AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1985-901985-90

CHAPTER 33, Section 4CHAPTER 33, Section 4

THE FALL OF THE SOVIET THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION & PROBLEMS IN THIRD UNION & PROBLEMS IN THIRD

WORLD COUNTRIESWORLD COUNTRIES

IMPORTANT TERMSIMPORTANT TERMS

• MIKHAIL GORBACHEVMIKHAIL GORBACHEV• I.N.F. TREATYI.N.F. TREATY• GLASNOSTGLASNOST• PERESTROIKAPERESTROIKA• COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT

STATESSTATES• TIANANMEN SQUARETIANANMEN SQUARE• SANDINISTASANDINISTA• CONTRASCONTRAS• OPERATION DESERT STORMOPERATION DESERT STORM

IMPORTANT DATESIMPORTANT DATES

• 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV BECOMES 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV BECOMES LEADER OF USSRLEADER OF USSR

• 1989:1989:– APRIL: TIANANMEN SQUARE MASSACREAPRIL: TIANANMEN SQUARE MASSACRE– NOVEMBER: BERLIN WALL OPENEDNOVEMBER: BERLIN WALL OPENED– DECEMBER: U.S. INVADES PANAMADECEMBER: U.S. INVADES PANAMA

• 1990: IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT1990: IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT

• 1991:1991:– JANUARY: OPERATION DESERT STORMJANUARY: OPERATION DESERT STORM– DECEMBER: COMMONWEALTH OF DECEMBER: COMMONWEALTH OF

INDEPENDENT STATES CREATED – FALL OF THE INDEPENDENT STATES CREATED – FALL OF THE SOVIET UNIONSOVIET UNION

• Mikhail Gorbachev,Mikhail Gorbachev,

Soviet leader,Soviet leader,

1985-911985-91

OPERATION DESERT STORMOPERATION DESERT STORM

DESERT STORM BATTLE PLANDESERT STORM BATTLE PLAN

CHANGE IN THE U.S.S.R.CHANGE IN THE U.S.S.R.• 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV

BECOMES SOVIET LEADERBECOMES SOVIET LEADER• EFFECT?EFFECT?

– GORBACHEV WANTS TO IMPROVE GORBACHEV WANTS TO IMPROVE RELATIONSHIP W/ THE WEST (U.S.A.)RELATIONSHIP W/ THE WEST (U.S.A.)

– TWO BASIC IDEAS:TWO BASIC IDEAS:•GLASNOSTGLASNOST – OPENNESS IN DISCUSSING – OPENNESS IN DISCUSSING

SOCIAL PROBLEMSSOCIAL PROBLEMS•PERESTROIKAPERESTROIKA – RESTRUCTURING OF THE – RESTRUCTURING OF THE

SOVIET GOVERNMENT & ECONOMYSOVIET GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY•EXAMPLE? GORBACHEV ALLOWS…EXAMPLE? GORBACHEV ALLOWS…

– FREE ELECTIONSFREE ELECTIONS– FREEDOM OF THE PRESSFREEDOM OF THE PRESS– LIMITED PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF LANDLIMITED PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF LAND

CHANGES IN THE U.S.S.R.CHANGES IN THE U.S.S.R.• OTHER ACTIONS:OTHER ACTIONS:

– 1987: SIGNED I.N.F. (INTERMEDIATE RANGE 1987: SIGNED I.N.F. (INTERMEDIATE RANGE NUCLEAR FORCES) TREATY W/ U.S.NUCLEAR FORCES) TREATY W/ U.S.

