872 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERI,VG CHEMISTRY Vol. 18, No. 8

not dull the strips quite so rapidly, nor to as great an extent, as did the other flavors. The standard extract, formula I, produced a greater dullness than did the fortified flavors. The corrosion was practically twice as great in the light as in the dark.

Effect on Weight of Monel Metal Strips

At the end of 12 weeks the strips, each weighing approxi- mately 5.5 grams, had lost weight as follows:

I I1 I11 IV Gram Gram Gram Gram

In dark 0.0207 0.0005 0.0076 0.0375 I n light 0.0288 0.0009 0.0141 0.0614

Qualitative tests for nickel and copper were found in the flavors after the tenth week in all cases except in formula 11.

From the following results it can be seen that all the true flavoring properties of the flavors were affected. The vanillin and coumarin show a decrease in all cases. The normal lead number of the true bean extracts was higher after treatment than before. This is probably due to the resins forming compounds with nickel and copper, which precipitate more lead. I n the fortified extracts the normal lead number

fell considerably. This may not be of great significance, however, as the normal lead number of these fortified flavors is partially due to the artificial coloring matter.

Effect on Van i l l i n , Coumarin, and Normal Lead Number In dark I n light Per cent Per cent

Formula I Vanillin 0 .28 Normal lead number 0 .67

Vanillin 0 . 4 9 Coumarin 0.16 Normal lead number 0.10

Formula II

Formula III

0.29 0.79

0 . 4 7 0.21 0.10

Vanillin 0.44 0.44 Coumarin 0.12 0.14 Normal lead number 0 .28 0.16

Formula I V Vanillin 1.47 2.08 Normal lead number 6.31 4.27

Conclusion

Since vanillin, coumarin, and the resins of vanilla extracts react with and corrode monel metal, this alloy is not suitable for containers for the storage and transportation of the ex- tract of vanilla beans or fortified mixtures thereof.

AMERICAN CONTEMPORARIES

Charles Loring Jackson HARLES LORING JACKSON was born in Boston on April 4, 1847. C After studying in private schools in

Boston he entered Harvard College, from which he graduated in 1867. On gradua- tion he was made a lecture assistant in chemistry. H e states that his salary was supposed to be free tuition, but that he re- ceived none. On his twenty-first birthday he became a n assistant with a regular salary. At that time the Harvard chemistry depart- ment consisted of three members, the other two being J. P. Cooke and A. J. Hill. In 1870 he introduced a n elective course in elementary chemistry, which later developed into the famous Chemistry 1, which he taught for over forty years.

In 1873 he went abroad to learn chem- istry, a feat which he had found impossible in Cambridge, since he had no teacher and had much teaching to do himself. He studied at Heidelberg with Bunsen, special- izing in gas analysis and the chemistry of the platinum metals. He later worked with A. W. Hofmann in or- ganic chemistry, although he did not a t that time intend to make organic chemistry his life work. One taste of the subject under this inspired teacher, however, showed him that organic chemistry was the thing for him. As he expresses it, he learned under Hofmann “to use his mind,” which was an interesting experience after his association with Bunsen, who rather dis- couraged that type of activity. In 1874 he published his first paper, which dealt with organic selenium compounds. During his study with Hofmann, the latter was writing his Faraday lectures on Liebig and had Jackson correct his English. He took full advantage of this chance for intimate association with the great teacher.

Shortly after his return to this country in 1875, he prepared

@ Marceau

the first new organic compound made in the Harvard laboratory, p-bromobenzyl bro- mide. His work on substituted benzyl compounds gave a number of interesting results, including a synthesis of anthracene. During the following years he worked on curcumin, vanillin, benzene trisulfonic acid, and the method now in general use for mak- ing highly nitrated compounds-namely, preliminary sulfonation followed by nitra- tion. In the late eighties he discovered the r e a c t i o n of highly substituted aromatic halides with malonic ester in which a halogen is replaced by hydrogen. This was his most prolific source of scientific papers. Another subject on which he did considerable work was the o-quinones. He missed the dis- covery of the parent substance, o-benzo- quinone, by only a small margin.

His chief amusements have been amateur theatricals and writing poetry and romantic fiction. Of late years he has taken up garden- ing, and now makes this his chief occupation

on his beautiful estate at Pride’s Crossing, near Beverly, Massa- chusetts. Last month his first volume of fiction was published by the Stratford Company of Boston, It bears the title of “The Gold Point and Other Strange Stories” and consists of a dozen fanciful tales whose themes are weird and imaginative enough for a Poe.

The scores of chemists who have been fortunate enough t o spend graduate years working with Professor Jackson find it hard to think of him merely as a chemist, or even as a teacher, because his beautifully friendly and helpful personality makes him stand out in their recollection more as a companion and guide in their chemical struggles than as a teacher or director.

FRANK C. WRITMORE