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American Conservatism Test Review

1) Henry Regnery - The original publisher of Human Events in 1944 PhD in economics from

Harvard His publishing company, he Henry Regnery !ompany, no" #no"n as Regnery

Publishing, "ould go on o publish "o conservaive classics, $illiam %& 'uc#ley(s God and

 Man at Yale 19*1) and Russell +ir# (s The Conservative Mind  19*) Regnerysac#no"ledgmen broad and diverse array of conemporary conservaive movemen

.) 19/4 elecion - 'arry 0old"aers defea in he 19/4 elecion redefined he Republican Pary

The 19/4 0old"aer campaign helped usher in he modern conservaive movemen in he

nied 2aes& 3ed o he loss of he republican easern esablishmen "ih he conservaives

"ho "aned limied governmen, economic and poliical freedom, radiional values, and

vicory over !ommunism& The 19/4 0old"aer campaign "as also follo"ed by he rise of a

gro"ing conservaive campus movemen during he 19/s led by 5oung 6mericans for

%reedom, he rise of a small liberarian movemen "hich also suppored 0old"aer bu "ould

laer spli "ih conservaism over he draf and drug policy, and modern conservaive

movemen approaches such as direc mail organi7ing& Had many voluneers and many middle

class campaign donaions& The 19/4 0old"aer campaign also mar#ed he firs ime since

 before he !ivil $ar  ha he saes of he Deep 2ouh, angered by he liberal 8ohnson(s

suppor for civil righs, bro#e from he Democraic Pary and gave heir elecoral voes o he

Republican nominee& 0old"aer bro#e "ih mos 0P senaors "hen he opposed he !ivil

Righs 6c of 19/4& :n he 2enae, he srongly suppored boh he 19*; and 19/ !ivil Righs

6cs&  6lhough he evenually regreed his voe, his opposiion o he !ivil Righs 6c of

19/4 "as based sricly on poliical ideological grounds& 6s a srong conservative, he

 believed ha "o of is secions, Tile :: and Tile <::, unla"fully overe=ended he role of

he federal governmen&

) 2olid 2ouh- is a erm describing he voing pracices of he souhern nied 2aes from

he Reconsrucion unil he laer .h cenury, "hen he region voed solidly "ih

he Democraic Pary& This voing pracice "as born ou of he 2ouh(s disdain for

Republican 6braham 3incoln and he policy of Reconsrucion  pushed for"ard by

he Republican norhern congress& The pracice coninued and "as encouraged by

Democraic poliicians "ho ran overly racis campaigns and spearheaded effors o

disenfranchise blac# 2ouherners "ho migh hreaen heir conrol&

4) %riedrich Haye#- "as a >obel Pri7e "inning economis and one of he mos prominen

members of he 6usrian 2chool of ?conomics, a liberarian movemen& Haye# emphasi7ed

our limied #no"ledge of he mar#es and oher sub@ecs), and hus our need for he pricemechanism o communicae essenial informaion abou supply and demand& His heories are

ha no cenrali7ed planner or governmen can manage he economy and ha he free mar#e

is he mos efficien #no"n allocaor of resources& Haye# "as one of he mos vocal and

respeced conemporary criics of he liberal and no" "idely discredied economis 8ohn

Aaynard +eynes

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*) 6yn Rand - "as an aheisic novelis, screen"rier, and philosopher , "ho began her career in

Holly"ood& 2he used her novels o promoe her philosophy, #no"n as b@ecivism& Her bes-

#no"n novels are Atlas Shrugged  and The Fountainhead & 2he "as a highly poliical auhor,

"ih her novels ofen serving as poliical messages& 2he advocaed minimal governmen

inerference #no"n by he name Ainarchism) in business and srongly ob@eced o socialism

and naionalism& !ombined, more han "elve million copies of her "o bes-#no"n novels

have been sold in he &2& alone& Rand(s mos famous and po"erful follo"er "as 6lan

0reenspan b& 19./), long-ime head of he %ederal Reserve 2ysem

/) Russell +ir# - "as an 6merican poliical heoris, conservaive inellecual, hisorian of ideas,

social criic, and man of leers, bes #no"n for his po"erful influence on .h cenury

6merican conservaism& His 19* boo#, The Conservative Mind: From Burke to

Santayana gave shape o he amorphous pos-$orld $ar :: conservaive movemen& : raced

he developmen of conservaive hough in he 6nglo-6merican radiion, giving pride of

 place o he ideas of 1Bh cenury 'riish "rier  ?dmund 'ur#e;) Ac!arhyism - is he pracice of ma#ing accusaions of disloyaly, subversion, or reason