– DID WHAT? DID WHAT? • REDUCED # OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS EITHER SIDE HADREDUCED # OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS EITHER SIDE HAD• ALLOWED EITHER SIDE TO INSPECT THE OTHER’S ALLOWED EITHER SIDE TO INSPECT THE OTHER’S

NUCLEAR STOCKPILESNUCLEAR STOCKPILES

• FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION:FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION:– NEW FREEDOMS LEAD TO MORE NATIONALISM NEW FREEDOMS LEAD TO MORE NATIONALISM

IN NON-RUSSIAN SOVIET REPUBLICS IN NON-RUSSIAN SOVIET REPUBLICS – MANY BEGIN TO DELCARE INDPENDENCEMANY BEGIN TO DELCARE INDPENDENCE– 1991: 1991:

• GORBACHEV RESIGNS AS SOVIET PRESIDENTGORBACHEV RESIGNS AS SOVIET PRESIDENT• 14 NON-RUSSIAN REPUBLICS DECLARE 14 NON-RUSSIAN REPUBLICS DECLARE

INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

• RESULT? 1991: U.S.S.R. OFFICALLY ENDSRESULT? 1991: U.S.S.R. OFFICALLY ENDS• COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT

STATES (C.I.S.) TAKES IT’S PLACESTATES (C.I.S.) TAKES IT’S PLACE

U.S.S.R., Before 1991U.S.S.R., Before 1991

DIVISIONS IN THE COMMUNIST DIVISIONS IN THE COMMUNIST WORLD WORLD

• 1988: GORBACHEV TELLS E. EUROPEAN 1988: GORBACHEV TELLS E. EUROPEAN SATELLITE NATIONS TO MOVE TOWARDS SATELLITE NATIONS TO MOVE TOWARDS DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY

• THEY DO: EXAMPLE? POLAND THEY DO: EXAMPLE? POLAND ESTABLISHES A NON-COMMUNIST, ESTABLISHES A NON-COMMUNIST, CAPITALIST NATIONCAPITALIST NATION

• 1989: EAST GERMANY OPENS THE BERLIN 1989: EAST GERMANY OPENS THE BERLIN WALLWALL

• 1990: GERMANY RE-UNITED1990: GERMANY RE-UNITED• RESULT? RESULT?

– SOVIET-DOMINATED E.EUROPE ENDSSOVIET-DOMINATED E.EUROPE ENDS– THE IRON CURTAIN FALLSTHE IRON CURTAIN FALLS

• Distmantling ofDistmantling of

The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall

CENTRAL AMERICA & CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN CARIBBEAN PROBLEMS PROBLEMS• SEE MAP, P.999 FOR DETAILSSEE MAP, P.999 FOR DETAILS• CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN: Always CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN: Always

important for U.S. foreign policy / security important for U.S. foreign policy / security since early 20since early 20thth Century Century

• WHY? WHY? – LocationLocation– Resources: Sugar, fruits, minerals, tobaccoResources: Sugar, fruits, minerals, tobacco

• EXAMPLE?EXAMPLE?– Location: Panama – Panama CanalLocation: Panama – Panama Canal– Resources: Cuba – Tobacco, SugarResources: Cuba – Tobacco, Sugar

• SO WHAT? U.S. Gov’t, Military, & businesses SO WHAT? U.S. Gov’t, Military, & businesses had a large presence therehad a large presence there

C. AMERICA & CARIBBEAN C. AMERICA & CARIBBEAN PROBLEMS PROBLEMS

• WHY WOULD THE U.S. BE CONCERNED IF IT’S WHY WOULD THE U.S. BE CONCERNED IF IT’S INFLUENCE IN THAT REGION WAS THREATENED?INFLUENCE IN THAT REGION WAS THREATENED?

• HISTORY OF U.S. INTEREST IN LATIN AMERICA:HISTORY OF U.S. INTEREST IN LATIN AMERICA:– Examples?Examples?

