American History American History Chapter 19: The Cold Chapter 19: The Cold

WarWar

II. The Cold War Heats Up.II. The Cold War Heats Up.

ObjectivesObjectives

Find out how the Marshall Plan, the Find out how the Marshall Plan, the Berlin Airlift, and NATO helped to Berlin Airlift, and NATO helped to achieve American goals in postwar achieve American goals in postwar Europe.Europe.

Realize how Communist advances Realize how Communist advances affected American foreign policy.affected American foreign policy.

See how the Cold War affected See how the Cold War affected American life at home.American life at home.

Bell RingerBell Ringer

““The buck stops here.”The buck stops here.” What does this say about Truman?What does this say about Truman? What was the biggest challenge What was the biggest challenge

Truman confronted when he took Truman confronted when he took office?office?

Setting the scene - 644Setting the scene - 644

A) The Marshall PlanA) The Marshall Plan

Europe destroyedEurope destroyed US should help restore the war-torn US should help restore the war-torn

nations so that they might create stable nations so that they might create stable democracies and achieve economic democracies and achieve economic recovery – trade partnersrecovery – trade partners

6)6) Marshall Plan: 1947 US plan for Marshall Plan: 1947 US plan for economic assistance to war torn economic assistance to war torn Europe.Europe.

USSR – US is buying friendsUSSR – US is buying friends 17 countries 13 billion dollars17 countries 13 billion dollars

B) The Berlin AirliftB) The Berlin Airlift

Democracies create West Germany – USSR Democracies create West Germany – USSR creates East Germanycreates East Germany

West Germany creates new currencyWest Germany creates new currency Stalin sees this as a threat and shuts off all Stalin sees this as a threat and shuts off all

access to West Berlin - blockadeaccess to West Berlin - blockade Truman doesn’t want to give up West Berlin Truman doesn’t want to give up West Berlin

or war – 15 month airlift – 13,000 tons of or war – 15 month airlift – 13,000 tons of food a day – bomber pilots now bringing food a day – bomber pilots now bringing foodfood

May 1949 blockade overMay 1949 blockade over

C) NATOC) NATO USSR used its veto power in the UN to prevent USSR used its veto power in the UN to prevent

help in postwar problemshelp in postwar problems France asked US to form an alliance – US with France asked US to form an alliance – US with

Canada's help formed NATOCanada's help formed NATO7)7) NATO – multinational collective security NATO – multinational collective security

defense alliance in West Europedefense alliance in West Europe US, Canada, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, US, Canada, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy,

Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and PortugalLuxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal

8)8) Collective security – mutual military Collective security – mutual military assistance – an attack on one is an attack assistance – an attack on one is an attack on all.on all.

US now involved in Europe since the Monroe US now involved in Europe since the Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

9)9) Warsaw Pact – USSR military alliance with Warsaw Pact – USSR military alliance with satellite nations in Eastern Europesatellite nations in Eastern Europe

D) Communist AdvancesD) Communist Advances

1949 Truman announces that the USSR has 1949 Truman announces that the USSR has detonated a nuclear bomb – panic grips the detonated a nuclear bomb – panic grips the nation (nation (Los AngelesLos Angeles))

Establishes the Federal Civil Defense Establishes the Federal Civil Defense AdministrationAdministration

Build a new Build a new thermonuclearthermonuclear bomb – hydrogen bomb – hydrogen China China falls to communism several weeks falls to communism several weeks

later – Nationalists flee to Taiwan – Mao later – Nationalists flee to Taiwan – Mao takes Beijingtakes Beijing

Traitors in US allowed this to happen!Traitors in US allowed this to happen!

E) The Cold War at HomeE) The Cold War at Home Anti-communist scare spreads throughout the US – Anti-communist scare spreads throughout the US –

many many citizens civil rights violatedcitizens civil rights violated Truman started a loyalty program and had the FBI do Truman started a loyalty program and had the FBI do

background checks on gov’t employees – Loyalty background checks on gov’t employees – Loyalty Review BoardReview Board

10)10) HUAC – Congressional committee that had its HUAC – Congressional committee that had its own loyalty program – attacked government own loyalty program – attacked government agencies and Hollywood movie industryagencies and Hollywood movie industry

11)11) Hollywood 10: 10 Hollywood personalities that Hollywood 10: 10 Hollywood personalities that refused to answer questions – served 6 months refused to answer questions – served 6 months to 1 year in jail for contempt.to 1 year in jail for contempt.

12)12) Blacklist: list circulated among employers, Blacklist: list circulated among employers, containing the names of persons who should containing the names of persons who should not be hired.not be hired.

No movies about social problems – aonly No movies about social problems – aonly entertainmententertainment

13)13) McCarran-Walter Act: reaffirmed the McCarran-Walter Act: reaffirmed the quota system for each country – quota system for each country – discriminated against immigrants discriminated against immigrants from Asia and from Southern and from Asia and from Southern and Central EuropeCentral Europe

Truman vetoed it calling it un-American – Truman vetoed it calling it un-American – Congress overrode the veto.Congress overrode the veto.

Alger Hiss Alger Hiss convicted of lying to a federal convicted of lying to a federal grand jury – served four yearsgrand jury – served four years

Rosenbergs convicted of espionage and Rosenbergs convicted of espionage and passing on nuclear secrets – executedpassing on nuclear secrets – executed

Later Julius Rosenberg and Hiss really Later Julius Rosenberg and Hiss really were guilty.were guilty.

ReviewReview

How did the Marshall Plan, the Berlin How did the Marshall Plan, the Berlin airlift, and NATO help to achieve airlift, and NATO help to achieve American goals in postwar Europe?American goals in postwar Europe?

How did Communist advances affect How did Communist advances affect American foreign policy?American foreign policy?

How did the Cold War affect How did the Cold War affect American life at home?American life at home?