"ihou proper regard for evidence& During he Ac!arhy era, housands of 6mericans "ere

accused of being !ommuniss or communis sympahi7ers and became he sub@ec of

aggressive invesigaions and Cuesioning before governmen or privae-indusry panels,

commiees and agencies& The primary arges of such suspicions "ere governmen

employees, hose in he enerainmen indusry, educaors and union aciviss& 2uspicions

"ere ofen given credence despie inconclusive or Cuesionable evidence, and he level of

hrea posed by a person(s real or supposed lefis associaions or beliefs "as ofen grealy

e=aggeraed& Aany people suffered loss of employmen or desrucion of heir careers some

even suffered imprisonmen& Aos of hese punishmens came abou hrough rial verdics

laer overurned,E1F

 la"s ha "ould be declared unconsiuional,E.F

 dismissals for reasons laer declared illegalEF or acionable,E4F or e=ra-legal procedures ha "ould come ino general

disrepue& The mos famous e=amples of Ac!arhyism include he speeches, invesigaions,

and hearings of 2enaor Ac!arhy himself he Holly"ood blac#lis, associaed "ih hearings

conduced by he House n-6merican 6civiies !ommiee H6!) and he various ani-

communis aciviies of he %ederal 'ureau of :nvesigaion %':) under Direcor  8& ?dgar

Hoover & Ac!arhyism "as a "idespread social and culural phenomenon ha affeced all

levels of sociey and "as he source of a grea deal of debae and conflic in he nied

2aes&

B) 8ohn 'irch 2ociey The 8ohn 'irch 2ociey is an 6merican paleoconservaive organi7aionfounded in 19*B by Aassachuses businessman Rober $elch 19-19B*)& nil he

collapse of 2ovie !ommunism in 1991, i focused on !ommunism as he enemy of

6merican values, "arning ha !ommunism already e=ered a po"erful conrol on he

naional governmen& 6 is pea# in 19/4 he 2ociey claimed o have hundreds of chapers

hroughou he counry, 1, members, 4 6merican pinion boo#sores o disribue

and sell is maga7ine and pamphles, and an acive cadre of spea#ers ha crisscrossed he

counry& $elch ruled "ih an iron hand,E1F sending ou his agens o ma#e sure he local unis

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never engaged in operaions on heir o"n, such as endorsing candidaes or lobbying for

legislaion& 6ll he dues "en o naional headCuarers in 'elmon, Aassachuses and he

members "ere o spend heir energy "riing leers ha echoed $elch(s hesis ha ha

!ommuniss "ere already in po"er in $ashingon and "ere abou o fully a#e over he

counry& $elch sponsored G2uppor 5our 3ocal PoliceG campaign "hich opposed civilian

revie" boards o monior police brualiy&E.F

 The one noable naional campaign "as odemand he impeachmen of !hief 8usice ?arl $arren& >o a single member of !ongress

"as "illing o presen an impeachmen resoluion,

9) >aional Revie"- is an influenial poliical ne"smaga7ine, creaed by $illiam %& 'uc#ley in

19** and currenly edied by Rich 3o"ry& 6long "ih he eekly Standard  and he American

S!ectator , i is regarded as one of he 'ig Three of conservaive maga7ines and is highly

 popular& The "ational #evie$ is some"ha neoconservaive in philosophy, hough no as

neoconservaive as he eekly Standard &

1) >e" Deal !oaliion - "as he alignmen of ineres groups and voing blocs ha suppored

he >e" Deal and voed for Democraic presidenial candidaes from 19. unil he lae

19/s& : made he Democraic Pary he ma@oriy pary during ha period, losing only

o D"igh D& ?isenho"er  in 19*. and 19*/& %ran#lin D& Roosevel forged a coaliion ha

included he Democraic sae pary organi7aions, machines, labor and blue collar "or#ers,

minoriies racial, ehnic and religious), farmers, "hie 2ouherners, people on relief, and

inellecuals& The coaliion began o fall apar due o he 2ouhs displeasure "ih he !ivil

righs movemen evenually culminaing in he 19/B elecion and he 2ouhs endorsemen of

0eorge $allace&

11) Di=iecras- "as he informal erm for 2ouhern Democras "ho in 194B refused o suppor

Presiden Harry 2& Truman for reelecion because he "as oo liberal on racial issues& The

official name "as he 2aes Righs Pary& They formed a hird pary ha nominaed 2ouh

!arolina 0overnor 2rom Thurmond, "ho carried four saes in he Deep 2ouh "here he "as

he official nominee of he Democraic pary, gaining 9 elecoral voes& Thurmond had 1&.

million popular voes, or .&4 of he naional oal& The pary did no nominae any oher

candidaes a any level, and dissolved afer Truman "on he elecion& Di=iecras "en bac# o

heir old pary&

1.)Road o 2erfdom is a boo# "rien by >obel Pri7e $inning economis %riedrich Haye# , i

argues ha all forms of collecivism and cenral planning leads logically and ineviably

o yranny& The #oad to Ser%dom has since become one of he cornersones

of conservaive and liberarian hin#ing&1) 3eo 2rauss - He speciali7ed in he sudy of classical poliical philosophy& 6lhough he "as

no an acive member of he conservaive movemen 2rauss "as a grea influence because of 

his belief in he possibiliy of finding he ruh, his rene"al of classical poliical philosophy,

criicism of moderniy, re@ecion of liberal posiivism, and his call for poliical heoriss o

see# he bes no he mos comforable& <ery influenial on neoconservaive eachings&

14) %usionism- a combinaion or GfusionG of radiional conservaives "ih some liberarians and

some social conservaives, The sraegy "as advocaed and named GfusionismG by "ational