• 1823: THE MONROE DOCTRINE1823: THE MONROE DOCTRINE• 1903: THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY1903: THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

– EXPLAINEXPLAIN

• NEW PROBLEMS:NEW PROBLEMS:– 1959: CASTRO’s TAKEOVER OF CUBA – THE COLD 1959: CASTRO’s TAKEOVER OF CUBA – THE COLD

WAR RIVALRY ENTERS THE W. HEMISPHEREWAR RIVALRY ENTERS THE W. HEMISPHERE– 1970’s & 80’s: DRUG TRAFFICKING FROM S. AMERICA 1970’s & 80’s: DRUG TRAFFICKING FROM S. AMERICA

USES REGION TO FUNNEL DRUGS TO U.S.USES REGION TO FUNNEL DRUGS TO U.S.

THE COLD WAR & LATIN THE COLD WAR & LATIN AMERICAAMERICA• COLD WAR RIVALRY JUMPS INTO C. & SOUTH COLD WAR RIVALRY JUMPS INTO C. & SOUTH

AMERICAAMERICA

• 1979: NICARAGUA CIVIL WAR ENDS: 1979: NICARAGUA CIVIL WAR ENDS: COMMUNIST REBELS WINCOMMUNIST REBELS WIN

• ““SANDINISTASSANDINISTAS”- ”- NICARAGUAN NICARAGUAN COMMUNISTS; AIDED BY SOVIETS & CUBANSCOMMUNISTS; AIDED BY SOVIETS & CUBANS

• U.S. WORRIED “DOMINO THEORY” TYPE OF U.S. WORRIED “DOMINO THEORY” TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICADEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA

• RESPONSE: U.S. SUPPORTS ANTI-RESPONSE: U.S. SUPPORTS ANTI-COMMUNIST GOV’Ts. & REBELS IN C. COMMUNIST GOV’Ts. & REBELS IN C. AMERICAAMERICA– EXAMPLE? EXAMPLE? ““CONTRASCONTRAS” ” – – ANTI-COMMUNIST ANTI-COMMUNIST

GUERILLAS FIGHTING AGAINST SANDINISTASGUERILLAS FIGHTING AGAINST SANDINISTAS

“ “SANDINISTASSANDINISTAS” ON ” ON PATROLPATROL

• DANIEL ORTEGADANIEL ORTEGA AUGUSTO AUGUSTO SANDINOSANDINO

SANDINISTAS IN COMBATSANDINISTAS IN COMBAT

• That aboutThat about

covers it ;covers it ;

Sandinista!,Sandinista!,

The Clash,The Clash,

19801980

U.S.-SUPPORTED U.S.-SUPPORTED ““CONTRASCONTRAS””

C. AMERICAN PROBLEMS C. AMERICAN PROBLEMS (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

• PANAMA: DICTATOR, GEN. MANUEL NORIEGAPANAMA: DICTATOR, GEN. MANUEL NORIEGA• NORIEGA ALLOWS DRUG TRAFFICKERS NORIEGA ALLOWS DRUG TRAFFICKERS

(mostly Cocaine traffickers) TO USE PANAMA (mostly Cocaine traffickers) TO USE PANAMA A TRANSIT POINT FOR DRUGS HEADED TO N. A TRANSIT POINT FOR DRUGS HEADED TO N. AMERICAAMERICA

• PROBLEM? YESPROBLEM? YES– U.S. HAS TO REDUCE FLOW OF DRUG TO U.S.U.S. HAS TO REDUCE FLOW OF DRUG TO U.S.– SECURITY OF PANAMA CANAL A CONCERNSECURITY OF PANAMA CANAL A CONCERN

• RESULT? RESULT? – 1989: U.S. MILITARY INVADES PANAMA1989: U.S. MILITARY INVADES PANAMA– NORIEGA CAPTURED BY U.S., TRANSPORTED TO NORIEGA CAPTURED BY U.S., TRANSPORTED TO

U.S. FOR PROSECUTIONU.S. FOR PROSECUTION– NORIEGA CONVICTED OF DRUG SMUGGLING & NORIEGA CONVICTED OF DRUG SMUGGLING &

IMPRISONEDIMPRISONED

• Gen. Manuel Noriega,Gen. Manuel Noriega,

Dictator of PanamaDictator of Panama