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8/13/2019 American History Unit:6
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“Small states are of the past and have no
future. The modern movement is all toward theconcentration of people and territory into
great nations and large dominions. The great
nations are rapidly absorbing for their
future expansion and present defense all thewaste places of the earth...As one of the
great nations of the world, the United States
must not fall out of the line of march.”
-American Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
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It must be understood that under no
circumstances will the United States use theMonroe Doctrine as a cloak for territorial
aggression. We desire peace with all the
world, but perhaps most of all with the other
peoples of the American continent...It isalways possible that wrong actions towards
these nations...may result in our having to
take action to protect our own rights; but
such an action will not be taken with a viewto territorial aggression.
-President Roosevelt
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THE PATH TO WWI
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AlliancesOne of the more criticalevents of the 19th century
was the birth of Germany
Otto von Bismarck had
realized his dream of a unifiedGermanic nation
This new state had a critical
e!ect by upsetting the
balance of power
Bismarck quickly sought to
fix this problem by forming
the 1st of many alliances
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AlliancesBismarck realized that
Germany was prone to attack
being in the center of Europe
He first made amends with
Austria and formed the Dual
Alliance in 1879
Three yeas later it became
the Triple Alliance as Italy
joined in a defensive treaty
At the same time, Bismarck
sought peace with Russia
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AlliancesThe Reinsurance Treaty in1887 agreed to neutrality if
either nation was attacked
Germany’s real threat was
France and Bismarck wantedto avoid a dual front conflict
at all costs
All of this was tossed aside
however in 1888 when Kaiser
Wilhelm II came to the throne
He dismissed Bismarck and
set Germany on the path to
war
Alli
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AlliancesThe most critical mistake was
Kaiser Willhelm let the
Reinsurance Treat with
Russia lapse
France then made and
alliance with Russia in the
Franco-Russian Alliance 1894
This once again put Germany
between two major powers
Secondly Willhelm adopted a
new “world policy”
Alli
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AlliancesWillhelm sought to create apowerful navy
This put Germany at odds
with Britain and forced them
to side with France andRussia e!ectively creating the
Triple Entente
By the beginning of the 20th
century there were two major
alliances, the Triple Entente
and the Central Powers
Germany appeared
surrounded
Alli
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AlliancesSeeing that Germany wassurrounded, the alliance with
Austria was crucial
The powder keg that would
cause a war between thesealliances occurred in Bosnia
More than 27 million people
in the Austrian Empire did not
identify themselves as
Austrian or German
For Czechs, Serbs and
Slovenians this meant foreign
control
Alli
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AlliancesThe 19th century saw the
emergence of Serbia as a new
nation, which broke from the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was in
decline and European nations
greatly sought to control its
former territories
Many of the lands in the Balkans
did not want to be part of eithervying faction but independent
I908 however, the Young Turks
seized power in Turkey
Alli
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AlliancesThis movement sought to
revitalize the Ottoman Empire
which caused a great deal of
fear by Europeans and the
newly created nations
In fear of this, Russia and
Austria acted
They struck a deal that gave
the Russians control of theDardanelles and Austria
annexation of Bosnia-
Herzegovina
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Alli
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Alliances Austria annexed Bosniaquickly but the French and
British were able to prevent
Russian control of the
Dardanelles
Russia was humiliated
The annexation of Bosnia
enraged Serbia, Russia’s
“little brother”
It also brought great fear to
Germany as it strained their
relationship with Russia
Alli
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AlliancesTwo conflicts in the Balkansonce again strained the
alliances
The greater of the two
occurred when Italyattempted to annex Libya
This war caused a major
uprising in the Balkans
against the Ottoman Empire
Austria was alarmed at
Serbia’s aggressiveness and
Russia’s support
Alli
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AlliancesMany in Austria wanted theEmperor to attack Serbia and
eliminate the threat
Emperor Joseph and his son
Ferdinand resisted the urge
On June 28th, 1914 the
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
and his wife were killed in
Sarajevo
The assassin was a member
of the Black Hand a society
of political terrorists
Alli
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AlliancesIt was later discovered thatseveral top Serbian O"cials
were involved in the planning
of the attack
The Serbian Press exhibited agreat deal of glee
This attack gave Austria the
opportunity to attack Serbia
Austria was torn over what to
do, Hungary disapproved
action and both sides knew
Germany would be needed
Alli
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AlliancesWillhelm II of Germanyapproved an Austrian attack
while Europe was angry with
Serbia
They also made it aware thatfailure to attack would make
both Germany and Austria
appear weak
On July 28th, Austria
declared war on Serbia
Russia was enraged and
mobilized a portion of its
army to Austria's border
Alli
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AlliancesRussian mobilization put pressureon Germany to mobilize
This ruined Germany’s plans, they
hoped to destroy France before
Russia could act
On July 30th, Austria mobilized
against Russia
Russia then fully mobilized and
Germany could not ignore the threat
Germany mobilized and declared
war on Russia on August 1st
This immediately put the Schlie!en
Plan into e!ect and Germany
stormed into Belgium on the 4th
The Path to War
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Unification of German Germany’s
birth upsets the balance of power
The Triple Alliance Germany, Italyand Austria create the blueprint
Kaiser Wilhelm II Imperialistic
ambition sets Germany on the path ofWar
Navalism/Social Darwinism Thebuild up of navies and racism sets thetone of the war
Triple Entente Germany lossesRussia as an ally to France/Britain
Serbian Independence Serbia’simperialistic desires for Bosniacomplicate Europe’s a!airs
The Dardanelles Ordeal GivesBosnia to Austria and leaves Russia
feeling jaded
Annexation of Bosnia Creates illsentiment amongst Serbians whowanted Bosnia for themselves
Italian Invasion of Libya Creates aplatform for Serbians to protestagainst Austria
Formation of the Black Hand Terrorist institution is formed to fight
Austria and gain Bosnia
Archdukes Peace Trip Invitesprotesters and terrorists toassassinate the Archduke
Alliances Draw All In Small nationsdraw in all the major nations of Europe
The Road to War
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June 28 Assassination of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand
July 28 Austria-Hungary declaration
of War against Serbia
July 30 Russian mobilization
July 31 French, Austrian andGerman mobilization
August 1 Germany declared war on
Russia
August 3 German declaration ofwar on France
August 4 German invasion of
Belgium, British declaration of War
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The Will to War
Will to War
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Will to WarWWI was a war unlike theworld had seen
A number of developments
led to increased interest in
the war
The telegraph, telephone,
camera, press, cheap
newspapers made the war
more accessible
Everyone had an opinion and
all events were covered and
transmitted in record time
Will to War
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Will to WarPrior to the outbreak of thewar, pro-war crowds
gathered
30,000 in Berlin alone
Middle class citizens
especially advocated war
Farmers and villagers were
more fearful
There were anti-war
movements but they were a
minority
Will to War
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Will to War As the war broke, 2.5 millionmen in Britain volunteered to
fight
300,000 enlisted in the first
month
Why were so many eager to
fight?