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 #evie$ edior %ran# Aeyer , "ho believed ha he holders of various disparae conservaive

and liberarian beliefs should "or# ogeher o comba he hreas of !old $ar  communism,

increasing governmen po"er domesically, and "ha "as seen as a decline in civil

sociey especially during he 0rea 2ociey era of he mid-19/s)& The hree basic preceps

of fusionism are heseI 1) 6merican foreign policy should see# o end oaliarian regimes .)

he domesic funcions of governmen, and especially of he federal governmen, should be

sricly limied and ) he moral preceps radiionally associaed "ih !hrisianiy

someimes he formulaion includes 8udaism as "ell) should be upheld&

1*) 2ouhern 2raegy J sed by >i=on in he 19/B elecion& Presumed a conservaive republican

"ih suppor in he Aid"es and he "es could ma#e inroads ino he former Democraic

2ouh because of he discomfor "ih civil righs movemen&

1/) 3iberarians - believes in minimi7ing or enirely eliminaing governmen

inervenionism in many aspecs of life including economic, personal, and in foreign policy

maers& 3iberarians end o oppose he rules esablished by radiional marriage and

religious values& The %rench erm of   &aisse'(Faire, or let us do, is a erm ha describes some

aspecs of he liberarian belief& E1F 3iberarianism ends o emphasi7e a form of

individual li)erty, and ends o suppor righs of privae propery&

1;) Tradiionaliss J ?merged in he lae 194s o early 19*s 3oo# o"ard communiy "ih

myriad associaions& 2ress order and religion& The main "or# echoing his "as $eavers

ideas have Conse*uences and #ir#s he !onservaive Aind, "hich saed man "as man in a

superior beings image and ripped ino every ype of lefism& This more modern e=pression of 

radiionalis conservaism began among a group of &2& universiy professors labeled he

G>e" !onservaivesG by he popular press) "ho re@eced he noions

of individualism, liberalism, moderniy, and social progress, promoed culural and

educaional rene"al,

E.F

and revived ineres in he !hurch, he family, he sae, localcommuniy, ec&

1B) >eoconservaives- in 6merican poliics are someone presened as a conservaive bu "ho

acually favors big governmen, inervenionism, and hosiliy o religion in poliics and

governmen& The "ord means Gne"ly conservaive,G and hus formerly liberal& Aany

neocons had been liberals in heir youh and admired Presiden %ran#lin D& Roosevel& The

defining posiion of a neoconservaive is advocacy of an 6merican foreign policy ha see#s

o insall democracy in oher naions& Tha reflecs boh heir emphasis on foreign policy and

heir do"nplaying he significance of he differences in culures and religion around he

globe

19) paleoconservaives - s a erm ha describes an academic or scholarly conservaive "ho

emphasi7es religious heriage, naional and $esern ideniy, radiion, civil sociey and

classical federalism, he imporance of demographics, and an ani-inervenionis policy

of Rober Taf& Paleoconservaives oppose immigraion, communism, auhoriarianism, social

democracy and enilemen programs& The mos prominen figure is T< commenaor and

auhor Pa 'uchanan& Aany paleoconservaives idenify hemselves as Gclassical

conservaivesG and race heir philosophy o he ld Righ Republicans of he iner"ar

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 period, "hich helped #eep he &2& ou of he 3eague of >aions, reduced immigraion "ih

he passage of he :mmigraion 6c of 19.4, and opposed %ran#lin Roosevel(s >e" Deal&

They "ere isolaioniss "ho opposed enry ino $orld $ar ::& They ofen loo# bac# even

furher, o ?dmund 'ur#e, as "ell as he 6merican ani-federalis movemen ha sreched

from he days of Thomas 8efferson o 8ohn !& !alhoun& Paleoconservaism is popular in

he 'ible 'el saes&

.) The Radical Righ - is a generally pe@oraive erm used o describe various poliical

movemens on he righ ha are conspiracis, auned o ani-6merican or  ani-

!hrisian agens of foreign po"ers,E1F and G poliically radical&GE.F The erm "as firs used by

social scieniss in he 19*s regarding small groups such as he 8ohn 'irch 2ociey in he

nied 2aes,.1) KParanoid syle of 6merican poliicsL - Richard Hofsader  "roe an analysis of he Radical

Righ in his influenial 19/4 essay GThe Paranoid 2yle in 6merican PoliicsG& Hofsader

sough o idenify he characerisics of he groups& Hofsader defined poliically paranoid

individuals as feeling persecued, fearing conspiracy, and acing over-aggressive yesociali7ed& Hofsader and oher scholars in he 19*s argued ha he ma@or lef-"ing

movemen of he 1B9s, he Populiss, sho"ed "ha Hofsader said "as Gparanoid delusions

of conspiracy by he Aoney Po"er 

..) Aoun Pelerin 2ociey- is an inernaional organi7aion composed of  economiss,

 philosophers, hisorians, inellecuals, business leaders, and ohers "ho favor classical

liberalism& :s founders included %riedrich Haye# , +arl Popper , 3ud"ig von Aises, 0eorge

