and

agriculture together.agriculture together.• Formed communities…tribes worked Formed communities…tribes worked

together.together.

Importance of…..Importance of…..

• Trading—this was the main way different Trading—this was the main way different tribes communication with each other, tribes communication with each other, along with how they transported goods.along with how they transported goods.

• Land Use—way of life for the Indians. Land Use—way of life for the Indians. Land was to be shared and worked by Land was to be shared and worked by everyone…land was not owned, hence everyone…land was not owned, hence not for sale.not for sale.

• Religion—Natural World was filled with Religion—Natural World was filled with spirits that would help/harm people.spirits that would help/harm people.

The Importance of cont…The Importance of cont…

• Kinship—strong ties between family Kinship—strong ties between family members. This helped ensure that members. This helped ensure that family customs would be passed down family customs would be passed down from generation to generation. Also, from generation to generation. Also, men and women had clearly defined men and women had clearly defined roles in their tribes.roles in their tribes.

• Division of Labor—dividing up the land Division of Labor—dividing up the land and responsibilities according to gender, and responsibilities according to gender, age, status.age, status.

European Societies around European Societies around 1492…1492…

Terms and ImportanceTerms and Importance

• Hierarchy—Social ordering by rank and class. Hierarchy—Social ordering by rank and class. Problem was that there was little chance to Problem was that there was little chance to move up in class…economic opportunities of move up in class…economic opportunities of the New World gave some people hope. Also, the New World gave some people hope. Also, most of the people of Europe were Peasants most of the people of Europe were Peasants (bottom of ladder)(bottom of ladder)

• Nuclear Family—father, mother, children. This Nuclear Family—father, mother, children. This is what was important to the Europeans (much is what was important to the Europeans (much different than the Native American Kinship)different than the Native American Kinship)

Reasons For ExplorationReasons For Exploration

• RenaissanceRenaissance• Period of Time in Euro History (1400-1600)Period of Time in Euro History (1400-1600)• People paid more attention to the world around them..human People paid more attention to the world around them..human

achievement became more important.achievement became more important.

• CrusadesCrusades• Series of Military Expeditions to the Middle East (Spread Series of Military Expeditions to the Middle East (Spread

Christianity)Christianity)• Caused Europeans to increase trade with the Middle East…led to a Caused Europeans to increase trade with the Middle East…led to a

strong desire for their goods and a need for an easier trade route.strong desire for their goods and a need for an easier trade route.

• ReformationReformation• Split in the Christian Church (Catholic vs Protestant)Split in the Christian Church (Catholic vs Protestant)• Caused people to want to move away because of Religious Caused people to want to move away because of Religious

PersecutionPersecution

Reasons for ExplorationReasons for Exploration

• Growth of Commerce and PopulationGrowth of Commerce and Population• More people lived longer lives—a lot less landMore people lived longer lives—a lot less land• More trade with Asia---more need for easy routeMore trade with Asia---more need for easy route

• Rise of NationsRise of Nations• Portugal, France, England, SpainPortugal, France, England, Spain• These nations all wanted to be more powerful, so they These nations all wanted to be more powerful, so they

wanted to find easier ways to tradewanted to find easier ways to trade

• RenaissanceRenaissance• Sailing TechnologySailing Technology

• Compass and Astrolabe made it easier to travel around Compass and Astrolabe made it easier to travel around the world.the world.

• Able to sail against the windAble to sail against the wind

Prince HenryPrince Henry

• Prince of PortugalPrince of Portugal• Sent explorers to find Sent explorers to find

a way to Asia.a way to Asia.• Explorers sailed to Explorers sailed to

and around Africaand around Africa• 1400s1400s• Started a Navigation Started a Navigation

SchoolSchool• Nick-name Prince Nick-name Prince

Henry the NavigatorHenry the Navigator

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

• Was from Italy but sailed for SpainWas from Italy but sailed for Spain• Aiming for Asia by sailing West…but landed in Aiming for Asia by sailing West…but landed in

the West Indies.the West Indies.• 1492—first trip1492—first trip • Started European trade with the IndiesStarted European trade with the Indies• Hero or Villain? Hero or Villain?

Hernando CortezHernando Cortez

• Spanish ExplorerSpanish Explorer• Sailed to Mexico in Sailed to Mexico in

15191519• Aztecs thought he Aztecs thought he

was a god..gave him was a god..gave him gold.gold.

• Cortez was able to Cortez was able to conquer the Aztecs conquer the Aztecs because of the small because of the small pox viruspox virus

Juan Ponce De LeonJuan Ponce De Leon

• Spanish ExplorerSpanish Explorer• Sailed to the Sailed to the

American SE American SE (Florida) around (Florida) around 1513.1513.