1) To prove the superiority of
race
2) Liberation from a boring,
monotonous life
Will to War
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Will to War3) Promise of a short war
Many believed the war could
not be sustained for a long
period of time
Most thought it would be
bloody, horrible, but over by
Christmas
Instead they would spend 3Christmas’s amongst the
greatest horrors the world
had ever seen
Will to War
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Will to WarIn America, people followedthe War day by day
Many Americans felt
personally involved
1/3 of the nation were
immigrants or children of
immigrants
1/4 of the immigrants were
German, the rest Irish
Both of these groups sided
with Germany
Will to War
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Will to WarThe majority of Americans
however sided with the
British
They identified their history
and culture with that ofBritain
Many American’s disliked
Kaiser Wilhelm as he was
opposed to democracy
They saw Germany as
aggressors and cold blooded
Will to War
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Will to WarThe Germans did not help
their cause when they
invaded Belgium and France
Civilians were heartlessly
slaughtered
Libraries, cathedrals and
towns were destroyed
British newspapers accusedGermans of War crimes
which swayed American
opinion
Will to War
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Will to WarPresident Wilson promised to
stay out of the War
The US declared neutrality
The US however kept an eyeon the conflict
In 1915, US soldiers began
training for possible conflict
Americans protested against
war, but War would come to
America in time
Total War
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Total WarWhen Russia failed to removeitself from Germany’s border,
Germany declared War
The Germans relied on a plan
devised years prior called the
Schlie!en Plan
It targeted Germany’s greatest
threat, France
The idea was to crush France by
slipping through neutral Belgium
The Russians were to be held at
bay until France was dealt with
Total War
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Total WarUnsuspecting Belgium was invaded
August 4, 1914
Britain told Germany to leave, whenthey did not comply, Britain declaredWar
The Germans in Belgium encounteredlittle resistance as they moved onFrance
In the small town of Louvain, theBelgians did mount a surprise attack
The Germans believed that it was amassive Allied o!ensive
Then they learned it was just the citiesinhabitants they retaliated with cruelty
Total War
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Total War
They decided to make Louvain an
example against other uprisings
For five days they looted, killed
and raped the city
They spared not women nor
children
The cities library was burned to
the ground containing many
ancient artifacts
The event served as a rally cry to
the Allied Alliance and helped
shape opinions in the US
Total War
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Total WarExpecting a German attack in Alsace and Lorraine, French
military commanders poured into
those territories
The French troops, the best of the
best, dressed in bright red pants,blue tunics and white gloves and
plumed hats charged
They made easy targets for the
German machine gunners
“”Never have machine-gunners
had such a heyday. The French
stubble fields became
transformed into gay carpets of
red and blue”
Total War
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Total War
The Battle of the Frontiers,
[Mulhouse, Lorraine and
Ardennes] was a French o!ensive
that attempted to seize the lost
territories of Alsace and Lorraine
by the French
Germans anticipated this
French relied on “elan” spirit to
take the territories
It was a massacre
Germans killed over 27,000
French soldiers in one day
Total War
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Total WarThe early battles of the war
proved that it was not going to be
as most anticipated
Implementing the Schie!en Plan
[invading France through Belgium
and holding Russia at bay] the
Germans quickly stormed into
France on the right flank
Their greed for Paris stretched
their supply lines too thin
The Germans got bogged down at
the Marne River by French and
British forces
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Total War
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Total WarOne reason for the stalemate wasa French commander saw a
weakness in the German line
He moved an entire French army
from Paris to attack the gap by
utilizing taxi cabs
Another point that proved this war
would be unlike any other
Taxi cabs saved Paris but the
French were unable to push theGermans out of France
Both sides stalemated and the
first trenches were dug On
September 15, 1914
Total War
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Total War August 4: German invasion ofBelgium
August 7: Battle of Frontiers
begins. French seized Mulhouse
August 14: French assault on Alsace
August 22: Battle of Ardennes
27,000 French soldiers die
August 25: Rape of Belgium/ Louvain Atrocity by Germans
September 6: First Battle of the
Marne stopped German advance
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Total War and the Trench
The Trench
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The TrenchTrenches stretched from the coastof Belgium to Switzerland by wars
end [300 miles]
Men on both sides soon found
themselves working underground
It is not surprising, the only way to
get away from machine gun fire
was to get under it
Trenches were complex with
zigzag patterns to avoid sniper fire
Artillery bunkers, wood planks,
barbed wire, machine gun nests
and sand bags
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The Trench
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No military general foresaw the
possibility of trenches
At first they hoped to soften opposing
trenches and soldiers with artillery fire
After an artillery barrage, an army
would arise, “Go over the top,” andcharge their enemy
The area between the trenches became
known as “No mans land”
It was riddled with holes, barbed wire,mines and the bodies of the
decomposing dead
This tactic was used over and over with
catastrophic results
The Trench
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In no mans land, millions of ratsbegan to emerge, feasting on the
bodies of the dead
These rats were enormous and
bloated
Soldiers were not allowed to
shoot them due to orders not to
waste ammunition
The rats spread disease andtormented soldiers
It was not the only problem
however
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The Trench
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Lice began to infect and torment soldiers aswell
Soldiers did not have a means to bathethemselves while on the front
They became infected with blood suckinglice
When you were not fighting, you likely werefighting o! rats or removing lice from yourbody
Life for a soldier in WWI was a constant hell
Many soldiers returned only shells of theirformer selves
Many came home mentally andpsychologically unstable
Unfortunately, there was no cure for them
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The Trench
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Another malady besides rats, liceand disease also existed
It was know as trench foot
Life in a trench was a very dirtyand wet ordeal
A soldiers feet were constantly
wet due to a persistent rain
Some soldiers stood in waistdeep water for weeks
Having wet boots, wet feet, in
freezing water caused trench foot
The Trench
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Trench foot is literally the rotting away