2igler , and Ailon %riedman& The sociey advocaes freedom of e=pression, free

mar#e economic policies, and he poliical values of an open sociey& 2ough o oppose

socialism& %ounded in 194; in Aon Pelerin, 2"i7erland by %riedrich von Haye# o oppose

socialism and advocae for laisse7-faire capialism and he free mar#e, unencumbered bygovernmen regulaion& &aisse' %aire %r&) means Kle hem do as hey "illL& !lassical

liberalism, he philosophy upon "hich von Haye# based he Aon Pelerin 2ociey, does no

mean Mliberal in he curren sense of he "ord, bu is e=ac opposie economic Mliberalism

refers o public secor governmen) !ermissiveness o"ard he privae secor business)&

.) Rollbac# v& conainmen J rollbac# 8ames 'urnham) is he sraegy of forcing change in he

ma@or policies of a sae, usually by replacing is ruling regime& : conrass "ih conainmen,

"hich means prevening he e=pansion of ha sae and "ih dNene, "hich means a

"or#ing relaionship "ih ha sae& Aos of he discussions of rollbac# in he scholarly

lieraure deal "ih nied 2aes foreign policy o"ard !ommunis counries during he !old$ar & The rollbac# sraegy "as ried, and failed, in +orea in 19*, and in !uba in 19/1&

!onainmen "as he policy of he nied 2aes afer $orld $ar :: o assis small counries

in heir resisance agains communism& The idea "as o couner ac he 2ovie pressures so

ha communism "ould no spread furher& The erm "as coined by diploma 0eorge %&

+ennan  Rollbac# - : "as primarily a produc of he righ, championed by people li#e

$illiam %& 'uc#ley, Ronald Reagan, 'arry 0old"aer and 8ohn %oser Dulles, hough i

found suppor among some of he more conservaive Cuarers of he Democraic Pary, such

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.B) 3ouis Har7 - "as an 6merican  poliical scienis and influenial liberal proponen of he idea

of 6merican e=cepionalism, "hich refers o he heory ha he nied 2aes is Cualiaively

differen from oher counries& :n his vie", 6merica(s e=cepionalism sems from is

emergence from a revoluion, becoming Ghe firs ne" naion, and developing a uniCuely

6merican ideology, based on libery, egaliarianism, individualism,  populism and laisse7-

faire& Har7 argued ha he 6merican poliical radiion lac#ed he lef-"ingsocialis and

righ-"ingarisocraic elemens ha dominaed in mos oher lands because colonial 6merica

lac#ed any feudal radiions, such as esablished churches, landed esaes and a herediary

nobiliy&.9) consensus school

) KPrieshood of all believersL - Aarin 3uher believed ha all ha maered "as faih and in

order o nurure ha faih believers should read he bible and do as 0od old hem o do&

3uhers sress on individual conscience opened he door for various inerpreaions of he

 bible and he beginning of he separaion of church and sae and he foundaions of he idea

of religious oleraion&

1) ?nglish !ivil $ars J The ?nglish !ivil $ars gave rise o classical liberalism and he "riers

of Hobbes and 3oc#e& The ideas of naural righs, and social conracs "ere esablished he

governmen is here o provide proecion for he individual, he bill of righs "hich

recogni7ed he individual righs of he people and creaed freedom of "orship&.) Klife of manI soliary, poore, nasy, bruish and shorL - Hobbes idea ha he life of man in

he sae of naure became a sae of "ar due o he human drive for po"er& 2ocial conrac

surrenders he righ o defend oneself o one main auhoriy in e=change for proecion&

Prooliberal ideal ha all men "ere eCual and governmen is creaed o proec ineress&

) 3oc#ean riad- The unalienable righs of life, libery, and he righ o propery& !ould no be

a#en a"ay bu could be forfeied by acion& 3oc#es heory said ha a governmen has o

 proec a persons life, libery, and righ o propery& :f hese righs "ere no proeced he

 people have he righ o overhro" he governmen and esablish a ne" one in is place&

4) 3eer !oncerning Toleraion by 8ohn 3oc#e "as originally published in 1/B9 3oc#e(s "or#

appeared amids a fear ha !aholicism migh be a#ing over ?ngland, and responds o he

 problem of religion and governmen by proposing religious oleraion as he ans"er& This

GleerG is addressed o an anonymous GHonored 2irGI 6rgued ha more religious groups

 preven civil unres due o oleraion insead of a magisraes effors o esablish one religion&

!hurch represens inernal ineres of salvaion "hile governmen proecs e=ernal ineress

of life, libery, and general "elfare&

*) %able of he 'ees - a boo# by 'ernard Aandeville, consising of he poem The Grum)ling

 Hive: or- .naves turn/d Honest  and prose discussion of i& The poem elucidaes many #ey

 principles of economic hough, including division of labor  and he invisible hand, seveny

years before 6dam 2mih : also describes he parado= of hrif cenuries before +eynes, and

may be seen as par of he school of underconsumpion

/) !lassical republicanism - !lassical Republicanism is an early heory of democracy ha holds

ha he bes #ind of governmen is one ha promoes he Gcommon goodG and he "elfare of

an enire sociey& :s characerisics include civic virue, moral educaion, and small, uniform

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communiies&

This form of republicanism developed in he Renaissance "as inspired by he governmenal

forms and "riings of classical aniCuiy& !lassical republicanism is buil around conceps

such as civil sociey, civic virue and mi=ed governmen& !lassical republicanism "as raher

aimed agains any form of yranny, "heher monarchic, arisocraic, or democraic yranny

of he ma@oriy)& The noions of "ha consiued an ideal republic o classical republicans

hemselves depended on personal vie"

