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8/13/2019 American History Unit:9
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Chapter 26-The Origins of the Cold War-
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The Cold War
US distrust of the USSR went all the wayback to the turn of the century
Democracy and Communism could not co-exist
In the closing days of WWII, the Big Three: Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill metin Yalta
There they agreed to work out the futureof Germany and Poland
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The Cold War
At the conference, Roosevelt workedclosely with Stalin
They agreed to partition Germany
There would be four zones in Germanydivided by the victors
Roosevelt also needed soviet help todefeat Japan
He agreed to give the USSR two Japaneseislands for their help
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The Cold War
The next nation they discussed wasPoland
Stalin wanted to create a buffer statebetween the USSR and Germany
He wanted the nation to be communistbut he reluctantly agreed to allow
political elections at wars end
Roosevelt felt he had power over Stalin
Only Churchill realized the wily wit of
Josef Stalin
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The Cold War
The final issue at Yalta was the issue ofinternational peace
The League of Nations was transformedinto the UN
Its purpose was to prevent worldwideconflict
In 1945, delegates from 50 nationsadopted a charter that effectively createdthe United Nations
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The Cold WarOn April 12, 1945, President Rooseveltdied
Harry S. Truman took charge and saw the
end of the War in Europe
In July of 1945, following the War, theBig 3 met again at Potsdam, Germany
This was a new group from what had metin Yalta
Stalin remained, but Roosevelt wasreplaced by Truman and Churchill by
Clement Atlee
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The Cold War
The US and USSR grew further andfurther apart
The US sought to treat Europe withkindness and spread democracy
The Soviets wanted to protect Russia andsought to build up satellite nations
These were nations that would beinfluenced by the soviets
It would protect the USSR from further
incursions
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The Cold War
Elections did not take place in Poland fortwo more years
When they did, the Soviets had purged allpolitical opposition
They used Poland as a template to takeover other European nations
By 1948 they had Albania and Bulgaria
That same year the Czech Republicadopted communism
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The Cold War
In Finland, a treaty was signed thatallowed mutual cooperation
The Fins had to remain neutral in foreignaffairs and were allowed to rulethemselves
In Yugoslavia, a communist dictator cameinto power “Tito”
He opposed Stalin and adopted a form ofcommunism separate from the USSR
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The Cold WarIn 1946, Stalin predicted that communismwould take over the earth
That same year, Winston Churchill
traveled to the USHe spoke to Americans in Fulton, Missouri
There he condemned the division ofEurope and the spread of communism
He told Americans that an Iron Curtainhad descended upon Europe
Stalin and Churchill’s speeches set the
tone for the Cold War
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Chapter 26-The Cold War Heats Up-
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The Cold War
In 1946, George Kennan, an AmericanDiplomat in Russia sent a telegram to theUS
He outlined his belief that the US andUSSR could not co-exist
He stated that victory over communism
would not come easily and that the USneeded to be patient
He advocated that the US try to halt thespread of communism across the world
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The Cold War Taking Kennan’s advice, the US adopted apolicy of containment
The US acknowledged they had losteastern Europe but vowed communismwould spread no further
The policy was one of patience and
firmnessKennan saw that within the USSR werethe seeds of its own decay
It turned out he would be right
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The Cold War The containment policy soon took effectwith Turkey
The USSR had made threats of invading
Turkey since the end of WWII
Stalin wanted control of the Dardanelles,a narrow strait that would give theSoviets ports on the Black Sea
Turkey and Greece had been under thecontrol of Great Britain
It was key that this territory of the world
not fall to communism
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The Cold WarIn February of 1947, Britain announcedthey could no longer support the area
They asked the US to take charge in theregion
That month the US accepted
The US inherited the job of world leader
with all of its burdens and glory
The US quickly acted to assist Greece and Turkey and prevent a communisttakeover
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The Cold War
Truman spoke to congress and started anew policy called the Truman Doctrine
He pledged the US would send $400million to Turkey and Greece
It was a pledge to help the free people ofthe world resist the spread ofcommunism
Any nation that asked for help, the USwould give it
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The Cold War The US and its allies sought a new plan tohelp Europe
The purpose was to prevent a similarmistake that occured following WWI
They also wanted to prevent the spread ofcommunism
Nations who were financially weak wereviewed as being at risk
21% of Europe was homeless followingthe War
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The Cold War1 out of every 5 houses was destroyed ordamaged
Industry and transportation was in ruins
The world was on the brink of anothereconomic collapse
US Secretary of State George C. Marshall
told congress they needed to send morefinancial aid to Europe
With money, the US would bring backEurope, strengthen democracy and
prevent communism
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The Cold WarIn 1948 the Marshall Plan was approved
Over the next 4 years, 13 billion dollarsin grants and loans flowed into Europefrom the US
Anyone in Europe who applied for help,received it
It was even open to the USSR though theyrefused
Economies were quickly restored and theUS gained strong trading partners
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The Cold War
The Allies did now know what to do withGermany
In March of 1948 they combined theirterritories into one
The area would be re-united to create aRepublic called West Germany
The Soviet Union responded by callingtheir occupied sector East Germany
It would be communist
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The Cold WarBerlin became a war ground
West Berlin would become part of WestGermany
The USSR also countered
Many in East Berlin fled to the westernside, others to Europe and the US
Stalin looked for a way to stop the exodus
When the US introduced a new currency forWest Germany, Stalin seized theopportunity and shut Berlin off from the
West
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The Cold War The blockade threatened allied suppliesinto East Germany
All shipments to Berlin had to passthrough East Berlin to which the US didnot have access
East Berlin had depended on US goodsfor survival
At risk were 2.5 million people
Transporting goods by road would riskwar with the USSR
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The Cold War Truman decided the best decision wouldbe to airlift food and supplies to WestBerlin
During the next 15 months, British andAmerican planes made 2000 flights andsupplied 13,000 tons of food
Gail Halverson would toss candy from the
plane via small parachutes to Germanchildren
The Airlift made the American’s heroes tothe German people and the Soviets
enemies
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The Cold War
Realizing what the Airlift was doing,Stalin ended the blockade
Berlin had been saved but was not yet“safe”
The US had won the first fight of the ColdWar
The issue of Berlin would remain at thecenter of the US, USSR conflict until theend of the Cold War
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Chapter 26-The Red Scare-
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The Cold WarFollowing WWII, the creation of the UNwas a great step forward
Major nations on the UN board had the
power to veto certain actions
One of the major member nations wasthe USSR
The US continually sought to hold theSoviets in check in the UN but they vetoedtheir initiatives
A movement began to grow for a new
council to deal with the communists
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The Cold WarAmerican’s especially expressed greatinterest in a new council
Some however contended against a new
council
They said its purpose would not be peacebut war
In April of 1949, the US, Canada,Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France,Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,Norway and Portugal formed NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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The Cold WarAll of these nations were democratic andbent of stopping the spread ofcommunism
They agreed on member security, that anattack on one by the USSR would beviewed as an attack on all
The US was now fully involved in the
affairs of Europe The Soviet Union countered NATO with acouncil of its own
COMECON or the Warsaw Pact joinedcommunist nations against democratic
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The Cold WarIn 1949 the Soviet Union detonated itsfirst atomic bomb
The US was no longer the onlysuperpower in the world
The US was alarmed at how fast theSoviets had developed their bomb
The only way the Soviets could have thattechnology would have been throughespionage
A new Red Scare gripped the nation
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The Cold WarPeople became obsessed with rooting outcommunist spies
Prior to WWII a committee was
established to root out spies
The committee was called, HUAC, TheHouse of Un-American ActivitiesCommittee
This committee was re-evisioned duringthe Cold War
It would now be used to root out
communists within the US
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The Cold WarHUAC first went after the movie industry
They felt movies had a strong influenceof people and socialist sympathies would
not be tolerated
Many actors were active members of thecommunist party
HUAC produced a number of actors andmovies producers they claimed hadradical political views
They became known as the Hollywood
Ten
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The Cold War
HUAC put them on trial and asked themto confess if they were members of thecommunist party
The Hollywood 10 refused to answer thequestions and were put in jail
Studios compiled Blacklists, lists of names
of people accused of being communists
More people joined the Hollywood 10
Paranoia continued to spread
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The Cold WarIn 1948, HUAC accused a top governmentofficial of espionage
Alger Hiss was tossed into federal prisonon shaky charges
Months after Hiss’s trial, two more peoplewere accused of espionage
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, a marriedcouple, were accused of passing atomicsecrets to the USSR
The trial was highly controversial
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The Cold WarIn the end, both Julius and Ethel werefound guilty in 1953 and put to death
For years people debated the legitimacy
of the trial
Careful work by historians has revealedthat Julius Rosenberg and Alger Hiss wereguilty of their crimes, not Ethel
During the Rosenberg Trial, WisconsinSenator Joseph McCarthy held up a pieceof paper and declared it contained 205names of communists in the US Gov.