of the skin
Your foot would swell, become
immensely painful
Feet would become infected and the
skin would rot o! leaving nothing but
bone
Great Britain began to issue whale
grease to keep feet dry
It only made it worse, by keeping the
foot wet
The only cure was to keep feet dry and
warm
Soldiers had to loosen boots, change
socks 3 times a day
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Total War
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Several new terms were coined in
WWI
“Lousy” and “Cootie” from lice
“Going over the top”, “No mans
land”
“Shell Shock’ going insane fromartillery barrage
Life in a WWI trench was far from
what most men believed the war
was going to be
It appeared more were going to
die and in horrible ways
Returning home before Christmas
was not going to happen
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New Technology andInnovations
Weapons
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p
One of the major problems of
WWI = military tactics did not
keep pace with new technology
No tactics for barbed wire,machine guns, artillery, planes,
poison gas
Generals could not develop
tactics to break enemy lines,defeat trench warfare
Artillery/Arms
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Artillery/Arms
1895 Lee Enfield rifle was
developed by American
James Lee
Bolt action rifle allowed
rapid fire, 12 round
magazine
Very dependable
Gave allies early advantageover German forces who
used the Mauser rifle, 5
rounds
NewT h l i
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Technologies
Guns/Firearms saw many
innovations
Bolt action rifle: Lee Enfield,Mauser Gewehr
Machine Gun: Vickers, Lewis Gun,
Chauchat
Flame Thrower: pressurizednitrogen or carbon dioxide to push
oil. Only lasted 40 seconds
Artillery/Arms
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1881, Carnival inventorHiram Maxim invented
first machine gun
Used by spinning a
hand crank
Vickers machine gun in
WWI water cooled
Took 8 men to operatebut very reliable,
e!ective
NewTechnologies
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TechnologiesTear gas was first used by theFrench against the Germans
The Germans then used it against
the Russians on the Eastern Front
From there they developed morelethal varieties
First came chlorine, then
phosgene and mustard
Created horrifying casualties onboth sides
Not a perfect science as the wind
sometimes killed those who fired it
Chlorine Gas
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C o e Gas
April 22, 1915 Chlorine
gas was first used by
Germans against
French at 2nd Battle ofYpres
Smelled like pepper or
pineapple
Stung back of throat
and chest
Chlorine gas
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g
Gas was yellow in
appearance, stayed
near ground
Opposing troops
thought it was smoke
to conceal movement
Gave choking fits,
destroyed respiratory
system and eyes
Chlorine Gas
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First uses were e!ective
However, opposing forces
soon discovered how to
counter it
Easily noticeable, color,
smell, began using gas
masks
Avoidable by covering
mouth and eyes with damp
cloth
Phosgene Gas
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g
December 1915 a new
gas was developed
called phosgene
It was colorless, littleodor, “Rotting hay”
Stayed in area for
weeks or months
Took as long as 24
hours for noticeable
e!ects
Phosgene Gas
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g
This gas of all gasses
was the most deadly,
accounting for 85% of all
gas related deaths
Symptoms included,
burning in eyes, blurred
vision, vomiting, frostbite
like lesions, heart attack/ respiratory failure
Mustard Gas
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O! all gases used, mustard gas was
the most notorious
1st used at the 3rd Battle of Ypres
Yellow, brown or red in color
Gave odor of mustard, garlic or
horseradish
Remained near ground for weeks/
months
Mustard gas
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Was not used to kill, butto disable
Skin would blister,
mucous membranes
stripped
Victims would cough up
portions of own lungs
Death would come after4-5 weeks, in an
agonizing end
NewTechnologies
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TechnologiesSubmarines had long beendreamed of as possible weapons
of war
First modern design occurred in
the American Colonies “Turtle”
against the British
Several other designs were toyed
with, air pressure and steam
Jules Vern 20,000 Leagues Under
the Sea created great interest
At turn of the 20th century diesel-
electric became the design of
choice
NewTechnologies
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Technologies
WWI saw the first e!ective use of
submarines
Germans, during the Battle of the Atlantic sent first flotilla of U-
Boats against British ships
Proved highly e!ective and went
into mass production
In all, Germans sunk over 5,000
allied ships using submarines
NewTechnologies
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Technologies
Navalism was a major component
to the militarism of the 19th
century
When Germany began massing anavy Britain followed and then
other nations
Navies were needed to protect
colonies and were a true measure
of a nations power
More massive and deadly ships
became an icon of the era
NewTechnologies
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Technologies
In 1906, Great Britain launched
the Dreadnaught, the most
powerful ship ever created
It had 10 12” guns, 24 3” guns, 5torpedo tubes, 2 feet thick steel
and over 500 men
It was so feared that all nations
quickly tried to catch up creating
their own Dreadnoughts
The British and US began creating
the 1st aircraft carriers
NewTechnologies
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Technologies
The use of artillery canons had
been used for centuries prior to
WWI
Major innovations came in the
1840’s rifled bore canon, modernartillery piece
Were first used e!ectively in
American Civil War
Used widespread in Europe
In 1897 became hydraulic and
incorporated breech loading
NewTechnologies
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Technologies
Artillery was used for indirect fire
Became larger and larger by WWI
German Big Bertha Howitzerreigned supreme 15 inch bore
Used to soften enemy before a
charge, lob bombs into opposing
trench
Worst part of artillery was the
shrapnel
NewTechnologies
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TechnologiesMortars had been used forcenturies, even envisioned in part
by da Vinci
Primarily used for siegecraft
First modern usage was in America Civil War
Became popular in WWI due to
ability to fire out of trench and
directly into the opposing trench
Germans were the first to use
them e!ectively to assault French
fortifications, caught both French
and British by surprise
NewTechnologies
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TechnologiesGrenades as well had been known
since the 15th century but were re-
invented during WWI
Germany innovations again
surprised French and British
Many at the beginning of the war
were percussion but developed into
timed
Grenadiers were responsible for
raiding enemy trenches withgrenades
Many types emerged including
pineapple style and German stick or
potato smasher
NewTechnologies
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Technologies
Mines saw renewed usage during
WWI
Many were developed and planted
to prevent assaults and safeguardredoubts
Tunnel mines were used to tunnel
under trenches, plant mines and
then detonate them
British also experimented with
mines that detonated and gave o!