;) 6scripion- arbirary placemen as a birh) in a paricular social saus& 3iberal ideas clash

"ih ascripion by follo"ing he idea of achieved saus "hich says ha one can "or# heir

"ay o heir desired place in sociey& 6scripion "as commonplace in feudal ?urope as he

righs of men "ere only represened if hey "ere free and no ied o he land serfs)

B) K: is no from he benevolence of he bucher, he bre"er, or he ba#er ha "e e=pec our

dinner& & &L 6dam 2mih faher of convenional economic heory : sho"s 2mih(s belief ha

"hen an individual pursues his self-ineres, he indirecly promoes he good of sociey& 2elf-

ineresed compeiion in he free mar#e, he argued, "ould end o benefi sociey as a "hole

 by #eeping prices lo", "hile sill building in an incenive for a "ide variey of goods and

services& %ree mar#e !apialism

9) :nvisible hand - also #no"n as invisible hand of he mar#e, is he erm economiss use o

describe he self-regulaing naure of he mar#eplace& The heory of he :nvisible Hand saes

ha if each consumer is allo"ed o choose freely "ha o buy and each producer is allo"ed o

choose freely "ha o sell and ho" o produce i, he mar#e "ill sele on a produc

disribuion and prices ha are beneficial o all he individual members of a communiy, and

hence o he communiy as a "hole

4) Ka drun#ard in he guer is "here he ough o beL J $illiam 2umners idea ha social

Dar"inism and he survival of he fies are a resul of he la"s of naure of he free mar#e

and he inervenion "ih he la"s of naure "ill resul in survival of he less fi& 2o a person

"ho has failed should no be helped bu should rise on heir o"n accord&41) 3ochner v& >e" 5or#- !ase ha saed >e" 5or#(s regulaion of he "or#ing hours of ba#ers

"as no a @usifiable resricion of he righ o conrac freely under he 14h 6mendmen(s

guaranee of libery& pponens based heir argumens on heories of social Dar"inism and

laisse7‐faire economics& To hem such legislaion regulaing he amoun of hours "or#ed

represened un"arraned governmenal inrusion ino he mar#eplace&4.) 2ocial Dar"inism- is a belief, "hich saes ha he sronges or fies should survive and

flourish in sociey, "hile he "ea# and unfi should be allo"ed o die& The heory "as chiefly

e=pounded by Herber 2pencer , "hose ehical  philosophies al"ays held an eliis vie" andreceived a boos from he applicaion of Dar"inian ideas such as adapaion and naural

selecion& 'eginning in 1BB;, social scieniss "ere using he erm Gsocial Dar"inismG o

apply he survival of he fies heory o social siuaions& nder his heory, he "ealhies or 

mos po"erful in sociey mus be biologically superior, and less GfiG persons should die&

4) T& H& 0reen J believed in "elfare liberalism "hich saes liberalism should include social

 @usice& : differs from classical liberalism in ha i believes he legiimae role of

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he sae includes addressing economic and social issues such as unemploymen, healh care,

and educaion "hile simulaneously e=panding civil righs& nder social liberalism, he good

of he communiy is vie"ed as harmonious "ih he freedom of he individual&44) n 3ibery- is a philosophical "or# by 'riish  philosopher  8ohn 2uar Aill, published in

1B*9 : "as a radical "or# o he <icorian readers of he ime because i suppored

individuals( moral and economic freedom from he sae& :n his "or# Aill voiced his "orry

over Khe yranny of he ma@oriyL is a criicism of he scenario in "hich decisions made by a

ma@oriy under ha sysem "ould place ha ma@oriy(s ineress so far above

a dissening individual(s ineres ha he individual "ould be acively oppressed, @us li#e he

oppression by yrans and despos& 6lso advocaed he harm principle "hich saes ha a

 person should be free o do "haever hey "an as long as i does no harm anyone else& 6lso

advocaed for compeiion of ideas and free hin#ing o creae progress&

4*) negaive vs& posiive libery- :siah 'erlin 19*B KT"o !onceps of 3iberyL Posiive libery is

defined as he po"er and resources o ac o fulfill one(s o"n poenial his may include

freedom from inernal consrains) Posiive freedom is basically freedom guaraneed o you

 by he la"& >obody can a#e i a"ay from you i is an absolue enilemen& >egaive

libery is defined as freedom from inerference by oher people >egaive freedom is freedom

ha is yours because no la" has resriced your e=ercise of ha libery&

4/) Kveil of ignoranceL - by 8ohn Ra"ls in A Theory o% 0ustice&: is a mehod of deermining

he moraliy of a cerain issue e&g& slavery) based upon he follo"ing hough e=perimenI

 paries o he original posiion #no" nohing abou heir paricular abiliies, ases, and

 posiion "ihin he social order of sociey& The veil o% ignorance bloc#s off his #no"ledge,

such ha one does no #no" "ha burdens and benefis of social cooperaion migh fall o

himher once he veil is lifed& $ih his #no"ledge bloc#ed, paries o he original posiion

mus decide on principles for he disribuion of righs, posiions and resources in heirsociey& This mehod "ould ensure ha no rules "ould be creaed o form any personal

advanages and ensures imparialiy& T"o principles everyone is eCually free and everyone