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The Cold WarIt increased the already great hysteriaacross America
No one knew whose names were on the
list
Edward Murrow challenged McCarthy andproved it was more of an attentionscheme than reality
McCarthy developed a new type of smeartactic
Just being accused by McCarthy caused
people to lose their jobs and reputations
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The Cold WarMcCarthy went so far as to accuseSecretary of State George Marshall acommunist
He charged the army to be full ofcommunists after his friend was sent tothe Korean War
He received national attention as his
accusations against the military weretelevised across the country
On TV, the American public saw him forthe fraud he was and he lost his
credibility
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The Cold WarCapitalizing on the hysteria, in 1952,Congress passed the McCarran-Walter Act[Truman tried to veto]
The Act determined that immigrants fromCentral and Eastern Europe were mostlycommunist
It enacted a quota to limit people coming
to the US from designated nations
Truman remarked it was one of the mostun-American Acts in history
The Red Scare had officially peaked
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Chapter 26-Conflict in Asia and the Korean War-
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The Cold WarMost of America’s attention was devotedto Europe and stopping the spread ofcommunism
Meanwhile, war torn China had a hugecrisis on their hands
In 1911, China’s last dynasty crumbled
A massive power vacuum ensued aspeople vied to control the nation
Many European powers dominated Chinaas a puppet state and proclaimed it a
republic
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The Cold War The people of China were torn over whatkind of government to adopt
They had little control due to European
imperialism
Some wanted democracy and they ralliedaround the young leader Chiang Kai Shek
Other wanted communism
They saw communism as the cure toChina’s economic woes
They rallied around Mao Zedong
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The Cold War
As the two political idealists fought tocontrol China, War enveloped the world
Imperial Germany held vast amounts ofterritory in China
Following WWI, German territories werepassed to Japan
Japanese power spread across China likean infection during WWII
They even went so far as to seize Korea
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The Cold WarFollowing WWII, Mao and Chiangresumed their fight for the political futureof China
Chiang sought the support of the US todefend against communism
The US was occupied with re-buildingEurope and paid little attention to China
In addition, Chiang’s regime grew moreand more corrupt
He raised taxes and persecuted people
who opposed his rule
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The Cold War
Chiang’s corruption led the US to stopsupporting his democratic movement
Russia meanwhile continued to supportMao
Promising to end the corruption andredistribute wealth and land, the people
sided with Mao
In 1949 the communists defeated ChaingKai Shek and his democratic regime fledto Taiwan
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The Cold WarIn Korea, the Japanese were exceedinglyharsh
They forced the Korean to abandon their
traditions and language
They forced them to take Japanesenames
Many women were taken as “ServiceWomen” for the Japanese men occupyingChina
Following WWII, the US and USSR agreed
to divide Korea in half
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The Cold WarSoviets accepted Japanese surrenderalong the 38th parallel
This became the border between theoccupying forces of the US and USSR
It was meant to be temporary but as theCold War started, both sides fought tocontrol Korea
The South, with its capital of Seoulbecame a pro-american/democraticnation
The North, with its capital of Pyongyang
became a communist nation
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The Cold WarIn 1948, American and Russian forcespulled out of a divided Korea
Koreans on both sides wanted the nation
to be re-united though they differed intheir political views
In June of 1950, the North Koreansdecided to invade the south and unify it
under communism
They were led by the bold Kim Il Sung
American’s thought that Russia was to
blame for the invasion
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The Cold WarPresident Truman took a strong stand
He spoke to the UN and sought actionagainst North Korea
The UN voted in the American’s favor andcalled on member nations to defendsouth Korea and restore peace
The UN made the US the commandingnation of the effort
16 Nations took part in the Korean Warbut the US represented 80% of the force
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The Cold War The US acted swiftly by sending the navyand air force to protect South Korea
Within a matter of weeks, the North
Koreans had captured Seoul and pusheddeep into South Korea
Truman gave command of the US forcesto WWII hero Douglas McArthur
McArthur landed UN forces in thesouthernmost part of Korea, Pusan
Then he orchestrated one of the greatest
tactical movements in history
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The Cold WarMcArthur realized the North Koreanswould attempt to take Pusan
He knew their supply lines would be
stretched thin
He took the Navy north near the 38thparallel
He invaded at Inchon, caught the NorthKoreans by surprise and took back Seoul
The Koreans found themselves trappedbetween two opposing forces
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The Cold War
Like a vice, forces began to surround theNorth Koreans
Many found an escape route and movedback across the 38th parallel
The UN had a critical choice to make
Should they be content and end the waras it had started?
Or should they invade the north and endcommunism in Korea?
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Chapter 26-The Korean War-
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The Cold War
At the 38th parallel, US and S. Koreanforces considered invading the North
China was alarmed at the discussion
They were a new communist nation anddid not want democracy on their doorstep
Douglas McArthur did not care aboutChina
On November 24, 1950 US and S. Koreanforces poured across N. Koreas border
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The Cold War The N. Koreans reeled under theAmerican invasion
Soon, American forces approached the
Yalu River
Seeing the American’s so close andfearing an invasion, China joined the war
The US was unprepared for a war againstChina
Chinese and North Korean forces pushedthe US back across the 38th parallel
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The Cold WarWith American forces now reeling, the USsent in General Matthew Ridgeway
Ridgeway helped clean up McArthur’s
mess and pushed back to the original38th parallel
McArthur pushed to open a new front inorder to win the war
He pushed Truman to support Chiang KaiShek’s return to power
He wanted to use Chaing’s forces in a
landing of the Chinese mainland
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The Cold WarMcArthur even went so far as to considerdropping atomic bombs on China
Truman strongly opposed McArthur’s
plans
McArthur then went to the House MinorityLeader and attacked Truman’s policy
He sought to circumvent the president ofthe US
The letter was made public and Trumanfired McArthur for insubordination
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The Cold WarMcArthur returned back home to the USwith a grand hero’s welcome
Most American’s supported McArthur over
Truman
Following McArthur’s removal, the warstalemated at the 38th parallel
Truman tried to negotiate peace but itcontinued to fail
In 1952, Dwight Eisenhower becamepresident
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The Cold WarEisenhower wanted to see the war end ina truce
He, like McArthur, threatened China with
atomic bombs least they negotiate peace
In 1953 a truce was signed dividingKorea in half
A demilitarized zone was built on theboarders
The War caused a great deal offrustration at home
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The Cold War
American’s had a hard time justifying thedeath of 53,000 Americans and another103,000 wounded
Many questioned how devoted the US wasto stopping communism
Would the US always adopt a policy of
limited warfare [not using the a-bomb]
There were a great deal of changes to USpolicy following the War
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The Cold War
It was the first time in history that AfricanAmericans and White Americans fought inthe same units
The Korean War led to an increase inmilitary spending
Where it used to take up less than 1/3
the budget, it swelled to over 1/2
The US began stationing troops in foreignnations around the world
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The Cold War The War led to a powerful Miltary-industrial-complex
The military developed links to science
and business
The Korean War led the US to sign apeace treaty with Japan
It poisoned the US relationship with Japan
The two nations would continuethereafter to affront one another
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Chapter 26-The Arms Race-
h ld
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The Cold WarAmerican policy changed when DwightEisenhower became president in 1953
The Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles
was a harsh anti-communist
He believed Truman’s policy ofcontainment was too lenient
Dulles called for a policy to roll backcommunism from areas in which it hadspread
Eisenhower had to constantly keep
Dulles’s radicalism in check
h ld
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The Cold War
In 1953, East Germany revolted. The USkept its distance
In 1956, a rebellion erupted in Polandand in Hungary. Again the US stayed outof it
Eisenhower feared action would lead to
world conflict
In 1953, chaos ensued when Josef Stalinabruptly died
h ld
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The Cold WarStalin had been busy collecting names fora future purge
That night, as he retired to bed, he
suffered a stroke
He informed his guards before bedtimenot to disturb him
No one dared enter until nearly 24 hourshad passed
Stalin was found in poor condition anddied of a brain hemorrhage 3 days later
h ld
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The Cold War
The Cold War also played out in theMiddle East
The jews, since the turn of the century,had been returning to Jerusalem
In 1947, the UN took control of Palestineand partitioned it creating Israel
Arabs attacked the new state and lost
Israel gained support from the US whilethe Arabs sought Soviet support
h ld
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The Cold WarAt risk was oil for both the US and SovietUnion
In Iran, elections voted in a pro-
nationalist leader
The US feared he would side with theSoviets so they supported his overthrow
The Shah, or king, was placed back inpower
This decision would eventually come backto haunt the US
h ld
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The Cold WarIn 1956, Abdel Nasser of Egypt seized theSuez Canal from Britain
That year, British and French forces
attacked in order to take the canal back
The Soviets threatened the US, andcoerced them to stay out of the fight
The US and NATO backed off and theSuez was turned over to the Egyptians
In 1958, US troops landed in Lebanonand put down an uprising to remove the
pro-American government
h C ld
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The Cold War
The US got its hands dirty in LatinAmerica as well
Since the turn of the century, Americanbusinesses had dominated the affairs ofLatin America
The United Fruit Company had purchased
most of the land in Guatemala, Hondurasand Nicaragua
Business manipulated political campaignsand even carried out assassinations
Th C ld W
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The Cold War The Sandinistas attacked American holdings
In 1954, when the president of Guatemalathreatened the US by turning communist, theUS intervened
The CIA overthrew the government and tookback confiscated property
Such actions angered the USSR
In addition, it alienated many Latin Americannations
The OAS was formed in attempt to keeppeace and promote democracy
Th C ld W
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The Cold War
The 1950’s saw an incredible surge in thecreation of nuclear arms
When the Soviet Union tested its firstnuclear bomb, the US raced to build abetter bomb
The original atomic bombs operated on
fission, splitting the atomIt was thought fusion, smashing atomstogether, would generate a morepowerful bomb
Th C ld W
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The Cold WarIn 1952, the US detonated the first fusionbomb which they named Ivy Mike
The Fat Boy was a 16 kiloton bomb
Ivy Mike was a 12 megaton bomb
It was an incredible explosion that onceagain put power back in American hands
It was short lived however
In 1953, the USSR tested its first H-Bomb
America was rife with spies
Th C ld W
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The Cold War
These two incidents kicked off the armsrace, a race between the USSR and US togain weapon superiority
The US adopted a new policy ofDeterrence
It was thought that the US could regain
superiority in weapons and scare anyonefrom the idea of attacking them
Between 1954 and 1958 the US tested 19hydrogen bombs
Th C ld W
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The Cold War The bomb tests threatened the world withradioactive contamination