• He was looking for He was looking for Gold and the Gold and the Fountain of YouthFountain of Youth

Francisco CoronadoFrancisco Coronado

• Sailed for SpainSailed for Spain• Explored the Explored the

American SW in American SW in the 1540sthe 1540s

• Was in search of Was in search of El Dorado..city of El Dorado..city of GoldGold

John SmithJohn Smith

• English ExplorerEnglish Explorer• Sailed to Virginia in Sailed to Virginia in

16061606• Established the first Established the first

English Settlement English Settlement (Jamestown)(Jamestown)

• Wanted to colonized Wanted to colonized AmericaAmerica

John SmithJohn Smith

Columbus…hero or villain?Columbus…hero or villain?

• HeroHero• Explored the West IndiesExplored the West Indies• Started ColonizationStarted Colonization• Started Trading with Africa/Europe/N AmericaStarted Trading with Africa/Europe/N America

• VillainVillain• Started ColonizationStarted Colonization• Greedy—Killed and Controlled the NativesGreedy—Killed and Controlled the Natives• Slavery—natives then AfricansSlavery—natives then Africans• Killed Thousands by disease Killed Thousands by disease

Leading Towards SlaveryLeading Towards Slavery

• Spanish first enslaved the Spanish first enslaved the Natives…Natives worked until they Natives…Natives worked until they died or ran away.died or ran away.

• Then African Slaves were used Then African Slaves were used when the Natives died.when the Natives died.

• Slave trade brought big moneySlave trade brought big money• Trade slaves for spices and sugarsTrade slaves for spices and sugars

• EncomiendaEncomienda

Resisting the SpanishResisting the Spanish

• Best option was to move away.Best option was to move away.• Some natives tried to fight back in Some natives tried to fight back in

protest, very rarely was this protest, very rarely was this successful.successful.

• Spanish were “supposed” to try to Spanish were “supposed” to try to convert the Natives, in reality they convert the Natives, in reality they used them to look for gold that was used them to look for gold that was not available.not available.

TermsTerms

• Pinta—Columbus’ ship that landed on Pinta—Columbus’ ship that landed on the mainland (Nina, Santa Maria)the mainland (Nina, Santa Maria)

• Hidalgos—Spanish people that came Hidalgos—Spanish people that came with the explorers to help set up basic with the explorers to help set up basic civilizations.civilizations.

• Colonization—establishment of distant Colonization—establishment of distant colonies by a parent country. Usually colonies by a parent country. Usually these colonies gave the parent country these colonies gave the parent country many natural resources.many natural resources.

Terms cont..Terms cont..

• Conquistadors—Spanish Explorers that Conquistadors—Spanish Explorers that were looking for gold.were looking for gold.

• New Spain—name for the Spanish New Spain—name for the Spanish colony in America. Mexico City was colony in America. Mexico City was Capital.Capital.

• Encomienda—economic system in which Encomienda—economic system in which Natives worked for the Spanish in return Natives worked for the Spanish in return for the opportunity to learn Christianity.for the opportunity to learn Christianity.

English Settlements in English Settlements in AmericaAmerica

• John Smith—Englishman who sailed John Smith—Englishman who sailed to Jamestown, Virginia. to Jamestown, Virginia.

• JamestownJamestown• First English settlement in AmericaFirst English settlement in America• April 1607April 1607• Joint-Stock Company—people would pool Joint-Stock Company—people would pool

their money together to fund a trip to their money together to fund a trip to America. How Jamestown got started.America. How Jamestown got started.

JamestownJamestown

• Jamestown got off to a bad startJamestown got off to a bad start• Climate was not good for growing foodClimate was not good for growing food• Lots and lots of diseaseLots and lots of disease• Indians started to kill livestockIndians started to kill livestock• 60 of 600 survived60 of 600 survived

• Jamestown turns the cornerJamestown turns the corner• New leaders made people workNew leaders made people work• Began to grow tobacco!!!Began to grow tobacco!!!

Economy of early VirginiaEconomy of early Virginia

• Tobacco was very popular in EuropeTobacco was very popular in Europe• Headright SystemHeadright System—anyone who paid for their own —anyone who paid for their own

land or paid for someone else to come to Virginia land or paid for someone else to come to Virginia would receive 50 acres for free.would receive 50 acres for free.

• Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants—people that came from —people that came from Europe to work on the tobacco plantationsEurope to work on the tobacco plantations

• If they worked for 7 years they would be able to own their If they worked for 7 years they would be able to own their own landown land

• Caused a lot of people who were in bad economic shape to Caused a lot of people who were in bad economic shape to move to Americamove to America

• Before long, there was not as many indentured servants so Before long, there was not as many indentured servants so African Slaves were brought over to work the land (Native African Slaves were brought over to work the land (Native Americans would run away)Americans would run away)

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

• Over time, the poor people of Over time, the poor people of Virginia were forced WestwardVirginia were forced Westward

• Those people were taxed more and Those people were taxed more and had to deal with constant Native had to deal with constant Native American AttacksAmerican Attacks

• In 1675, western settlers fought a In 1675, western settlers fought a series of battles against the Native series of battles against the Native Americans.Americans.