has eCual "ealh&4;) >e" 3ef- his sec "as vaguely socialis in is orienaion& Re@eced he ideas of obsolee

communism and consumer capialism& Aos suppored emphasis on individual righs and

liberies and social "elfare programs& $aned governmens o encourage acive paricipaion

in governmen and have a greaer say in he decisions ha governed heir lives insead of

 being reduced o mere consumers&

4B) aomism vs& organicism 'ur#e J 6omism J sociey "as nohing more han a loose collecion

of self-conained aoms "ho are no more conneced han marbles on a ray& rganicism saedha people is a "hole ha is greaer han he sum of is pars& 2ociey "as li#e a fabric and

individual members are li#e iner"oven hread of a apesry&

49) civic liberalism - emphasises he imporance of individual auonomy agains deerminaion

 by radiional norms, racial pre@udice, enrenched po"er relaions and economic

disadvanage& nder he banner of KeCualiy of opporuniyL, civic liberalism can come close

o forms of  communiarianism in emphasi7ing he responsibiliy of he communiy o secure

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he basic condiions of life of members of he communiy, or, under he banner of Kfreedom

of he individualL on he oher hand, o liberarianism, in emphasi7ing he righs of

individuals o ma#e Klife-syleL choices free from inerference by he communiy, provided

hey do no harm o ohers&

*) K2ociey is indeed a conrac& 2ubordinae conracs for ob@ecs of mere occasional ineres

may be dissolved a pleasure J bu he sae ough no o be considered as nohing beer han

a parnership agreemen in a rade of pepper and coffee, calico or obacco, or some oher such

lo" concern & & &L ?dmund 'ur#e - 'ur#e criici7ed social conrac heory by claiming ha

sociey is indeed a conrac, bu Ga parnership no only be"een hose "ho are living, bu

 be"een hose "ho are living, hose "ho are dead, and hose "ho are o be bornG 3ong

sanding cusoms and radiions are no indispensible& People "ere shorsighed and self-

ineresed and i "as he @ob of he governmen o #eep hem in chec#&

*1) Pre@udice J 'ur#e believed reform gre" ou of pre@udice "hich "as a disposiion o prefer

he familiar habis and radiions of ones o"n sociey& Pre@udice "as sored up or KlaenL

"isdom ha people had accrued over generaions&

*.) Krusee concepion of represenaionL

*) K3ile plaoonsL J 6s esablished by 'ur#e disribuion of po"er among families, churches,

and volunary associaions& The separaion of po"er in governmen& 'ur#e advocaed ha

issues should be deal a he level in "hich hey arise&

*4) Khrone and alarL De Aaisre J He sa" he %rench Revoluion as an aac# on he monarchy

and he church he hrone and alar) He surmised ha "ihou hese "o insiuions o

 provide a sense of ma@esy and uniy no sociey could survive&**) 2yllabus of ?rrors Pope Pius :O issued in 1B/4 sharply criici7ed liberalism for undermining

religion and radiional order& 2aid "o grievous errors of realism "ere ha human reason

"ihou any regard o 0od is no la" iself and conains no naural force o secure he "ealh

of men and naions, and ha he !aholic religion "as no he sole religion of he sae and

he sole mode of "orship&

*/) Revol of he Aasses - 8ose rega y 0asse J defenders of liberal democracy adoped a

conservaive sance in he face of fascism& !onservaives say ha if "e mus live in a mass

sociey "e mus recogni7e o pu po"er in he ones "ho rise above he mass& r he masses

need o learn self-resrain and curb heir appeie of "ealh, propery, and po"er, and adop

radiional "ays

*;) K"o cheers for capialismL J :rving +risol assers ha capialism, or more precisely

 bourgeois capialism, is "orhy of "o cheersI ne cheer, because Gi "or#s, in a Cuie

simple, maerial senseG, by improving he condiions of people& 6nd a second cheer, because

i is Gcongenial o a large measure of personal liberyG& These are no small achievemens, he

argues, and only capialism has proved capable of providing hem& 'u i also imposes a grea

Gpsychic burdenG upon he individual and he social order as "ell& 'ecause i does no mee

he individual(s G(e=isenial( human needsG, i creaes a Gspiriual malaiseG ha hreaens he

legiimacy of ha social order& 6s much as anyhing else, i is he "ihholding of ha hird

cheer ha is he disincive mar# of neoconservaism, as +risol undersands i&

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*B) K"e han#iesL Aargare Thacher, $es ypically opposed her sric monearis policies o

ac#le inflaion as "ell as her reducion of   public spending&

*9) Kdefining deviancy do"nL Daniel Paric# Aoynihan eCuivalen of GpermissivenessG in

 poliical rheoric abou crime and criminal @usice& The erm implies ha he problem is

 public olerance of inolerable behavior and ha he soluion is resurrecing radiional

sandards by sepping up repression of underclass conduc& $ih an increase in devian

 behavior, redefines deviance and lo"ers he KnormalL level of deviancy "arraned by he

increase in such behavior& :n laymans erms, "ih an increase in violen behavior, some

crimes become normal and only e=raordinary crimes are of ineres o us&

/) :ll Ta#e Ay 2and 6 collecion of essays published in 19 by he 2ouhern 6grarians& They

echoed heir senimens defending he radiional agriculural sociey of he souh agains he

invasion of indusrial sociey from he norh& They argued he agriculural sociey "ill be

radiional and conneced "ih propery and family& 3ierally and figuraively an agriculural

sociey is concerned "ih roos "hile he indusrial sociey is rooless and gives "ay in he

face of producion and consumpion in ha sociey&

/1) 19. criical elecion J Presidenial elecion "on by %ran#lin Delano Roosevel Kcriical

elecionG mar#ed he collapse of he %ourh Pary 2ysem or Progressive ?ra& The voers soon