Fisherman in Japan suffered burns fromthe atomic blasts
In 1956, Dulles explained that the USwould go the to verge of nuclear war inorder to get what it wanted
The idea became known as Brinkmanship
Bring your enemy to the brink of nuclearwar
In essence, it was Russian Roulette
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The Cold WarBoth nations now had incredible power todestroy
The problem was delivery
Both nations raced to develop ICBM’s[Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles]
The USSR gained the upper hand due tocaptured German scientists
In 1957, the USSR sent a small satellitecalled Sputnik into space
While the satellite was of little worry, the
rocket that launched it was
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The Cold War
Where the Soviets had rocket superiority,the Americans had better planes
The US and created a new airplane calledthe U2
It could fly so high into the atmosphere
that no Soviet craft could reach it They Americans could spy and the Sovietscould do nothing to stop them
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The Cold WarIn 1960, US Pilot Gary Powers was shotdown in his U2 plane
They Soviets had used a guided missile to
reach him
In created an international crisis
Powers was supposed to take cyanide but
chickened out The US had to acknowledge it was spying
It would take the US a decade to take thetechnological lead back from the USSR
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Chapter 27-The Postwar Economy/Innovations-
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The Cold War
WWI taught America a great deal
Don’t be harsh in your punishment ofopposing nations
Don’t treat veterans poorly
The US improved in both regards
Life for Americans was incrediblefollowing WWII
Returning soldiers came back with arenewed value for life and family
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The Cold War
From 1945 to 1960 the per capita incomein the US jumped from $1,223 to $2,219
New businesses boomedGM, Ford and Chrysler overshadowed allcompetitors in the auto industry
GE and Westinghouse did the same forelectricity
Businesses had also learned from theprevious age, the Great Depression
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The Cold WarBusinesses realized that it was better todiversify their products in order to surviveeconomic downturns
This gave rise to conglomerates,businesses that were made up of 2 ormore unrelated businesses
International telephone service purchased
Avis car rental
In San Bernardino, California, arevolution took place in the restaurantbusiness
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The Cold WarIn 1940, Richard and Maurice McDonaldstarted applying assembly linetechniques to their restaurant
They simplified the menu, made itemscheap and most importantly, fast
The idea blossomed, they could hardlykeep up with all their orders
Ray Kroc sold multi-mixers and his saleswere plummeting
He noticed that one small company inCalifornia had purchased 8
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The Cold WarUpon further investigation, he discoveredthe booming McDonald’s restaurant
A single McDonald’s had 8 multi-mixers
and made 40 milkshakes at a timeKroc figured if he purchased the business,he could open more and sell more multi-mixers
Kroc bought the business, its name andits assembly line technology
Kroc then spread the restaurant throughthe idea of franchising
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The Cold War
A franchise is locally owned and operatedbut relies on goods and services from theparent company
Franchise owners assume less risk as theproduct is well known and presumableliked by consumers
The franchise system flourished in the1950’s
Other businesses took advantage ofMcDonald’s assembly line process
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The Cold War Technology developed during the Warmade its way into American homes
During the 1920’s and 30’s technology
for television emerged
However, during the depression no onecould afford it
After the War, television becameenormously popular
By 1955, American’s averaged 3.5 hoursin front of the tv each day
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The Cold War
Children grew up on, “Howdy Doody”and “Mickey Mouse Club”
Teenagers watched “AmericanBandstand”
Other popular programs were “I LoveLucy” and “Father Know’s Best”
TV brought families together, offeredcheap babysitting, spread advertising,and saved money by offering cheapentertainment
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The Cold WarComputers technology also grew
In the 1950’s businesses began buyingthe first computers to simplify tasks
dealing with numbersGrace Hopper at Harvard pioneered theuse of software to run hardware
She introduced the term, “debugging”when a large computer shutdown after amoth was caught in a computer relay
Transistors were born in 1947 and madetechnology smaller
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The Cold War
Nuclear technology did not just destroy
Nuclear power could be harnessed though
the generation of heat This inexpensive reaction could powerfactors and cars
Many were optimistic about the potentialof nuclear energy
In 1954, the US tested the first nuclearsubmarine
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The Cold War
The US also made great gains inmedicine
In 1954, Dr. Jonas Salk and ThomasFrancis conducted the first successfulvaccination
Polio killed more than 20,000 children in
the US each year
Their vaccinations ended polio as well asother dangerous diseases
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The Cold War
In 1928, penicillin was discovered as anantibiotic
Advancements lead to widespreadantibiotic use
The War also pioneered new surgicaltechniques
Doctors could now treat heart defects
They also toyed with replacement hipsurgery
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Chapter 27-Attitudes During the 1950’s-
The Cold War
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The Cold War
Following the War, Americans had agreater appreciation for life
Returning soldiers wanted to get marriedand have a family
The result was a massive Baby Boom
Prior to the War there were 19 births per1000 people
Following the War the number soared toabove 25 per 1000
The Cold War
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The Cold War The US learned a great deal followingWWI
It determined to treat its servicemen
better
In 1944, the government passed the GIBill
This gave servicemen low interestmortgages and educational stipends
Most veterans went to college and earnedhigh paying careers
The Cold War
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The Cold War
Prior to WWII, most Americans were bluecollar, jobs that depended on manuallabor
With the GI Bill, veterans became collegegraduates and moved into more whitecollar jobs
By 1956, most American’s had becomewhite collar workers
With many American’s hard at work,there was a 33% rise in unions
The Cold War
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The Cold WarWilliam Levitt realized there was moneyto be made from the GI Bill
Many veterans sought homes to purchase
with their new low interest ratemortgages
Levitt built massive urban communitiescalled suburbs
These houses were built quickly, usingmass production techniques
Levittown on Long Island had 17,000homes
The Cold War
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The Cold WarUrban sprawl communities impactedother realms of the economy
Many needed reliable cars to commute to
the city
More automobiles were produced to meetdemands
In 1956 the Highway Act saw theconstruction of several interstates acrossthe nation
Part of its purpose was War
The Cold War
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The Cold War
America saw the rise of car culture
Car sales soared by 50%
Each year, new models of cars wereproduced
Gas stations, restaurants and drive insfollowed Americans across the country
People used their new found automotivefreedom to travel, go camping and visitamusement parks
The Cold War
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The Cold War
With American’s buying cars andappliances to furnish homes, affordablecredit emerged
It was similar in style to cheap credit ofthe 1920’s
By the end of the 1950’s American
Express, Diners Credit and Visa appeared
Credit debt went from $8 billion in 1946to $56 billion in 1960
The Cold War
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The Cold War The previous generation of Americanyouth sought individuality
During the 1950’s conformity ruled
Everyone dressed alike and had similarhaircuts
TV shows such as “Leave It to Beaver”and “Father Knows Best” displayed howthe youth was to act and dress
Girls wore bobby socks and poodle skirts
Boys wore letterman’s jackets
The Cold War
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The Cold War
New magazines appeared, “Seventeen”and “Teen”
These magazines showed the youth howconformity was best and what was cool
Most girls married right after high school
Close to half of all brides in the US werein their teens
The Cold War
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The Cold WarReligion also saw a huge revival during the1950’s
During the 1930’s many American’s driftedaway from religion
After the War, religion was king
In 1954, congress added “Under God” to thepledge of allegiance
“In God We Trust” was added to all currency
Family prayer was common and 95% of allAmericans said they were part of a religiousorganization
The Cold War
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The Cold War
Men and Women developed strong rolesin the family
Men were to go to school, get a collegeeducation and support their families
Women were to support their husbands
They were to keep the house clean, cookmeals and raise children
Few strayed away from the norm
The Cold War
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The Cold War
Many women had taken important jobsduring WWII
While most turned their jobs back to menfollowing the War, some stayed in theworkplace
In 1950, 24% of American women held
jobs
Most held jobs as teachers, nurses,secretaries and sales clerks
The Cold War
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The Cold WarIn 1963, Betty Friedan wrote theFeminine Mystique
It lashed out at the culture that had
subjugated women to being housewives
It was a growing movement that receivemore momentum in the coming decade
In the late 1950’s many of the youthbegan to lash back at conformity
James Dean embodied rebellion in hismovie “Rebel Without a Cause”
The Cold War
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The Cold WarIn 1951, Alan Freed began hosting aradio show in Cleveland, Ohio
He aired black rhythm and blues
Freed was wildly popular amongstteenagers
His show, “Moondog Rock n’ Roll Party”
gave rise to Rock n’ Roll music
New musicians arose, such as ChuckBerry, Little Richard, The Comets, JerryLewis and Buddy Holly
The Cold War
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The Cold War
The best known Rock n’ Roll singer wasElvis Presley
His flamboyant style attracted theattention of young teenage girls
Rock n’ Roll spread to Europe and Asia
No band however was more popular than
The Beatles
Their early music was highly inspired byAmerican Rock n’ Roll
The Cold War
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The Cold WarMembers of this generation of musicrevolution were called Beatniks
Beatniks were traveling musicians and poets
The most popular was Jack Kerouac
They stressed spirituality and release frommoney and property
Beatniks challenged conformity
They used drugs, practiced unbridledsexuality
They gave rise to the later Hippie movement
of the 60’s
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Chapter 27-Domestic Politics and Policy of the 1950’s-
The Cold War
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The Cold War
President Truman had large boots to fillfollowing Roosevelt’s death
He saw the War through and made thedecision to drop the atomic bomb
With the War at and end, many wonderedwhat Truman’s policies would be
Truman’s first policy was Re-conversion
He wanted to make a smooth economic andsocial transition from war to peacetime
The Cold War
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The Cold War Truman brought most soldiers home fromabroad by 1946
The economy proved more challenging
Most American’s had to sacrifice during theWar
Following the War they wanted to purchasegoods, and they wanted sanctions lifted and
production to resume
Many manufacturers wanted an increase inwages, when they didn’t get it they went onstrike
The Cold War
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The Cold War
Truman fought strikes in many ways
A railroad strike in 1946 was ended bydrafting the strikers into the army and
forcing them to work
In 1947, Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act
If strikes hurt American industry, thepresident could call for an 80 day cooling offperiod
This period would force workers back to thejob while a deal was worked out
The Cold War
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The Cold War
Truman started his own agenda which hecalled, “The Fair Deal”
It aimed to help raise wages, giveunemployment benefits, provide housing, putforth a national health insurance programand limit nuclear energy
The program was a scattershot and not
concise
It fell under sever scrutiny by bothcongressional parties
The Cold War
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The Cold War Truman fought to end discrimination
He fought discriminatory practices in hiring