poison gas
NewTechnologies
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TechnologiesThe tank traces its origins with thedevelopment of the tractor
First use of these during war was
during the Crimean War
Further developments were madebut not a lot of interest was given
Then the British Royal Navy began
to developed the Mark I, an
extension of the armored car
which all sides employed
First use of the tank surprised
Germans but the machines were
very unreliable
NewTechnologies
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Technologies
Most e!ective use was in 1917 at
the battle of Cambrai when they
breached the German trenches
and captured 10,000 soldiers
Later used e!ectively to supporttroop movements at wars end
1st and only tank to tank action
occurred at the Battle of Villers
Bretonneux where 3 British tanks
fought 3 German tanks
The British successfully drove o!
the German threat
NewTechnologies
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Technologies Aviation was very new during WWI
Neither side had a great deal of
planes, only 140 by all of France
1st used as reconnaissance butdeveloped into war machines
Rapid advances were made on
speed, maneuverability, weapons
[machine gun mounting and
bombers]
By the end of the war, planes and
aviation had grown in leaps and
bounds
Aviation
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Very primitive, planeshad been in
development only 10
years
1st used as
reconnaissance to spy
on enemy position
Greeted warmly at first,then gradually began
being attacked
Aviation
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Enemies began throwing
ropes, grenades and
shooting at planes
Gradually pilots carried
pistols
Then they began
mounting machine guns
1st air battles began
Aviation
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Problems with machine
guns “mounting”
Behind prop on a angle
On the wings
Bullet proof props
Push planes
Aviation
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Germans begin development
of synchronized fire
Greatly improved air battle
April 1917 greatest air battle
was fought
RFC deployed 365 aircraft for
ground support
Aviation
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In all during bloody April
254 allied planes were lost
66 German
Germans acquired air
superiority
Manfred von Richtofendowned 80 planes “Red
Baron”
NewTechnologies
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Technologies
Many other innovations
were made during WWI
Barbed Wire
Telegraph/Telephone
Anti-aircraft/Flak
Zeppelins
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The Eastern Front
The EasternFront
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Front At the beginning of the War, Russia
surprised the Germans and
Austrians in a two pronged attack
They pushed into both nations
Two German commanders,Ludendor! and Hindenburg
destroyed and captured an entire
Russian army at the Battle of
Tannenberg
They then defeated another at theBattle of the Masurian Lakes
By the end of the year, Russia had
su!ered 2.5 million deaths
The EasternFront
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FrontThe Germans and Austrians thenadvanced 300 miles into Imperial
Russia
As battles began to bog down,
both sides sought new allies
Turkey and Bulgaria joined the
Central Powers
Both sides vied for Italy
Because the Allies could o!ermore [S. Tyrol, Trieste, the
Dalmatians, parts of Africa and
Ottoman spoils] Italy joined the
Allied Powers
The EasternFront
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FrontBy the Spring of 1915 the Italians wereat war with the Austrians
Italy diverted some troops fromGermany but did nothing to tip thescale of the conflict
Romania entered the conflict as wellto stop Bulgaria but soon found itselfcrushed between Austria, Germanyand Bulgaria
Serbia had some early success but it
too came to be invaded in the fall of1915
Austria occupied Serbia and ruledharshly killing over 25% of thepopulation
The EasternFront
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FrontOver the next two years, Russia
made some gains only to quickly
lose them
Russia could not adequately
support its beleaguered troops
Its lines became overextended
and soldiers found themselves
without food and ammunition
Demoralized and starving,
Russian soldiers began to desert
Discontent and riots at home
fueled revolution
The EasternFront
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Front
In the Far East, Japan honored its
alliance with Britain and overran
German colonies in China
In East Africa German colonies
also clashed trying to divert Alliedresources.