"ere realigned ino he %ifh Pary 2ysem, dominaed by Roosevel(s >e" Deal !oaliion& :n

many "ays, Roosevel(s legacy sill defines he Democraic Pary he forged an

enduring >e" Deal !oaliion of big ciy machines, he $hie 2ouh, inellecuals, labor

unions, !aholics, 8e"s, and $eserners& :n 19/, 6frican-6mericans "ere added o he

coaliion 6frican-6mericans had previously been denied he voe or voed Republican)&/.) :deas Have !onseCuences by Richard $eaver a radiionalis arguing for he case of religion

using hisorical and philosophical erms& He believed ha he "es had come of is rails "hen

$illiam of ccams nominalism undermined he belief in universal ruhs& $eaver believed

man had o recover a meaphysical vision of human e=isence and he credied order "ih

respec for ruh in language and privae propery&/) 0od and Aan a 5ale - 'uc#ley "roe he boo# based on his undergraduae e=periences

a 5ale niversiy& 2aid 5ale 1) reaed !hrisianiy and all religions eCual bu all invalid .)

5ale promoed socialism and collecivism ) academic freedom "as a hoa=, sudens forced

o he lef 4) The alumni should be able o remedy he siuaion by direcing he course of

educaion hrough he rusees& !aused a remendous bac#lash in he enire liberal

esablishmen& 3aunched he career of he mos ouspo#en conservaive of he ne= * years

and opened he door for oher "ell-reasoned aac#s on he liberal esablishmen& >oified

"orld ha insiuions "ere no handing do"n 6merican ideals of !hrisianiy and freemar#e economics& 3ed o conservaive insiuions and eachings&

/4) $arren !our - The $arren !our "as he acivis &2& 2upreme !our led by !hief

8usice ?arl $arren from 19* o 19/9& The 8usices "ho voed consisenly "ih $arren

"ere $illiam 'rennan, Hugo 'lac# , $illiam & Douglas and 6be %oras, "ho formed a

 po"erful five-person ma@oriy capable of deciding any case regardless of "ha ho" oher

8usices held&

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The $arren !our found many ne" righs no e=pressly in he &2& !onsiuion& 6mong oher

imporan $arren !our decisions "ere he follo"ingI

Airanda v& 6ri7ona 19//) esablished sric sandards for ho" police could conduc

cusodial inerrogaions)

?ngel v& <iale limied mandaory school prayer in public schools)

0ris"old v& !onnecicu esablished a righ o privacy for married couples)

'ro"n v& 'oard of ?ducaion 19*4) overurned he  se!arate )ut e*ual  decision of he

&2& 2upreme !our in Plessy v& %erguson)

'erman v& Par#er  allo"ed he a#ing by governmen of privae propery for privae use)

!ooper v& 6aron esablished ha 2upreme !our precedens are binding on he saes)

0ideon v& $ain"righ 19/) esablished an indigen defendan(s righ o appoined

counsel in felony cases)

Reynolds v& 2ims 19/4) Time maga7ine said his abou he $arren !our in 19//I 

:n he no-so-disan pas, he 2upreme !our he"ed o preceden and generally rebuffed

all bu he mos monumenal consiuional Cuesions& 'u ever since ?arl $arren became

!hief 8usice in 19*, a ne" GacivisG cour has hro"n open is @udicial "indo"s o

 pracically every ill and issue of &2& life& :n he face of "ha i regards as legislaive

inacion, he G$arren courG has desegregaed schools, revoluioni7ed criminal @usice,

re"rien he &2& poliical sysem by plunging ino he hic#e of legislaive

reapporionmen& To e=pand he long reach of he !onsiuion, i has imposed almos all

of he 'ill of Righs on he saes as "ell as he %ederal 0overnmen for he firs ime in

&2& hisory&

Time and again, criics have blased he $arren cour for being more poliical han

 @udicial ye ime and again, is conroversial decisions have survived all effors o

override hem by consiuional amendmen& >o surprisingly, he naion(s la"yers no"

figure ha almos every case raises consiuional issues ha may arac he cour& They

appeal more and more cases, and as a resul, more and more decisions raise more and

more issues& ver he years, he cour(s "or#load has risen seadily& :n 194 he cour

handled only 9;; cases, in 19* only 1,1B1& 3as erm i considered a oal of ,./; cases&

/*) Religious Righ- Played heir firs ma@or role in he 19B Reagan ?lecion conservaive

evangelical religious proesans groups ha are characeri7ed by heir srong suppor

of socially conservaive policies& Religious conservaives principally see# o apply he

eachings of paricular religions o poliics, someimes by merely proclaiming he value of

hose eachings, a oher imes by having hose eachings influence la"s& The conemporary