He also ordered and end to discrimination in
the army
In 1948, Truman ran for a second term
Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey
The Democrats, in many ways, turned theirback on Truman
He ran anyway, though considered alongshot
The Cold War
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The Cold War
Truman’s campaign centered on attackingcongress as “do-nothings” especially therepublicans
His campaign hit a chord and despite beingan underdog, he won re-election
Democratic control angered republicans
They sought to instate a term limit on thepresidency
In 1951, the 22nd amendment limited thepresident to two terms in office
The Cold War
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The Cold War
Four years later, Truman decided not to runagain [he could have technically sought a3rd term]
Dwight Eisenhower, commander of the alliedforces ran on the republican ticket
Eisenhower had an easy going manner,opposed to the scrappy nature of Truman
He was a talented diplomat, who effectivelyput together several peace negations duringWWII
The Cold War
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The Cold War
Eisenhower focused on a simple K1C2initiative
K1 was Korea, C 1 was communism and C 2
was corruption
Eisenhower’s nomination for VP was RichardNixon
Where Eisenhower’s campaign proceededsmoothly, it hit a snag with Nixon
Nixon was accused of having a secret moneyfund, given to him by wealthy Republicans
The Cold War
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The Cold War
Eisenhower left Nixon to redeem himself,despite many urging him to dump Nixon
Nixon went on TV, outlined his funds and
earnings
He said the only gift he had received fromRepublicans was a dog he named Checkers
American’s became enamored with Nixon’scharm
Eisenhower avoided disaster and was electedPresident
The Cold War
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The Cold WarPresident Eisenhower wanted to reduce thepower of the president
Power that had grown since Roosevelt
He sought to curb spending, reduce taxes andbalance the budget
His program was called “ModernRepublicanism”
He sought to be conservative with money andbe liberal with people
Eisenhower favored big business
The Cold War
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The Cold WarEisenhower’s money management caused aneconomic slump
The deficit grew and revenues fell
Eisenhower ensured all American’s had access
to Social Security
He also rose minimum wage by 75c
In the face of the Russian launching Sputnik,
Eisenhower created NASA
He also signed the National Defense Act whichsought to improve math and science in USschools
The ultimate goal, to surpass the USSR
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Chap t e r 28: Se c t ion 1
The 60’sThe Demand for Civil Rights
The 60’s
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The 60 s
Prior to WWII, Americans were not treated as equals
Following the War, the timeseemed right for a movementof change
There were several factors forthe timing of the movement
1) African American Migration
Between 1910 and 1940,450,000 blacks live in New York City
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The 60 s
New York City was not theonly place, many other topnorthern cities saw African American populations swell
African American’s gainedmore voice in political affairs
2) The New Deal
Roosevelt sought African America votes in order to pass
his New Deal programs
Many African Americans, as aresult, started to work for thegovernment
The 60’s
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The 60 s
3) WWII
Many African Americans worked hard for the country
during the War
They held prominent workpositions
Also, the holocaust highlighted
the horrors of discrimination
People feared what racialdiscrimination could lead to
The 60’s
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The 60 s
4) Rise of the NAACP
The NAACP worked hard toeliminate segregation laws
Segregation of race wasconstitutional as long asfacilities were equal
This was rarely the case and it was challenged across thecountry
Spearheading the NAACP wasThurgood Marshall
The 60’s
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The 60 s
In 1951 a pivotal court caserocked the nation
Oliver Brown sued Topeka,Kansas Board of Education toallow his black daughter toattend a white only school
Thrugood Marshall fought forBrown in the supreme court
The Supreme Court found the
idea of “Separate but Equal”unconstitutional
All public schools wereordered to desegregate
The 60’s
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The 60 s
The ruling received mixedreactions
African Americans rejoiced while many whites went up inarms
President Eisenhowerdisagreed with the ruling butcommitted to obey it
The Deep South promised tofight the decision
The 60’s
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The 60 s
The Klu Klux Klan, once again,saw a surge in membership
90 members of Congresssigned the “SouthernManifesto”
It pledge they would do all intheir power to reverse thecourt decision
In 1955, the Civil RightsMovement took to the streets
The 60’s
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The 60 s
Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama decided to sit in the white section of a segregated bus
When a white man got on the bus and the driver orderedParks to the back, she refused
At the next stop, she wasarrested
African American leadersordered a bus boycott of allMontgomery Busses
The 60’s
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The 60 s
Martin Luther King Jr., a 26 year old baptist minster became the movementsspokesperson
“There comes a time whenpeople get tired...tired of beingsegregated and humiliated. We have no alternative but toprotest”
Over the next year, 50,000people stopped riding the bus
The bus company refused togive in
The 60’s
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The 60 s
In 1956, the Supreme Courtruled that bus segregation wasalso unconstitutional
The Montgomery boycottcreated a new wave of leadersand movements
In 1957, Arkansas governorOrval Faubus declared hecould not keep order if he hadto enforce integration
He posted the National Guardat Central High School inLittle Rock to prevent theentry of black students
The 60’s
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The 60 s
There were 9 students in all,they became known as theLittle Rock Nine
Crowds also gathered toprevent the students fromentering
Eisenhower viewed this as adirect violation of theconstitution
He seized the national guardand told them to lead thestudents into the school
The 60’s
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The 60 s
African American’s were notthe only minority groupseeking change
Latin American’s also facedhardship and segregation
In the case of Delgado vsBastrop, segregation amongstLatin Americans was also
declared unconstitutional
Native American’s also facedproblems
The 60’s
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The 60 s
In 1953, the US governmentsought to end reservations
They wanted to assimilateNative Americans into society
The “termination” movement was met with severe resistance
The US government decided toabandon the idea
Discrimination, poverty andhardship for Native Americanscontinued
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Chap t e r 28: Se c t ion 2
The 60’s Leaders and Strategies
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worksheet
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Chap t e r 28: Se c t ion 3
The 60’sThe Struggle Intensifies
The 60’s
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The 60 s
In the early 1960’s, the CivilRights Movement metstronger resistance
In 1943, the first Sit-Inoccurred in Chicago
Diner’s and restaurants acrossthe nation continued to besegregated
African American’s foughtthese institutions by stayingput in their chair until they were served
The 60’s
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The 60 s
At first, they were successfulas many owners gave in ratherthan lose business
In time they became more violent, people putting outcigarettes, pouring hot coffee
In most cases, African Americans were arrested, notthe whites
Martin Luther Kingconsidered arrests a badge ofhonor
The 60’s
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The 60 s
In 1960, the US SupremeCourt ruled that segregation in busses was unconstitutional
CORE and SNCC memberstraveled south to test whetherthe south would obey
They became known asFreedom Riders
At first, the riders met littleresistance; that all changed when they arrived in the deepsouth
The 60’s
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The 60 s
In Anniston, Alabama, a heavilyarmed mob met the first bus
The bus attempted to leave butthe mob slashed its tires
More whites surrounded the bus, armed with weapons
One person held the door closed while windows were busted outand a fire bomb was tossed in
Many were injured, someescaped only to be beaten by themob of whites
The 60’s
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The 60 sThe SNCC debated giving up
Even though they realized goingon might result in death, theycontinued
The nation was horrified to seehow the South treated theFreedom Riders
Attorney General RobertKennedy sent Federal Marshals
to protect the riders
Kennedy pushed the justicedepartment to sue localcommunities that did notcomply
The 60’s
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The 60 s
In 1961, James Meredith, and African American soughtadmission into Ole Miss
After being rejected, he filed alaw suit against the school
Defying the courts decision,the school would not letMeredith attend
The US Government sent USMarshal’s to protect Meredithas he attended school
The 60’s
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The 60 s
Violence erupted on campus
Protesters destroyed vehicles,threw bottles and made deaththreats
Police responded with teargas, and two people werekilled
The National Guard had to be
sent in to restore order
Eventually, Meredith wasaccepted by his whiteclassmates
The 60’s
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Th 0 s
In Birmingham, Alabama,Reverend Fred Shuttlesworthinvited Martin Luther King totown
King declared Birmingham to be the most segregated placein the US
The police promised they would arrest King if he causedany problems
When King arrived, many African American’sparticipated in Sit-Ins and boycotts
The 60’s
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King called upon the youth tomarch with the adults for CivilRights
The police arrested 100’s andothers they dispersed with firehoses and police dogs
King was arrested, but let goafter a week
American’s across the nation watched in horror as scenesplayed out on TV
The 60’s
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It made a strong impression
Even those against the CivilRights Movement started to
have sympathy
Non-Violent protest began to win out
City facilities were ordered de-
segregated
Businesses adopted fair hiringpractices
The 60’s
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The Civil Rights Movement was about to gain a new leader
Malcolm Little, born inOmaha, Nebraska grew up a
devote Baptist
His father was a leading figureof Marcus Garvey’s “Back to Africa” movement
His father died while Little was young
His mother moved to theGhettos of Detroit Michigan
The 60’s
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In Detroit, Little turned tocrime
He was arrested for burglaryand served 7 years in prison
While in jail, he joined theNation of Islam, a group ofBlack Muslims
They viewed white society as
oppressive
They sought black separationand self-help
The 60’s
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The leader of the Black Nation was Elijah Muhammad
He taught that Allah would bring about a Black Nation
That whites were their mortalenemies
Members of the Black Nationawaited for Allah to create theBlack Nation
The 60’s
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Little emerged as a topspokesperson for the group
He changed his name toMalcolm X
He used the X symbolically tomean slave
Malcolm X was a fieryspokesperson
He spread the ideas of BlackNationalism, a belief in aseparate community for African Americans
The 60’s
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Malcolm X rejected the CivilRights Movement
He questioned why any Black would grovel before whites
In 1964, Malcolm X traveled toMecca
He realized he was in the wrong and sought to joinMartin Luther's movement
The Nation of Islam felt betrayed and he was gunneddown during a speech in New York
The 60’s
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Stokely Carmichael, a member ofthe SNCC was influenced byMalcolm X
He rose to lead the SNCC
He transformed the group into aradical organization
He was tired of the beatings andmistreatment by whites
He forbade whites entry in theSNCC
He told protesters to carry weaponsand defend themselves against whites
The 60’s
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With Carmichael, the CivilRights Movement split
In Mississippi, Kings followers
chanted “We shall overcome” while Carmichael’s shouted,“We shall overrun”
Carmichael sought many ofthe same things the early
Malcolm X did
He wanted a separate blackcommunity
Stokley Carmichael
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y
“This is the 27th time I have been arrested and Iain’t going to Jail no more! ...The only way we
gonna stop them white men from whippin’ us is totake over. We have been saying freedom for sixyears and we ain’t got nothin. What we gonna
start saying now is “Black Power!”