They were militarily successful but
it did not drain the allies of
resources or men
Both sides made appeals and
promises to other peoples and
territories
The EasternFront
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FrontThe Germans supported uprisings
against the British in Ireland, in
Flemings in Belgium and the Poles
and Ukrainians under Russian
control
They also tried to cause
revolutions in Egypt and India
The British sponsored autonomy
for Czechs, Slovaks and Arabians
The most successful was that in
Arabia where T.E. lawrence
caused the Arabians to gain
independence from the Ottomans
The EasternFront
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FrontIn 1915, the Allies tried to break thedeadlock
The young Winston Churchill
proposed an attack on the
Dardanelles to capture
Constantinople, “Gallipoli
Campaign”
It was hoped that it would knock the
Ottomans out of the War, stop the
Balkans conflict and ease
communications with Russia
In the attempt the Allies lost
205,000 men and a great deal of
resources that could have been
used on the Western Front
The EasternFront
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FrontOne of the greatest atrocities ofthe War occurred in the remote
Ottoman territory called Armenia
Since the Middle Ages, this
territory had been Christian
They had often fought against the
Ottomans for autonomy but never
with success
As sides were vying for allies, the
Ottomans feared an Armenianuprising
The result of the Armenian
question was eradication
The EasternFront
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o t
First, the Turks rounded up and
arrested all Armenian leaders
They then purged the territory of
men
They rounded them up, marched
them outside of town and
executed them
In other occasions they were
pushed into caves and either
burned to death or asphyxiated by
fires
The EasternFront
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The Ottomans ordered all womenand children out of the country [to
Serbia]
They were marched through
mountains and desert terrain
without food or water
Rape and execution was
commonplace
When all was said and done, over
1 million Armenians were killed
The Turkish Government still
today refuses to acknowledge that
it occurred
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Britain’s Worst Day: Verdun and the Somme
Verdun
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At the conclusion of 1915 a new
idea was hatched to break
through the Allied defenses
With Russia on the brink of
collapse, Germany thought theycould dedicate more troops to the
Western Front
Chief of Sta! Erich von
Falkenhayn advocated a massive
o!ensive on the French at Verdun
It was going to be a major artillery
battery followed by ground forces
Verdun
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For the French, Verdun held
special significance
This was where the then Prussians
had invaded France in 1870
during the Franco-Prussian War
Verdun had been reinforced since
then and the French were not
about to let it fall again
This in truth played into
Germany’s hands
They knew the French would
attempt to prevent its fall and that
they would divert resources
Verdun
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The German artillerybombardment began February
21st 1916 and lasted 21 hours
The French had 200,000 men vs
the German 1 million
After ground fighting started,
bombardment continued dropping
100,000 shells every hour
The Germans gained French
primary and secondary trenchlines and advanced 8 kilometers
They then failed to take two
massive forts
Verdun
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Despite initial gains, the battle
began to stagnate
The French rallied under
commanding o"cer Henri Petain’s
remarks, “they shall not pass”
As the o!ensive continued, both
sides received staggering losses
of life
By the end of the conflict, nearly 8months later, 1 million lives had
been lost, almost balanced on
both sides
The Somme
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Before the German’s struck at
Verdun the French and British
were preparing a similar o!ensive
They too thought they could
launch a major o!ensive, this time
at the Somme
They believed the Germans would
divert resources and men and
thereby weaken other portions of
the Western Front
Before they could initiate the
attack, the Germans struck at
Verdun
The Somme
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With the attack at Verdun, plans at
the Somme changed
It went from an o!ensive to a
defensive maneuver with the
intent to draw German supplies
away from Verdun
In August of 1916 the British
began and 8 day bombardment
on German troops near the
Somme River
It was believed that the
bombardment would destroy
machine gun emplacements
The Somme
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Following the barrage, 750,000British charged intent on dividing
the German front
Machine guns nests were not
damaged and the barbed wire
was intact
The British lost 58,000 that single
day, over 20,000 KIA
The Germans then moved
reinforcements to the defense ofthe Somme
The battle stalemated and
resulted in another million dead
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The War at Sea and theEntry of the US
The War atSea
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As the War progressed, it becamemore and more important to seize
control of the seas
Britain first ignored the distinction
between war supplies and food
They blockaded all supplies from
sea into Germany
German U-Boats responded by
attempting to strangle Britain by
blockading the island nation
They also failed to distinguish
between war supplies and regular
goods
The War atSea
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The Allied blockade proved to be
highly e!ective
Poor potato harvests in Germany
in 1916 created a huge food
shortage
Over 760,000 Germans starved
due to food shortages
This desperation ultimately led to
the decision to attack any vessel
approaching Britain
This would eventually lead the US
to act
The War atSea
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Gallipoli was one of the greatest
sea battles of the war
Winston Churchill believed the
Allies could circumvent the
Central Powers by taking the
Dardanelles
It was believed they could take
Constantinople and knock the
Ottoman Empire out of the War
This would also free up Greece
and provide access to Russia and
possibly allow for a pincer
movement on the Western Front
Gallipoli Campaign
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The War at Sea
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It was a bold undertaking
The straights were lined with a
series of fortresses and cli!s that
would not be easy to assault from
the sea
France and Britain sent in many
pre-dreadnaught era ships to
assault the straights on February
19-25 of 1915
In all, the allied force consisted of:
3 Battle cruisers, 16 Pre-
dreadnaught, 4 cruisers, 18
destroyers, 6 submarines, 21
trawlers the Queen Elizabeth and
the Ark Royal and aircraft carrier
The War atSea
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The bombardment on the many
fortresses was ine!ective
Though many were taken, the
Turks continued to wreck havocby using artillery from the cli! tops
In March a second attempt to
force the narrows was thwarted by
an unsuspected minefield
It was clear it would take a land
force to assist the assault at sea
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The War atSea
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The decision to leave Gallipolli allbut assured Russia’s destruction
The largest naval engagement of
WWI was the Battle of Jutland
The Germans planned a hit andrun style attack against the British
coastline
The Germans were sure their
communication lines were clear
but there messages wereintercepted
The British Royal Navy set out to
stop the German threat
The War atSea
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This fight, like the Western Front,ultimately would end in a stalemate
German lost: 1 battle cruiser, 1 pre-
dreadnaught, 4 light cruisers, 5
destroyers
The British lost: 3 battle cruisers, 4
armored cruisers, and 8 destroyers
Both sides left disappointed with
their navies crippled
The great German navy that had
caused such a stink did not gain the
upper hand
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Entry of the US
Gears of War -
Alan Seeger -
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Gears of War -
Alan Seeger -
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Entry of the US
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As the war raged in Europe,
Americans held their defiant stance
Woodrow Wilson, in 1916, was
elected president for a second term
Wilson won promising to keep
America out of the War
Despite his strong e!orts to keep
America out, he would fail
America, like many nations before it,
would be drawn into the quagmire
Entry of the US
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Many incidents had swayed
American sentiment towards the
Allies
German success with submarines
led them to lay siege to the Island of
England
At the onset of the War, German U-
boats would surface and warn the
crews of enemy ships
As the war drug on, the siege grewtighter and German U-boats sunk
the opposition without warning
Entry of the US
O M 7 1915 th G
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On May 7, 1915 the Germans
sighted a British passenger liner
Without warning, the U-boat fired
and sunk the Luisitania killing
almost all 1,200 passengers
128 of the crew were Americans
The British said the ship was
peaceful, only carrying travelers
The Germans countered that it
secretly carried munitions
Even though German suspicions
were correct, American’s cried foul
Entry of the US
A i i h d
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American cries were heard
Germany stopped sinking
passenger ships and promised to
provide ships with warning “Sussex
Pledge”
Even though the Germans madepromises, they attacked two more
Allied ships carrying Americans
President Wilson in response
authorized huge loans to assist the
Allies
American neutrality was beginning
to weaken
Entry of the US
In 1917 the Germans began their
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In 1917, the Germans began their
plans to end the War
Russia was falling apart
France was reeling from Verdun
The Germans felt if they
strengthened their stance against
England, they could prevail
In January, Germans told the US
they would resume unrestricted
submarine warfare
On February 3rd, Wilson broke o!