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!hrisian righ became increasingly vocal and organi7ed in reacion o a series of nied

2aes 2upreme !our decisions, noably he decisions agains school prayer, bible reading,

and aborion&//) !onscience of a !onservaive 'y 'arry 0old"aer The boo# "as ghos"rien  by 3& 'ren

'o7ell 8r& The boo# covers limied governmen, civil righs, governmen regulaion, a=es

and spending, he "elfare sae, educaion, and he 2ovie Aenace& : ranslaed he ideas of

conservaive inellecuals ino an uncomplicaed and clear prose ino somehing accessible by

a common audience& 0old"aer brough he hree conservaive branches ino a fusion and

ended he 1* year debae over ideals& The boo# made 0old"aer he spo#esperson for

conservaism and made he absrac ideas of conservaism ino a pracical poliical

 philosophy& Recruied for he conservaive cause&

/;) 5oung 6mericans for %reedom - 56% is an ideologically conservaive youh acivism

organi7aion ha "as founded in 19/, as a coaliion be"een radiional

conservaives and liberarians& %ormed ou of he 0old"aer for vice presiden campaign& The

conservaive aciviss "ho firs organi7ed hemselves Ehrough 56%F in he early 19/s&

0uided by 'ill 'uc#ley and he 2haron 2aemen hey "ere he force behind he rise

of 'arry 0old"aer , laer he elecion of Ronald Reagan as 0overnor of !alifornia, he

a#eover of he Republican Pary from he liberal "ing ha conrolled i for decades, he

elecion of Ronald Reagan as presiden, and he reversion of !ongress o Republican conrol

for he firs ime in 4 years&/B) Phyllis 2chlafly- is a prominen auhor  and conservaive acivis, and founder of he ?agle

%orum& Phyllis 2chlafly is ofen called he conservaives( Gfirs ladyG& 2he is especially noed

as one of he leaders of opposiion o he ?Cual Righs 6mendmen, and o feminism, in

general&

/9) ?ngle v& <iale - 19/.) "as he &2& 2upreme !our decision ha banned classroom prayer

from  public schools& 2pecifically, he !our ruled Gsae officials may no compose an official

sae prayer and reCuire ha i be recied in he public schools of he 2ae a he beginning of

each school day - even if he prayer is denominaionally neural and pupils "ho "ish o do so

may remain silen or be e=cused from he room "hile he prayer is being recied&G

8usice Hugo 'lac#  "roe he opinion for he /-1 !our& Aobili7ed he religious righ due o

he reinerpreaion of he firs amendmens esablishmen clause& 3ed o a number of privae

!hrisian schools& Has been par of he campaigns of 0old"aer, >i=on, and Reagan&

Resoraion of legal prayer and bible reading is a prominen iem on he agenda of he

religious righ

;) Rober 'or#- 'or# formerly served as 2olicior 0eneral, 6cing 6orney 0eneral, and @udgefor he nied 2aes !our of 6ppeals for he Disric of !olumbia !ircui& :n 19B;, he

"as nominaed o he 2upreme !our  by Presiden Ronald Reagan "hich se off an inense

figh over his nominaion ha has carried over ino every nominaion o his day& The lef

 beraed him for his policies on aborions, civil righs& 'or# "as defeaed by a voe of *B-4.

and he nominaion "as an embarrassmen for Reagan and he conservaives& The

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conservaives oo# a"ay a beer undersanding of ho" o nominae and a reali7aion ha

alhough a nominee may be "ell Cualified hey "ould sill be sub@ec o hypocrisy&

;1) %ederalis 2ociey - is an organi7aion of  conservaives see#ing reform of he

curren 6merican legal sysemE1F in accordance "ih

a e=ualis andor originalis inerpreaion of he &2& !onsiuion& The %ederalis 2ociey

 began a 5ale 3a" 2chool, Harvard 3a" 2chool, and he niversiy of !hicago 3a"

2chool in 19B. as a suden organi7aion ha challenged "ha is members perceived as he

orhodo= 6merican ideology found in mos la" schools& The 2ociey assers ha i Gis

founded on he principles ha he sae e=iss o preserve freedom, ha he separaion of

governmenal po"ers is cenral o our  !onsiuion, and ha i is emphaically he province

and duy of he @udiciary o say "ha he la" is, no "ha i should be& 3oo# o %ederalis ;B

 by Hamilon and he belief @udges should rule on he basis of @udgmen of he la" no by "ill&

;.) $illmoore +endall73) K:mmanei7ing he eschaonL - rying o bring abou he eschaon he final, heaven-li#e

sage of hisory) in he immanen "orld& : has been used by conservaive criics,

foremos $illiam %& 'uc#ley, as a  pe@oraive reference o cerain uopian pro@ecs, such

as socialism, communism and ranshumanism&E1F :n all hese cone=s i means Grying o

ma#e ha "hich belongs o he aferlife happen here and no" on ?arh)G or Grying o creae

heaven here on ?arh&G :n modern parlance, he phrase "as coined by ?ric <oegelin in The

 "e$ Science o% 1olitics in 19*.& Than#s o $illiam %& 'uc#ley(s populari7aion of he phrase,

5oung 6mericans for %reedom urned i ino a poliical slogan&