Bacons RebellionBacons Rebellion

• The western farmers became upset at the The western farmers became upset at the governor of Virginia over lack of help governor of Virginia over lack of help fighting these battles.fighting these battles.

• Nathaniel BaconNathaniel Bacon• He hated Native Americans and was upset at the He hated Native Americans and was upset at the

governor (Berkley) not helpinggovernor (Berkley) not helping• Bacon and his followers went to Jamestown to protest Bacon and his followers went to Jamestown to protest

many things (lack of help, no representation, etc)many things (lack of help, no representation, etc)• Protest turned violent, many buildings were Protest turned violent, many buildings were

destroyed.destroyed.• Virginia changed some of its policies and it set the Virginia changed some of its policies and it set the

precedent that rebellion was a way to get things precedent that rebellion was a way to get things done in the colonies.done in the colonies.

New England TermsNew England Terms

• Puritans—people who wanted to “purify” Puritans—people who wanted to “purify” the Church of Englandthe Church of England

• Separatist—Puritans known as Pilgrims Separatist—Puritans known as Pilgrims that came to America to escape that came to America to escape persecution and start a new life.persecution and start a new life.

• John Winthrop—first governor of John Winthrop—first governor of MassachusettsMassachusetts

• Wanted to create a “city upon a hill” or a colony Wanted to create a “city upon a hill” or a colony that everyone would want to be likethat everyone would want to be like

New England TermsNew England Terms

• Plymouth Colony—first colony founded Plymouth Colony—first colony founded by the Pilgrims in 1620.by the Pilgrims in 1620.

• Massachusetts Bay Colony—in 1630, Massachusetts Bay Colony—in 1630, Pilgrims set up a larger colony….Boston Pilgrims set up a larger colony….Boston would be the capital.would be the capital.

• Government and the church would be Government and the church would be ruled by the same people. The church ruled by the same people. The church was center to the lives of the peoplewas center to the lives of the people

Differing Views for Differing Views for PuritansPuritans

• Roger WilliamsRoger Williams• He did not think that religion should be forced on He did not think that religion should be forced on

people. Also wanted Mass. To be more democratic.people. Also wanted Mass. To be more democratic.• He also did not like how the early settlers were He also did not like how the early settlers were

taking land from the Native Americans.taking land from the Native Americans.• He was kicked out of Mass and started a new colony He was kicked out of Mass and started a new colony

called Rhode Islandcalled Rhode Island

• Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson• She claimed that the holy spirit lived in the hearts of She claimed that the holy spirit lived in the hearts of

believers and that people did not need the believers and that people did not need the church/govt. to be religious.church/govt. to be religious.

• She eventually moved to New Netherlands (New She eventually moved to New Netherlands (New York) b/c the Dutch were more tolerantYork) b/c the Dutch were more tolerant

Indian WarsIndian Wars• Native Americans had differing beliefs about land Native Americans had differing beliefs about land

ownership..this caused many conflicts.ownership..this caused many conflicts.

• Pequot WarPequot War• 11stst major conflict in Mass major conflict in Mass• Colonist and another Narragansett Indians destroyed Colonist and another Narragansett Indians destroyed

an entire Pequot Villagean entire Pequot Village• Around 600 Pequots were murdered..this led to Around 600 Pequots were murdered..this led to

Narragansett to not like the EnglishNarragansett to not like the English

• King Phillips WarKing Phillips War• Indians used hit and run tactics to destroy many townsIndians used hit and run tactics to destroy many towns• The settlers were finally able to defeat themThe settlers were finally able to defeat them• This was the last real Native American threat in the This was the last real Native American threat in the

New EnglandNew England

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies

• William PennWilliam Penn• Founded PennsylvaniaFounded Pennsylvania• He was a Quaker (peaceful group) He was a Quaker (peaceful group) • Gave religious freedom, voting rights, and land to all Gave religious freedom, voting rights, and land to all

people who moved.people who moved.• They had very good relationship with the Native They had very good relationship with the Native

Americans.Americans.

• New NetherlandsNew Netherlands• Dutch settled this area, major city would be New Dutch settled this area, major city would be New

Amsterdam (NYC)Amsterdam (NYC)• Peaceful, tolerantPeaceful, tolerant• Taken over by England and renamed New YorkTaken over by England and renamed New York• Also split the land (New Jersey)Also split the land (New Jersey)