The 60’s
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In the Fall of 1966, a newBlack militant group called theBlack Panthers was formed
Panthers wanted African Americans to lead their owncommunities
They demanded thegovernment rebuild theghetto’s
Panthers were frequentlyinvolved in violent conflicts with police
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Chap t e r 28 & 29: Se c t ions 5 and 1
The 60’sThe Political Response
The 60’s
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September 26, 1960 foreverchanged America
It was the first time that twopresidential candidates faced
off in a television debate
Nixon was the Republicancandidate
He had incredible experience
and most Americans knewhim well
He appeared on TV following agrueling political tour
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Campaigning across thenation, Nixon had a seriousknee injury
He was hospitalized for weeks,and had lost a lot of weight
On TV he appeared tired, hada six o’clock shadow and hisclothes were too big
On the other side,representing the democrats was the young John F.Kennedy
The 60’s
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Kennedy had been in California
He had a tan, appeared relaxedand handsome
Kennedy spoke directly to thecamera, and paid little attentionto Nixon
Who won the debate?
70% of those who saw the
debate on TV said it wasKennedy
Those who listened by radiosaid Nixon
The 60’s
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John Kennedy came from a wealthy American family line
His father was a senator who was bold and had a take no prisonerapproach to politics
The Kennedy’s were as close to aRoyal family as America could get
John Kennedy was 43 years oldand a devout Catholic
The youngest president in UShistory was Teddy Roosevelt
No President in US history hadever been Catholic
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Kennedy and his VPnomination, Lyndon Johnson,
won the presidency by a narrowmargin
Being such a narrow victory,
Kennedy arrived without a clearmandate [strong publicapproval]
As Kennedy was sworn in, hetook office with vigor andconfidence declaring:
“My Fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country”
The 60’s
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In an early speech, Kennedysaid the US stood at the edgeof a New Frontier
That name stuck to his
presidential initiative
The first component of theNew Frontier was theeconomy
Kennedy wanted to promoteeconomic growth
In 1962, US Steel raised pricesto $6 a ton
The 60’s
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Kennedy fought the firm tolower prices
When they did, the stockmarket fell to its lowest level
since 1929
Kennedy then proposed a taxcut
This would create a national
deficit but hopefully increasespending
His tax cut initiative was hungup in congress
The 60’s
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Kennedy was concerned withthe nations poor
Kennedy proposed anambitious plan to give federalaid and medical care to theelderly
Congress shot it down
He was successful at raisingminimum wage and providingequal pay for equal work
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When congress thwarted Kennedy, heinitiated executive orders including:
Food for the unemployed
Boosted missile programs
Retirement benefits at 62
A program to help juvenile delinquency
Construction of the world’s largest power
plant
Food and drug laws
Nuclear testing ban
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Kennedy promised to fight forequal rights when hecampaigned
When he became president,Civil Rights initiatives slowed
He appointed ThurgoodMarshal to become a CircuitCourt Judge
He would later become thefirst African Americansupreme court justice
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As violence swept across thenation, Kennedy took a stand
He started work on a strongCivil Rights Bill
It was during this time that African American’s marchedon the Nations Capital
Martin Luther King spoke onhis dream for a future
America, untainted bysegregation
Kennedy’s bold Civil RightsBill was hung up in congress
The 60’s
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Kennedy’s greatest challenge when he came to office was theSoviet Union
The Island nation of Cuba hadexperienced a great deal ofturmoil since independence
The US had supported adictator in Cuba named
Fulgencio Batista
Batista was a staunch anti-communist
The 60’s
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Under Fulgencio’s control,Cuba became an Americanplayground
Behind the backdrop however was extreme poverty
American’s businesscontrolled 75% of Cuba andprofited greatly
Many lower class citizenspushed for change
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The movement found voice ina young attorney, Fidel Castro
Fidel Castro attempted tooverthrow the government
and failed
He and his followers wereexiled to Mexico
In Mexico, the movement
grew
They gained a strong idealistin the form of ErnestoGuevara from Argentina
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Ernesto was born to a semi- wealthy family in Argentina
He lived during a time of politicalupheaval in Argentina
He went to school to study to become a doctor, with particularinterest in leprosy
Nearing graduation, he and afriend decided to take a year off of
studies to see the world
They embarked on a year ofadventure traveling through Latin America
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The Cuban Missile Cr isis
The 60’sThe Political Response
The 60’s
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Ernesto saw many things on his journeys
He saw the poverty and struggles ofLatin Americans everywhere
Many problems were blamed on the US
In time, his anger turned to rage and hesought to change Latin America for the better
His journeys eventually took him to
Central America where he came intocontact with Castro’s men
Cuba’s situation interested him, hedesired to become a part of it
The 60’s
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Castro and others nicknamedErnesto “Che” due to his birthplace
Castro soon left Mexico andlanded in Cuba
He started the Cuban revolution which succeeded in overthrowingBatista
After gaining the victory, he
traveled to the US
While there, America warned himagainst taking US businesses,Castro did not listen
The 60’s
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Castro immediately began asystem of land reform, giving land back to Cubans
He took it by force from Americans earning him a greatenemy
When a movement arose againsthim, Castro began systematicexecutions to ensure he stayed inpower
Back in the US, a plan wasconceived to overthrow Castro
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Crisis in Cuba
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The invasion was a huge failure
Castro was ready and sent theattackers reeling
The US began to plan a secondattempt
This gave Castro no choice
He decided to make an ally of Americas greatest enemy
The Soviet Union
Crisis in Cuba
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With that, Cuba slowly turned toCommunism
Those who disliked the change fled tothe US as refugees
In the summer of 1962, US spy planesdiscovered the construction of nuclearmissile bases in Cuba
The US reacted quickly by warning Cuba
and the USSR to remove the missiles
A massive invasion force was built in theUS as well as an embargo of the island
Crisis in Cuba
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The US told the USSR, under thethreat of war, to remove the missiles
It also disallowed any other ships toarrive to the island
The brink of WWIII came when Sovietand US ships participated in a stare-down at sea off the coast of Cuba
The Soviet ships ultimately backeddown and the US and USSR agreed to
peace talks
The result was the removal of both USand Soviet missiles
Crisis in Cuba
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The relations between the US andCuba spoiled more over the years
An embargo of the island remainsin effect this very day
Many wonder what the future ofCuba will be after the death ofCastro
Many refugees, still in the Americas, await for the day theycan return home
The 60’s
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Following the Cuban MissileCrisis, Kennedy andKrushchev established a hotline
It was a phone used to preventa nuclear war
In 1963, in order to avoidnuclear destruction, the US,Britain and USSR agreed to
only test nuclear weapons below ground
It was called the Nuclear TestBan Treaty
The 60’s
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The Cuban Missile Crisiscaused Kennedy to realize theneed to protect the America’s
Many nations in Latin America saw hope in breakingfrom US control by turning tocommunism
Kennedy launched the Alliance for Progress
The program pledged 20 billion in aid to Latin Americaover ten years
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The program was a hugeundertaking
Its main purpose wasthreefold 1) Stop communism
2) Help the poor and 3) Helprebuild US reputation
Many nations feared theprogram would come withstrings attached
The US took a strong stanceagainst communistic regimesin Latin America
The 60’s
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Ernesto Guevara stoodopposed to those plans
He left Cuba, helpingcommunist movements in
Africa
Then he returned to South America
He sought to unify South
America under communism
The CIA hunted him down andended his dream
The 60’s
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Another conflict brewed inEurope on the heals of the Bayof Pigs invasion
With Stalin dead, Nikita
Krushchev controlled theUSSR
When Krushchev metKennedy, he attempted to bully him out of Germany
After the meeting, Kennedy boosted US defenses in a showof force
The 60’s
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He asked Americans to buildfallout shelters across thenation
The Soviet response was building a wall across Berlin
Berlin had previously beenseparated by a series of gatesand fences
Now, a full scale wall rose
Kennedy promised WestBerlin he would protect it bydeclaring, “I am a Berliner” inGerman
The 60’s
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The Berlin Wall, the CubanMissile Crisis, and an increasein arms, the Cold War was back at the forefront
The US was worried theSoviets had surpassed them intechnology
They had caught up in nucleartechnology and surpassed the
US in rocketry
The US was shocked in 1957 when the Soviets launchedSputnik
The 60’s
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NASA was born to catch up thethe Soviet space program
The US and Soviet union raced toput the first man in space
In 1961, the Soviets were the first
In order to calm US fears,Kennedy made a commitment
He stated that the US was
committed to be the first to put aman on the moon
It was to be done before thedecade was complete
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The Space R ace
The 60’sChapter 29
The 60’s
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Following WWII, there was amassive race between the USSRand US to grab the Nazi scientists
Nazi scientists had created
incredible machines during the war
The US scored the first victory
They were the first to find
Wernher von Braun
He was the chief scientist over the V1 and V2 self guided rockets
The 60’s
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The US was primarily interestedin keeping a nuclear edge
Werner’s skills were not put togood use
In 1957, the USSR stunned the US when it launched Sputnik
The US scrambled to catch up
Many US rockets were failures
The USSR had developed ICBM’screating massive tension at home
The 60’s
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In 1958, the US launched its firstprobe into space, it was calledExplorer I
Both nations raced to put a manin space
The Soviets won, putting YuriGagarin into orbit in 1961
He orbited around the earth in
108 minutes
The US was not far behind
The 60’s
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NASA’s program to put a maninto space was called Mercury 7