diplomatic ties with German
Entry of the US
Despite the disagreements the US
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p g
and German governments had,hope for peace remained
A month passed, the German Navy
avoided American ships
While America held its breath forpeace, the British revealed the
contents of an intercepted German
telegram
Wilson did not take the Zimmerman
Telegram serious
The telegrams release however
pushed the US one step close to
war
Entry of the US
By 1917 the situation was growing
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By 1917, the situation was growing
more dire for Russia
In March, the Russian Czar was
forced o! the throne
Russia erupted into Civl War and
pulled out of WWI
With Russia out, a huge stumbling
block was removed
Wilson had been very hesitant to
assist a nation that was autocratic
That same month, America’s worst
fears were realized
Entry of the USGermany sank the US ships, City of
Memphis and Vigilancia
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p g
On March 20th, Congress voted
unanimously to join the War
The United States faced several
obstacles as they joined the conflict
The size of the US Army stood at
100,000 men, smaller than 16 other
nations
The US Marines were serving in
South America and had to berecalled
The Nation Guard had been
neglected and needed training
Entry of the US
The first act of congress was to
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The first act of congress was to
send the Allies Naval support
14,500 men under General Pershing
arrived in France
It did not take General Pershing
long to realize more would beneeded
He asked Congress for an additional
1 million men by the end of 1917
and 3 million by 1918
Congress passed the Selective
Service Act approving a US draft for
men to serve in the Army
Entry of the US
Just like Europe at the outbreak of
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Just like Europe at the outbreak of
the War, moral was high
24 million men registered to serve in
the Army
The lottery picked 3 million
11,000 women volunteered to serve
as nurses, drivers and clerks
Army camps popped up around the
country to train soldiers
It was overseen by the British who
taught Americans how to fight from
a trench
Entry of the US
In many cases need led many
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In many cases, need led many
soldiers to receive little training
Now, with a trained fighting force,
the US faced its next challenge
Getting soldiers to France against
German U-Boats
A convoy system was devised
Transport ships were surrounded by
destroyers and submarines
Through the next two years, the US
did not lose a single transport ship
to German U-Boats
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Entry of the US
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More than 300,000 African American’s served in the War
Most did manual labor and did not
participate in the fighting
The 369th division, Harlem HellFighters persuaded the US to loan
them to the French
They were integrated into several
French regiments
Because of their distinguished
service, France awarded them their
highest honor the Croix de Guerre
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Final Offensives
Final Offensive
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In the Fall of 1917, following the American Declaration of War,
Germany made a strong e!ort to
win the War
They thought that with the
Russians no longer in the conflict,unrestricted submarine warfare
and a massive o!ensive on the
Western Front the War could still
be won by December
Another situation occurred thatmade it appear the Central
Powers were about to win
Italian defeat at Caporetto and
mass French insubordination
Final Offensive
!
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German o!
ensives were thwartedby a British O!ensive at the Third
Battle of Ypres [Passchendaele]
It resulted once again in a
stalemate, 700,000 died on both
sides
The German o!ensive was
scheduled to being in the Spring,
meanwhile, the first Americans
began to land in October of 1917
The Germans had little concern
for American forces, they figured
the war would be won before they
posed a threat
Final Offensive
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The Spring O!ensive [MarchO!ensive, Ludendor! O!ensive or
Kaiserschlacht] was launched by
Germany in March of 1918
With 50 new divisions from the
Eastern Front, the Germans madeone final push to win the War
These divisions were led by new
stormtrooper forces
The Germans began anaggressive training program for an
elite division of trench breaking
soldiers as early as 1915
Final Offensive
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Stormtroopers were Germany’sbest and most aggressive soldiers
They di!ered in many ways from
the normal German soldier
They were trained to engageenemies at close quarters
The divisions were much smaller
and mobile
They used the shorter/lighter k98carbine, expert at grenades, hand
to hand and carried iron wrapped
clubs
Final Offensive
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Using the new elite stormtroopers
the Germans hoped to break
through Allied defenses at the
Marne
It was thought that the Germano!ensive would lead the French to
surrender
Initial attacks were successful
The Germans advanced all theway back to the Marne, the
greatest achievement since 1914
Final Offensive
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The main problem was theStormtroopers were actually too fast
They outpaced the main army and
fell subject to being surrounded
With supply trains lagging behind
and no artillery support the March
O!ensive stalemated
A large reason for the stalemate was
the ferocity of the Americans and
Australians who stopped the
German advance
Eventually 1000’s of German
soldiers began to starve and ran out
of supplies
Final Offensives After turning back the Germans
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outside of Paris, the Allies tookheart
The Allies also had a new weapon,
the tank
It allowed them to break throughGerman defenses for the first time
In August, at the Battle of Amiens
and Chateau-Thierry, the Allies
turned back a second German
o!ensive
Seeing both o!ensives thwarted,
German General Ludendo! began
seeking a peace settlement
Final Offensive Another problem with the
o!ensive in 1918 was the
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outbreak of the Spanish Influenza
It severely damaged both sides
[over 70,000 Americans in WWI
died to the flu alone]
America, by September had sent500,000 new soldiers to the front
The German government was
divided upon what to do
France declined Germany’s first
attempt for peace
A major Allied countero!ensive
was planned
Final Offensive
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An allied countero!ensive at the
Somme put the Germans in retreat
for the 1st time
New German soldiers arriving
from the Eastern Front begin todefect in mass numbers
In September of 1918 the Allies
successfully broke through the
Hindenburg Line
The German army was
backpedaling and riots began to
break out in Germany
Final OffensiveIn the East the War was going
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poorly for the Ottoman Empire aswell
The Arabs were routing the
Ottomans and successfully took
Medina, city of the prophet
The British pushed deep into
Ottoman lands taking
Constantinople
They even advanced into modern
Iraq and seized the lucrative oilfields
By late 1918, the Ottoman Empire
had fallen
Final Offensive