Top pilots were sought and testedto become the first American in
space
In May of 1961, Alan Shepard, aNavy pilot was the first Americanin space
His trip was very short, he did not
orbit the earth
He was launched into space via Werner Braun’s Saturn V rocket
The 60’s
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In 1962, John Glenn became thefirst American to orbit the earth
He saw strange lights
That same year, PresidentKennedy promised the US would be the first to put a man on themoon
Telestar, the world’s firstcommunication satellite was
launched later that year
The first communication satellitein history
The 60’s
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Following the success of theMercury program, the US movedto develop procedures to move tothe moon
Out of this came the Gemini
Program
Again the Soviets won, having thefirst space walk
The US did many space walks
itself
Notable Gemini members were:Buzz Aldrin, Jim Lovell, GusGrissom and Neil Armstrong
The 60’s
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The final space program wascalled Apollo
It’s sole purpose was to land onthe moon
On July 16, 1969, the Apollomission accomplished its goal before the Soviets
Neil Armstrong became the firstperson to set foot on the moon
It was watched by people acrossthe world
It was a feat unlike any other inhistory
The 60’s
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The Soviets, being beat, decidedto concentrate their efforts on building a space station
In 1971, the Soviet Salyut Station
was the first in history
It was followed by Skylab andcontinues today with theInternational Space Station
The US landed on the moon 9
times
The last landing occurred in 1972, we have not been back since
The 60’s
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The 1970’s and 80’s also saw arace amongst satellites
The US and Soviets raced to takepictures of the planets, moons
and conduct landings
The most interesting of these craft were the Voyager’s 1 and 2
Both were launched in 1977
Both continue to makeobservations and beam back datafrom the far reaches of space
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The End o f Came lo t
The 60’sChapter 29
The 60’s
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In 1960, broadway performedCamelot
It depicted the legendary kingdomof King Arthur
Many regarded PresidentKennedy’s term in office asCamelot
Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline
brought style, enthusiasm, andhope to the White House
All of that would fall apart in 1963
The 60’s
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On November 22, 1963, Kennedytraveled to Dallas, Texas to garnersupport for re-election
There they met John Connally
and his wife Nelly
Together they rode in an open toplimousine through downtownDallas
They were surrounded by police
and Secret Service Agents
Huge crowds had gathered tocatch a glimpse of the President
The 60’s
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The motorcade turned a corner infront of the Texas School BookDepository
As the limousine drove down thestreet, a shot rang out
Many thought it was a car backfiring or perhaps afirecracker
John Connally knew it was a high
powered rifle
He craned his head to where heheard the sound
The 60’s
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A second later, another shot rangout
This bullet struck PresidentKennedy in the back and exitedthrough his throat
The bullet hit Connally as well,exiting through his chest and wrist
The President’s wife leaned in to
see why Kennedy had raised hisarms in pain
Then, a third and final shot rangout
The 60’s
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The third bullet hit the Presidentin the back of the head and exitedthrough the front of his forehead
Jacqueline crawled over the backof the car and yelled, “They havekilled my husband and I have his brains in my hand”
The car speed away to a nearbyhospital
Kennedy was pronounced dead30 minutes later
Zapruder Film
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Zapruder Film
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The 60’s
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Across America, people stood indisbelief
Millions wept for PresidentKennedy and his wife
Police scrambled to find theshooter
In the book depository, LeeHarvey Oswald hid his rifle, a6.5mm Carcano, under some
boxes
He left the building just a fewminutes after the shooting
The 60’s
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He returned home, he gathered afew belongings and headed backout
45 minutes after the shooting, apolice officer pulled aside Oswald
who was walking down thesidewalk
They spoke briefly, then theofficer got out of his car
Oswald pulled a pistol, shot himfour times and fled
He was captured by police in anearby theater
The 60’s
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2 days later, Oswald was beingtransferred to the country jail
As he was handcuffed and being
taken to the car, Jack Rubystepped forward
He was a local nightclub ownerand distraught over Kennedy’sdeath
He pulled and pistol, shot andkilled Oswald
Shooting of Oswald
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Shooting of Oswald
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The 60’s
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Due to the peculiar circumstancesof the killings, many weresuspicious
American’s felt there was more tothe assassination that was beinglet on
The Warren Commission was setup to investigate the assassination
They concluded that Oswald had
acted alone
Many American’s have feltotherwise
The 60’s
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American’s did not accept the WarrenCommissions investigation
Several conspiracy theories havearisen
1) There were two gunman
2) It was the CIA. Kennedy said he wanted to tear the CIA apart
3) It was Lyndon Johnson who wantedthe presidency
4) The Mob, whom Kennedy wasfighting against
5) The Russian KGB
The 60’s
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In 2003, an ABC poll found that 73%of American’s believe it was aconspiracy
The truth lies with Lee Harvey Oswald
Oswald had a rough childhood
He was not popular and wasfrequently abused
He joined the Marines, in an attempt
to gain appreciation and do something
There he also found himself ridiculedand abused
The 60’s
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Hated by America, Oswald delved intoMarxism
He decided to defect to the USSR
The Soviet’s found him unstable and
of little use. The sent him back to theUS
Now considered a communistsympathizer, the abuses continued
Rejected by the USSR, Oswald turned
to Fidel Castro of Cuba
Cuba rejected his efforts to gain apassport and join the revolution
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Zapruder Film Analysis
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Zapruder Film Analysis
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The Gr e a t Socie t y
The 60’sChapter 30
“All I have I would have given gladly not to be standing here today... No words are sad
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g y
enough to express our sense of loss. No words are strong enough to express ourdetermination to continue the forward
thrust of America that “Kennedy” began.The ideas and the ideas which he so nobly
represented must and will be translated intoeffective action”
-Lyndon B. Johnson
The 60’s
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90 minutes after Kennedy waskilled, Lyndon B. Johnson wassworn into office
Johnson was ready to becomepresident
He was incredibly ambitious
Johnson had a bold, no nonsensecharacter
He used intimidation to get hisprograms through congress
The 60’s
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Johnson wanted action in order toheal a wounded nation
Johnson’s agenda includedKennedy’s Civil Rights and Tax
Cut Bills
He enhanced public education,provided medical care for theelderly and sought to eliminatepoverty
In a speech Johnson encouraged American’s to pursue becoming aGreat Society
The 60’s
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Johnson’s early success atpresident earned him election in1964
Johnson pushed a plan for
Medicaid and Medicare
Medicaid provides low cost healthinsurance to those who cannotafford insurance
Medicare provides hospitals and Americans with low cost healthinsurance to those 65 years of ageand older
The 60’s
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There were a number of foreignissues that haunted Johnson'soffice
In the Dominican Republic, there was a rebel group that threatenedto take the government
Johnson wrongfully suspected acommunist plot
He sent in the marines whodispelled the rebells
The 60’s
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The bigger ordeal took place in Vietnam
Vietnam was passing thoughcircumstances not unlike Korea
The nation was being torn apart between communists and thosefavoring democracy
In 1964, Johnson committed theUS to prevent a communisttakeover in Vietnam
During 1965, money and troops were sent to South Vietnam toprop up the government
The 60’s
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5 years following Kennedy’sassassination, America wasrocked by another string ofmurders
Martin Luther King continued his
crusade to end segregation
In 1968, he was traveling thenation fighting economic injustice
It was his feeling that poverty bread violence
King gave a powerful speech inMemphis, Tennessee about livingto see the promised land
The 60’s
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The next day, as he stood on the balcony of a motel he was shot
The bullet struck him in the rightcheek, hit his spine, and traveleddown his neck
It destroyed his spine and jugularand lodged in his shoulder
He was rushed to a local hospitaland died about an hour later
Police arrested James Earl Ray
He died in prison at age 70 in1998
The 60’s
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That same year, the Vietnam War was escalating
President Johnson’s first term was coming to an end
Running on the democratic ticketfor President was Robert F.Kennedy
RFK ran supporting the CivilRights Movement
He also sought to withdraw American troops from Vietnam
The 60’s
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When Johnson declared he didnot seek a second term, Kennedy became the frontrunner forpresident
RFK won a key victory inCalifornia
He gave a short victory speechand was lead out the back of theconference room
As he passed by throngs of people,a man by the name of SirhanSirhan approached with a .22caliber pistol
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The 60’s
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Sirhan Sirhan said his motive behind the killing was to protectPalestine
Kennedy was a supporter of Israel
He felt the killing savedPalestinian lives
It is the first known act of violencein the US involving the Israel-Palestine conflict
Sirhan Sirhan is still alive and isserving a life sentence inCalifornia
The 60’sThe 1960’s were an absolute
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The 1960 s were an absolutenightmare for Americans
The decade started with acts of violence involving the Civil RightsMovement
The Cuban Missile Crisisthreatened nuclear holocaust
The President and other leaders were assassinated
All this occurred while the Vietnam War raged in the East
It was the most tumultuousdecade in American history
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The Vie t nam War
The 60’sChapter 29
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• The French exploited Vietnam byestablishing rubber plantations
• They put down uprisings during the1930’s and stripped the Vietnamese ofthe freedom of speech
• Ho Chi Minh became the leader ofVietnam’s independence movement
• The French condemned him to deathand Minh fled the country
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• In 1941, Japan invaded and seizedcontrol of Vietnam
• The French were forced to leave
• Following WWII, Minh returned toVietnam and sought independence
• He worked with the US seeking todraft a constitution
• In 1945, Ho Chi Minh stood amidst acrowd in Hanoi and declared Vietnamindependent
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• The US told Ho Chi Minh to hold offon independence
• In 1946, the French returned
• War torn France sought to revitalizeits economy by taking over Vietnam
• The US switched sides and supportedthe French invasion
• Nearly $2.6 billion US dollars went tosupport the French
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• During the 1950’s, the US becameembroiled in Korea
• They felt the French were fighting forthem by preventing the spread ofcommunism
• In 1953, Eisenhower negotiated peacein Korea
• In 1954, Eisenhower announced hisdomino theory
• If one more nation in Asia fell victimto communism, all of Asia would fall
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• Despite US support, the French couldnot re-take northern Vietnam
• In 1954, the French began a massivepush to take the North
• They parachuted nearly 10,000French soldiers into Dien Bien Phu
• The Vietminh surrounded the outpostand bombarded it with artillery for 50days
• Trapped and without aid, the Frenchsurrendered
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• The US, France, China, Great Britain,the Soviet Union, Laos and Cambodiaall met to negotiate peace
• The Geneva Accords temporarilydivided Vietnam along the 17thparallel
• Ho Chi Minh, and his communistswere given the North and its capitalHanoi
• Anti-communists were given theSouth with its capital Saigon
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• Diem did not give land to peasants
• Being Catholic, he also suppressedBuddhism across South Vietnam
• In 1957, a pro-communist movementemerged in the South
• They were known as the Vietcong
• They sought to overthrow Diem’sregime and unify the nation with theNorth
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• Ho Chi Minh saw an opportunity
• He supported the Vietcong by givingthem money and weapons
• Arms were smuggled to VC leadersvia a secret road called the Ho ChiMinh trail
• The South grew incredibly unstable
• The US had to decide to sink or swimwith Diem
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• Kennedy sought to renegotiate peacethrough Diem
• 16,000 American soldiers were sentto South Vietnam to restore order
• Diem failed to cooperate
• He continued to mistreat the poor byrelocating them to protected areas
• He attacked Buddhist monks anddestroyed their temples
S l B ddhi t k i d ld
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• Several Buddhist monks gained worldattention through acts of selfimmolation
• Horrified, the US urged Diem to stoppersecuting Buddhists
• Diem refused, the US determined toremove him from power
• In November of 1963, Diem wascaptured by US soldiers and executed
• Kennedy was against the operation,he was assassinated a few weeks later
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• Just before his assassination, Kennedyhad announced his intent to pull outof Vietnam
• President Lyndon Johnson took an
opposite stance
• New leaders were propped up by theUS, when they failed to obey, they toowere assassinated
• Johnson did not want to appear weakin front of a world stage
• Johnson felt if the US pulled out of
Vietnam it would encourage
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Vietnam it would encouragecommunist everywhere to rise up
• In August of 1964, a NorthVietnamese patrol boat fired on theUS Destroyer Maddox
• The US ship was patrolling off thecoast of North Vietnam in the Gulf ofTonkin
• Two days later, a second wave of
attacks occurred against US ships
• Some aboard the US ships laterreported never seeing Vietnameseships
• President Johnson used this attack to
escalte the conflict in Vietnam
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escalte the conflict in Vietnam
• He asked congress for the power todo whatever necessary to repelattacks against the US
• Congress approved with only twopeople voting in opposition
• The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution wasdrafted, it gave Johnson broad military
power in Vietnam
• In the next year, 50,000 Americantroops were sent to South Vietnam
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• The US entered the War thinking their
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• The US entered the War thinking theirsuperior technology would win out
• They were unprepared to fight in the Jungles of South East Asia
• The US and Vietcong differed greatlyin military strategy
• The US fought in a way that wasreminiscent of Chess
• The Vietcong fought using Sun Tzu’sArt of War
T h Vi i b hid
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• To the Vietcong, it was better to hide,harass, and wear down the enemy
• They utilized a strategy similar to theChinese game of Go
• They knew the War would drag on,that the US had better technology
• They would fight “Hit and Run”
• They would surround, surprise, andwear down the US
• US Generals continued to search for al l
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• US Generals continued to search for alarge scale engagement
• They felt US technology would havethe upper hand
• The Vietcong denied them any chancefor a large scale battle
• American soldiers were told to movethrough the jungle and find theVietcong
• US soldiers did not know with theVietcong looked like
• They would come across a villageh ld i th ldi
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• They would come across a villagewho would praise the soldiers
• They would give gifts and shout,“America #1”
• That night, the same people wouldsurround and attack Americansoldiers
• This proved to be an incrediblydifficult way for American’s to fight
• They were surrounded by enemiesand the dangers of the jungle
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• The Vietcong employed a variety ofbooby traps in the jungle
• Early traps were primitive in nature
• They used punji pits and stakes
• Traps used to kill wild animals
•American Soldiers never knew whatthey were walking into
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Whip Trap
Arrow Trap
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Tiger Trap Mace Trap
• Making matters worse the Vietconghad dug underground tunnels
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• Making matters worse, the Vietconghad dug underground tunnels
• They began these tunnels during thewar with the French
• The tunnels were incredibly hard tofind
• At times, Americans would walk overentire armies
• The Vietcong would then emerge,surround and harass US forces thendissapear
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• American soldiers soon becameincredibly frustrated
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• American soldiers soon becameincredibly frustrated
• Generals would tell the soldierswhere the enemy was, in most casesthey were traps
• Soldiers lost confidence in leadership
• Many generals sought to becomeheroes where the soldiers onlywanted to survive
• The top US General wasWestmoreland
• General Westmoreland wanted towear down the enemies moral
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• General Westmoreland wanted towear down the enemies moral
• He felt the American’s would prevailthrough a war of attrition
• The Vietcong were fighting for theirfreedom
• History had taught them to resist at allcosts for as long as it took
• Ho Chi Minh declared, “You can kill10 for every one of us, but we willstill win”
• The US changed its approach to the
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The US changed its approach to theconflict
• Soldiers feared the jungle
•The US developed a leaf killing toxicchemical on the jungle to kill foliage
• This would allow the soldiers to traveland see the enemy
• The chemical was called AgentOrange because it arrived in orangebarrels
• Agent Orange had a terrible sideeffect
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g O geffect
• It got into the water supply andcaused birth defects and braindamage
• It harmed the Vietcong, theVietnamese and American soldiers
• American soldiers soon had hadenough with traitorous villagers
• They began to employ Search-and-Destroy tactics
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Birth Defects From Agent Orange
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Birth Defects From Agent Orange
• Search and Destroy was similar to
what General Sherman did in theA i Ci il W
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American Civil War
• Destroy everything in your path
•Villages were searched, houses weretorched, animals and livestock wereslaughtered
• In addition, the US began majorbombing campaigns across Vietnam
• They sought to destroy the Ho ChiMinh Trail, Hanoi, and any enemyhideouts
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Napalm Burns
• The War became a battle for heartsand minds
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and minds
• But the Americans were losing
• Many Vietnamese, having villagesburned and children killed by napalmand Agent Orange switched sides
• Americans in the US were horrified athow US soldiers were behaving
• Public opinion began to swing againstthe War
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• As the conflict in Vietnam intensified, thegovernment re instituted the draft
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government re-instituted the draft
• When men turned 18, they had to registerwith their local draft board
• During time of war, men from the age of18 to 26 could be drafted into militaryservice
• Thousands of men refused to participate inthe war
• These men could dodge the draft bygetting a medical deferment
• Others would join the National Guard orCoast Guard to avoid Vietnam
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• Cassius Clay, controversially, joined theMuslims and cited it was against hisreligion to go to war
• Some received college deferments, whichcould postpone military service
• Those who were white and wealthy couldavoid conflict where the lower class werestuck
• 80% of the soldiers in Vietnam were fromminority groups and lower classes
• Some Americans dodged the draft byfleeing to Canada
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• African Americans represented 10% of theUS army but accounted for 20% of thedeaths
• Many African Americans experienced
severe racial issues during the War
• Females were not allowed to serve in theWar as soldiers
• Many joined the Red Cross and became
army nurses
• While many sought ways out, 1000’s joined bravely to serve their nation
• Politically, a new group of anti-wari i d d i h Vi
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activists emerged during the Vietnamconflict
• They were known as the New Left
• The Old Left existed in the 1930’s andsought communism
• The New Left demanded changes inAmerican government
• This movement tended to centralizearound universities and college students
• SDS, Students for a Democratic Societyformed in Michigan
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• They felt that the US was lead by biggovernment and large corporations
•They wanted the nation to be lead by thepeople
• FMF, Free Speech Movement, was alsoborn out of university students in Berkley,California
• They sought much of the same, limitationof big business controlling the USgovernment
• As the Vietnam War grew more violent andclaimed more American lives, these groups
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claimed more American lives, these groupsbegan to protest the war
• In 1965, SDS organized a march onWashington
• Johnson responded by changing universityrequirements for draft deferment
• Students could not just be in college, theyhad to be in good academic standing
• Campuses around the nation erupted inprotest
• The reasons for discontent with theVi t W i d
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Vietnam War varied