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In October of 1918, American andFrench forces were engaged in
pushing the Germans from the
Argonne Forest
It was proposed that the
Americans in the middle of the Allied advance assault the
German defenses
This was supposed to be followed
by a French advance on the left
flank and two other Americandivisions on the right
The only force that made it was
the American middle
Final OffensiveThe left and right flanks failed to
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support the American middle
They were soon surrounded on allsides by the Germans
For six days, without medical aid,
support, food and supplies the Americans held out
They allowed the French and other American forces to surround theGermans resulting in an Allied victory
It became one of the most talkedabout events of WWI
Only 194 out of the original 575survived
The LostBattalion
The actions of the 77th in the Argonne
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provided the Allies a way to break theGerman lines
Whittlesey, McMurtry and Holdermanall received the Congressional Medalof Honor
Cher Ami also was famed andsurvived the war although with one leg
Received the Croix de Guerre
Tragically, many questioned the
actions of Whittlesey when hereturned home
Could not escape what happened andcommitted suicide
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The Home Front
I HATE WAR, BECAUSE WAR IS
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MURDER, DESOLATION AND
DESTRUCTION. IF ONE-TENTH OF WHAT
HAS BEEN SPENT ON PREPAREDNESS
FOR WAR HAD BEEN SPENT ON THE PREVENTION OF WAR THE WORLD
WOULD ALWAYS HAVE BEEN AT PEACE
-HENRY FORD
The Home Front
Henry Ford vowed to burn down all
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his factories rather than make goodsfor war
When Henry Ford said theaforementioned quotes, the US wasstill neutral
Two years later, Ford was building anew factory in Michigan
It had orders to build 16,000 tanks,20,000 tractors and anti-submarineships
Raging war required many sacrifices
Many of which the US was notprepared for
The Home Front
To raise money for the War, the US
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Government began selling War Bonds
Like all bonds, they could later beredeemed for the original value of thebond plus interest
Campaigns and poster spread acrossthe nation
4 minute speeches were given aboutthe progress on the war beforemovies, school events, and publicmeetings
The campaign produced 20 billiondollars and funded the US e!orts inthe War as well as giving loans to
Allied nations
The Home FrontIn 1917, the Lever Food and Fuel
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Control Act gave the President powerto limit foods and fuels
Under future president HerbertHoover, the Food Administrationworked to produce more and wasteless
Special pricing on goods was used tolimit consumption
Rationing was also employed wherepeople were given fixed amounts offood
Hoover thought it all went too far
He urged American’s to simplyexercise restraint
The Home Front
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The Fuel Control Act sought to limitthe consumption of gasoline acrossthe nation
They sponsored gasless days andurged people not to drive
It also instituted Daylight Savings Time
This moved clocks ahead one hour inthe Summer
It gave Americans an extra hour of
daylight to use for labor
It also reduced the nations need forartificial life and saved energy
The Home Front
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Government Censorship was alsoexecuted
Certain movies, newspapers andmagazines were banned
A movie being made on the American
Revolution was stopped because itsshowed British Soldiers killing
Americans
There was also a great fear ofespionage
The government feared that peopleloyal to Germany might disrupt the
American economy andcommunication lines
The Home Front
The National Security League began to
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test and restrict immigrants to the US
If you could not read English you wouldnot be allowed in
There began to be mass hysteriatowards Germans across the nation
Publications went out calling theGermans, Hun
High Schools stopped teaching German
German books and music were banned
Hamburger was called Salisbury Steak
German Shepherds became Police Dogs
The Home Front
In 1917, Congress passed the
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Espionage Act, which was Amendedby the Sedition Act
It made it illegal to discuss anythingdisloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusiveabout the US government,constitution, army or navy
The Sedition Act violated the First Amendment but many American’s feltit was necessary during times of war
The government had 1,500
prosecutions and 1000 convictions
Former presidential candidate EugeneDebs served a 10 year jail sentencefor criticizing the government
The Home Front
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Many radical labor groups and socialorganizations attacked capitalism
The Industrial Workers of the Worldstopped mining copper during the War
Police arrested and convicted 200members
Other groups, vigilantes, tried to takethe law into their own hands
The majority of American’s workedhard for the War e!ort
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A War to End all Wars
A War to End All Wars
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At the beginning of 1918, AmericaPresident Woodrow Wilson set forthhis 14 points for world peace
It proposed a world withoutimperialism, secret treaties, where the
voices of weak nations would beheard as loud as the strong
It also proposed a League of Nationsto prevent world conflict and promotepeace
Seeing that the end was at hand theGermans sought out peace andsecurity under Wilson’s 14 points
A War to End All Wars
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Part of the idea behind this cause wasto place the blame of the militariesfailure on the German people, not themilitary
Wilson’s points would have given
Germany a new democraticgovernment with self determination
Many, mainly the French, did not wantGermany to have an easy way out
The Americans rejected Germany’sproposal because they wanted the 14points to be accepted by the peopleof Germany not German’s leaders
A War to End All Wars
With di i t th
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With mass dissension amongst theGerman ranks and protests, KaiserWilhelm II abdicated November 9,1918
The Social Democratic Partyproclaimed Germany a Republic, in
part to prevent the socialists
Two days later, this new governmentsigned the armistice that ended thewar
This armistice caught most Germanpeople o! guard as no Allied soldierhad set foot on German soil
Many expected a mild punishment
A War to End All Wars
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The new German governmentimmediately came under scrutiny
Many in Germany felt the allies hadtricked them into surrender and that it
was the fault of the new republicangovernment
Preparations for surrender were made
On November 11/11/1918 at 11AMthe Great War came to an end
Germany surrendered
A War to End All Wars
President Wilson looked eagerly
forward to a democratic Germany
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forward to a democratic Germany
His 14 Points were aimed atpreventing another world widecatastrophe
His proposal was rejected as
European leaders were bent onstopping Germany and stripping it ofits power
At Versailles, Germany was stripped ofall its oversea colonies, 10% of itspopulation, 13% of European landsand its ability to wage war
Germany’s army was reduced to100,000 men and could not have anair force or tanks
A War to End All Wars
It was proposed that Germany relinquishthe lucrative Rhineland
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the lucrative Rhineland
While a new state was hoped for as abu!er region that would strip Germanyof money it was not adopted
Instead, the Rhineland served as a
demilitarized zone and the Saar regionwas given to France to 15 years for coalproduction
They also lost Alsace and Lorraine toFrance, the Polish Corridor to Polandand areas near Denmark
Military bu!er zones were built up
Germany was also forced to pay 132Billion Marks (31.5 Billion) in reparations
A War to End All Wars
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Perhaps the most devastating wasthat the Treaty of Versailles also forcedGermany to admit to starting the War
This was against the will of PresidentWilson
The Treaty of Versailles would assist incausing the Great Depression
It would also fuel the fire which wouldlead to WWII
In addition to Germany’s harshpunishment, many new nations wereborn in Europe and in the Middle East
A War to End All Wars
Russia also lost territories
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Russia also lost territories
They ceded, Finland, Estonia, Latvia,Lithuania, Georgia and Poland
During the Russian Revolution White
Russia and the Ukraine were formed
Austria was divided and lostCzechoslovakia, Hungary separatedand Yugoslavia was born
In the east the Ottoman Empire was
dismantled
Turkey was formed as a home for theTurks
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A War to End All Wars
The world was a very di!erent place
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The world was a very di!erent placefollowing WWI
New borders and nations emerged
Germany was dealt a heavy hand byFrance
British economist John MaynardKeynes attacked the harsh treatmentof Germany
He saw that the reparations and
shame was a Carthaginian Peace
He predicted it would lead to furtherconflict and war
A War to End All Wars
Th US f lt th
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The US felt the same way
They had provided the boost to winthe War
Wilson’s 14 points would have dealt
lightly with Germany and promotedpeace
Extreme nationalism and imperialismwould live on
The 14 points were rejected andtherefore the US rejected to getinvolved in European a!airs and didnot join the League of Nations
A War to End AllWars
F ll i Wil ’ t i t E h
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Following Wilson’s trip to Europe, hetoured the United States
In 23 days he gave 3 dozen speechesacross the country
The War, the Treaty of Versailles and histour took a terrible toll on his health
He su!ered a stroke that paralyzed halfof his body
He remained hidden from public view as
an invalid for the remainder of his term ino"ce
He died in 1924
A War to End All Wars
It is important to note that as terrible
as the consequences were for
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as the consequences were forGermany it was not as bad as whatthey did to the Russians
As Civil War began to tear Russiaapart they opted out of the War
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was worseon the Russians than the Treaty ofVersailles on the Germans
As repayment for quitting the War,Germany took from Russia, Estonia,
Latvia, Poland, Lithuania and theUkraine
It was a 1/4 its population andindustry as well as 9/10 its coal mines
A War to End AllWars
The Treaty of Versailles prevented thesegains and allowed for the birth of many
new nations
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new nations
The new boundaries created by thetreaty isolated raw material frommanufacturing leading to an economicdepression
The new nations did not get along withtheir previous mother lands and tensionswere high
The Germans were not crushed in allways
Many felt they still could have won thewar and national pride remained
The foundation was set for a futureconflict much more horrific than veteransof WWI had ever dreamed
A War to End AllWars
Despite the American lives the War tookthe US benefited greatly
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Despite the American lives the War took,the US benefited greatly
In 1922, the US determined thatEuropean Nations owed them 11.5 billiondollars
The US surpassed Britain as the WorldsBank
Much of the British Empire and its vastfortunes were spent on the War
The US filled in the void and experienced
a financial boom
The rest of Europe struggled under thefinancial burdens and destruction of theWar
A War to End AllWars
Not everything was great in the US
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Returning soldiers were cheered andparaded around the nation
When the celebrations concluded,soldiers found themselves out of work
Women were also forced out of their jobsas men returned
African American’s went right back tobeing discriminated and segregated
There was not a plan to assist these men
to merge back into regular society
Many su!ered horrible physical andmental wounds for which there was littletreatment
World War I Costs
American Deaths = 116 516
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American Deaths = 116,516
German Deaths = 1,773,700
Russian Deaths = 1,700,000
British Deaths = 908,371
French Deaths = 1,357,800
Total = 8,528,831
Casualties = 37,466,904
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UK General Yeo of the Navy burns
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Before After
UK General Yeo of the Navy burns
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Before After
UK General Yeo of the Navy burns
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Before After
UK General Yeo of the Navy burns
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Before After
UK Sprekley of the Army Gunshot face
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Before After
UK Sprekley of the Army Gunshot face
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Before After
UK Sprekley of the Army Gunshot face
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Before After
UK Sprekley of the Army Gunshot face
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Before After
UK Private A.J. Seal of the Army gunshot to chin
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Before Surgery After Surgery
UK Private A.J. Seal of the Army gunshot to chin
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Before Surgery After Surgery
UK Private A.J. Seal of the Army gunshot to chin
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Before Surgery After Surgery
UK Private A.J. Seal of the Army gunshot to chin
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Before Surgery After Surgery
UK Lieutenant R.R. Lumley of the RAF burns
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Before After
UK Lieutenant R.R. Lumley of the RAF burns
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Before After
UK Lieutenant R.R. Lumley of the RAF burns
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Before After
UK Lieutenant R.R. Lumley of the RAF burns
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Before After
UK Lieutenant Topping of the RAF burns
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Before Surgery After Surgery
UK Lieutenant Topping of the RAF burns
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Before Surgery After Surgery
UK Lieutenant Topping of the RAF burns
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Before Surgery After Surgery
UK Lieutenant Topping of the RAF burns