• Some protested that the War was a CivilWar and the US had no part
• Others protested the US becoming apolice state
• Still others thought War was simplymorally unjust
• The protests soon spilled over into themusic industry furthering the discontent
• In 1967, protest turned into resistance
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• 500,000 protesters gathered in New York’scentral park to burn their draft tickets
• The US government arrested more than200,000 draft dodgers
• 10,000 fled to Canada
• When protesters marched on thePentagon, they were dispersed by militaryforce
• 1,500 protesters were injured in theskirmish
• By 1967, America was strongly dividedover the War
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over the War
• Those strongly opposed to the War werecalled Doves
• Those in favor of continuing the conflictwere known as Hawks
• Despite the protests, most Americans werestill committed to the War
• Undeterred, Johnson continued escalatingthe War in Vietnam
• One of the worst protest incidents took
place at Kent State University
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• There, students banded together andburned the ROTC building
• In response, the mayor called out the
national guard
• The guard opened fire on a crowd ofstudents who were throwing rocks
• The gunfire wounded 9 people and killed4
• Ten days later, Jackson State had a similarincident
• Jackson State was an all black university
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• Jackson State was an all black university
• There too, guardsman opened fire on araucous crowd of protesters
• 12 students were shot and two killed
• Many American’s supported the NationalGuards actions
• The War in Vietnam was tearing the nation
apart
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• By 1965, most battles had been fought in
the dense jungle
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• US soldiers were growing frustrated,looking for a large fight
• Search and Destroy missions were
launched
• Operation Rolling Thunder began
• The Operation targeted major bases inNorth Vietnam
• Many pilots were shot down and becameprisoners
• Captured pilots were placed in the HanoiHilton
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• While there, many POW’s were tortured
• Torture methods were used to get US pilots
to criticize the US government
• They would televise POW’s praising NorthVietnam and air it over television
• In 1973, 591 US soldiers were releasedback to the US
• 1,350 still remain unaccounted for
• One of the great challenges the US faced
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• One of the great challenges the US facedwere SAM’s
• A solution was hatched to use US pilots todeploy SAM’s
• These pilots flew F-150 Thunder Chiefs
• There were called the, “Wild Weasels”
• Their bravery allowed US bombing raids of
North Vietnam to continue
• In August of 1965, the US scored itsi f h W
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greatest victory of the War
• At Chu Lai, US forces killed 700 VC whileonly losing 45
• It lead many to believe the War wasturning in US favor
• 1966 saw many small scale battles
• The year claimed 6,000 American lives tothe VC’s 61,000
• In 1967, US forces advanced north inattempt to capture the Iron Triangle
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attempt to capture the Iron Triangle
• Americans saw little resistance andcaptured several large VC ammo dumps
• In May, the US shot down 26 VC pilots andgained the upper hand in the skies
• All but one Mig base in the north had beenheavily damaged by US bombing
• The general feeling following 1967 waspositive
• In Autumn of 1967, the US received
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intelligence that the North was conductinga troop build up
• In January, the US sought to counter thisbuild up by massing troops in the North atKhesanh
• US forces at Khesanh came under heavyattack from VC forces
• They surrounded US forces and conducted5 months of continual artillery attacks
• January 30th was the Vietnameseequivalent of New Years Eve
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q
• Throughout the day, 1000’s of villagersstreamed into S. Vietnam cities to celebrate
• A week long truce was proclaimed for theweek of Tet
• At the same time, many funerals were heldfor those killed in the War
• Many of the buildup soldiers came southand snuck into major southern cities
• VC disguised themselves as partygoers for
Tet
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• Coffins smuggled ammunition and gunsinto the South
• That night, the surprise attack began
• Over 100 cities and towns across Vietnamerupted into battle
• The VC briefly took over the US embassyin Saigon
• Attacks continued for a month before USforces drove the VC out
• During the chaos of Tet, Saigon chief ofpolice Nguyen Ngoc Loan shockedA i
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America
• The Tet offensive played out live acrosstelevisions in the US
• It did not portray America well
• With NBC cameras filming the fighting,Loan led a VC officer, handcuffed, into thestreets
• He drew his pistol and executed him onlive TV
• Many American’s felt they were being lied
to
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• Tet made it appear as though the US waslosing the conflict
• Loan’s execution showed the chaotic stateof Saigon
• General Westmoreland proclaimed Tet tobe a massive US victory
• During the month long attack, the VC lost32,000 soldiers to the US 3,000
• Journalism however had painted a verydifferent picture
• Another incident spread dissent about theVietnam War
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• In March of 1968, US forces erupted in abrutal scene of violence
• Soldiers moved on the small town of MyLai, thought to be harboring 250 VC
• Rather than find VC, they found women,children and old men
• US Lieutenant William L. Calley Jr. orderedhis company to round up the villagers
• After gathering around 400 people, they
were ordered to kneel on the ground
US ldi ld l li
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• US soldiers were told to leave none alive
• Soldiers massacred over 400 women,children, and old men
• A helicopter crew stopped the massacrebefore it became worse
• They landed their helicopter between thepeople and US soldiers
• Chopper commander, Lawrence Colburnordered his gunner to fire on US soldiers ifthey did not stop
• At first, the incident was covered up
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• When it came to light, the trial was madepublic
• Calley was sentenced to life in prison
• Nixon reduced it to 20 years
• The three men who stopped the massacrewere awarded the Soldiers Medal
• The My Lai massacre weighed heavily onthe conscience of America
• Before Tet, 28% of American’s calledthemselves Doves
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• Following Tet, 40% became Doves
• Walter Cronkite proclaimed the War wasmoving towards a stalemate
• President Johnson was scrutinized
• 60% of Americans disfavored Johnson’spresidency
• Robert McNamara, Secretary of Stateresigned following the debacle
• Robert Kennedy gained groundcampaigning that he would end the War
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• Political camps were deeply divided forthe upcoming election
• President Johnson told American’s the USwould seek negotiations to end the War
• Then Johnson shocked America bydeclaring he would not run for a secondterm
• This paved the way for Richard Nixon
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• In May of 1968, Peace talks in Paris began
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• They failed to produce a resolution to thefighting in Vietnam
• When Nixon became president, he started
a new policy called, “Vietnamization”
• This involved removing American soldiersand replacing them with S. Vietnamsoldiers
• The US trained the S. Vietnamese to takeover the conflict and gradually began topull out
• The US would still provide support to thesouth and even continued bombing raids
• One of the great problems with the War in
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• One of the great problems with the War inVietnam was the neighboring nations ofCambodia and Laos
• The Ho Chi Mihn Trail passed to the westand could not be attacked
• Nixon promised to end this problem
• When troops crossed into Cambodia, it setthe stage for a Civil war
• Nixon’s actions brought a new wave ofprotests
• Protests in America intensified
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• A faction of SDS turned violent
• They armed themselves with clubs, pipes,
rocks and chains at attacked police inChicago
• They called themselves the Weatherman,after a Bob Dylan line
• The violence in American cities causedmany to petition for an end to the War
• Nixon felt the protests were the acts ofradicals
• He still felt he had the majority of
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America’s interests
• He called upon the “Silent Majority” tohelp stop the protests
• Nixon experienced the same amount ofsuccess in peace negotiations as Johnsondid
• In 1972, National Security Advisor, Henry
Kissinger announced, “Peace is at Hand”
• Days later, another massive attackoccurred against South Vietnam
• Nixon intensified US bombing against
Northern capitals
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• In January, Nixon finally reached a peaceagreement with North Vietnam
• 1) The US would withdraw all forces in 60
days
• 2) All prisoners of war would be released
• 3) All parties would end attacks onCambodia and Laos
• 4) The 17th parallel would divide thenation until it could be reunited
• The US pulled out its troops by 1973 andleft South Vietnam to itself
• Fighting continued for two more years
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g g y
• In 1975, a major North Vietnam campaignpushed south
• The South Vietnamese could not contain it
• As forces marched into Saigon, the USrushed planes and helicopters to rescuethe last democratic people of the south
• 6,000 people were airlifted to safety
• On April 30th, 1975, Saigon fell
• One reason the US involved itself inVietnam was to stop the spread ofcommunism
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communism
• Laos and Cambodia fell to communism,but no further
• Worst of the two was Cambodia
• The Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot killed 1.5million people thought to support the west
• Many who escaped came to the US forsafety
• The Vietnam war cost 58,000 Americanlives and an additional 300,000 wounded
• 2,500 Americans have been declared MIA
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2,500 Americans have been declared MIAor POW
• Returning veterans were treated poorly byAmericans
• Most gave their lives fighting for theircountry and freedom
• All across the US they were hated,despised, and ridiculed
• A recent study found that 152,000 Vietnamvets have committed suicide
• The Vietnam War divided Americans more
than any conflict in the nations history
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• Issues were so difficult that it took years forthe government to create a monument
• In 1979, a group of veterans started to
raise a fund to create a memorial
• Congress supported the idea and it wasagreed to be built near the LincolnMemorial in Washington D.C.
• How could the monument honor thosewho gave their lives and avoid the criticalpolitical issues surrounding the war?
• They decided to hold a contest for themonument
• The winner was a 21 year old colleged M Li Li
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student names Maya Ling Lin
• She proposed a black granite wall with thenames of those who lost their lives
• She chose black granite for its reflectivequalities, and a below ground placement
• The names are not alphabetical but in theorder the victims died
• The memorial has been highly praised byall sides for helping heal the wounds of theWar
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