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AMERICA IN THE MODERN AGE
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
WORLD WAR II
THE COLD WAR
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
ELECTION OF 1932
Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt Promises a “new deal”
and restored prosperity. Republican
Herbert Hoover Roosevelt wins in a
landslide Hoover only wins 6
states.
Election of 1932
THE NEW DEAL
Introduced by FDR in his first 100 days.Introduced by FDR in his first 100 days. Closes all banks and calls Congress into Closes all banks and calls Congress into
special session.special session. Banking legislation passed- only healthy Banking legislation passed- only healthy
banks allowed to reopen.banks allowed to reopen. Introduces New Deal Programs- govt. Introduces New Deal Programs- govt.
sponsored job relief programs.sponsored job relief programs.
NEW DEAL PROGRAMS
Civilian Conservation Corps. (CCC)Civilian Conservation Corps. (CCC) provided jobs to build bridges and set provided jobs to build bridges and set
up flood control on rivers.up flood control on rivers. Ft. Peck DamFt. Peck Dam
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Built dams on the Tennessee River for Built dams on the Tennessee River for
cheap electricity to the South. cheap electricity to the South.
NEW DEAL PROGRAMS
National Recovery Act (NRA)National Recovery Act (NRA) Regulated wages, prices, and working Regulated wages, prices, and working
conditionsconditions
Federal Deposit Insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)Corporation (FDIC) Govt. insured savings accounts in banks.Govt. insured savings accounts in banks.
Rural Electrification Project (REA)Rural Electrification Project (REA) Extended electricity to rural areas.Extended electricity to rural areas.
NEW DEAL PROGRAMS
Works Progress Administration Works Progress Administration (WPA)(WPA) Employed men to build schools, Employed men to build schools,
hospitals, parks, etc. hospitals, parks, etc.
Social Security Act (SSA)Social Security Act (SSA) Set up a system of pensions for the Set up a system of pensions for the
elderly, unemployed, and handicapped.elderly, unemployed, and handicapped.
Agriculture Adjustment Admin. Agriculture Adjustment Admin. (AAA)(AAA) Paid farmers not to farm certain crops.Paid farmers not to farm certain crops.
NEW DEAL
New Deal reaches its highpoint in 1936. Created a government Created a government
which extended itself which extended itself into all facets of life.into all facets of life.
Created a society that Created a society that became reliant on govt. became reliant on govt. support.support.
ELECTION OF 1936
Democrats Franklin Roosevelt
Republicans Alfred Landon New Deal so popular he New Deal so popular he
refuses to campaign refuses to campaign against it.against it.
Roosevelt wins all but 2 states
Election of 1936
WORLD WAR II
RISE OF DICTATORS
Three (3) events that led to their rise
1. Great Depression in Europe following WWI.
2. Anger over the Treaty of Versailles
Germany
3. Strong sense of nationalism Desire that all peoples with like
languages and cultures should be together in one country.
BENITO MUSSOLINI
Leads the Fascist Party of Italy to power in 1922.
Outlaws all political parties except Fascists.
Takes control of press, schools, religion.
Invades Ethiopia with no interference by the League of Nations.
ADOLF HITLER
Head of the Nazi Party in Germany- 1933
Blames Jews for German problems and calls for the creation of the Aryan Race.
Blond haired, blue-eyed Germans
Creates a totalitarian state in which Nazi Party controls all of the govt., schools, and religion.
JAPAN
Hirohito- Emperor of Japan.
Militarists dominate the government. Hideki Tojo- War
Minister. 1932- Seizes
Manchuria. 1936- leaves the
League of Nations and invades China.
THE BEGINING OF THE WAR 1935: Germany rearms. 1936: Germany takes the
Rhineland. 1937: Germany, Italy,
Japan form the Axis Powers.
1938: Germany seizes Sudetenland and Austria.
1939: Germany invades Czechoslovakia.
EUROPEAN RESPONSE
Britain and France adopt appeasement policy at Munich Conference to let Hitler have what he has taken.
America adopts Neutrality Acts.
Soviet Union signs Nazi-Soviet Pact to agree not to attack each other.
September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland.
EUROPEAN RESPONSE
September 3, 1939: September 3, 1939: Britain and France Britain and France declare war on declare war on Germany.Germany.
Election of 1940
Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt Runs for an
unprecedented 3rd term. Republican
Wendell Wilkie Wall Street investor
Election overshadowed Hitler’s invasion of France.
Roosevelt wins!!
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
President of the United States.
Crippled by polio. Neutrality Acts ban sale of
arms and loans to nations at war.
Supports cash-and-carry policy which limited amounts of arms given to help British.
WINSTON CHURCHILL
Becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1940.
Noted for his stirring speeches and bulldog confidence.
Leads Britain against Nazi aggression.
Pressures for the United States to enter the war.
JOSEPH STALIN
Succeeds Lenin upon his death in 1922.
Had all of his political opponents killed.
Trotsky
Govt. takes control of all aspects of economy.
Signs pact with Germany to stay out of war.
THE WORLD AT WAR
Hitler uses blitzkrieg “lightning war” against Europe.
Spring, 1940: Germany invades Denmark, Belgium, and France.
June, 1940- France falls to the Nazis.
Hitler presides over the surrender in the same railroad car as the 1918 Armistice.
LEND-LEASE
1941 proposal to Congress by Roosevelt.
British running short on money.
United States greatly increased its production of military equipment so that it could be leant to the British and the Allies.
$7 billion dollars used to build airplanes, ships, and tanks.
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
July-October, 1940. Germany attempts to invade
using airplane bombers. Over 1000 planes attack in one
day. Heavily bombed people of
London begin to build more planes for own attacks.
“This is our finest hour”- Churchill
Deter German land invasion.
GERMAN ADVANCES
Fall, 1940: Germany takes Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria.
June, 1941: Germany advances on the Soviet Union with 3.8 million troops.
Invades in 3 areas: Leningrad Moscow Kiev
Atlantic Conference
August 14, 1941. Roosevelt and Churchill
meet for the first time. Located in a secret
location near Newfoundland.
Atlantic Charter is signed calling for world peace and self-determination.
INVASION OF RUSSIA
October, 1941 German troops come within 7
miles of Leningrad (St. Petersburg).
Occupy Moscow and come 15 miles of the Kremlin walls.
Russians fight back. America includes in Lend-
Lease policy. Cold Russian winter hard on
Germans. 250,000 dead 500,000 wounded.
AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR
July, 1941- America freezes Japanese assets for aggression in the Pacific.
November, 1941- negotiations between the U.S and Japan fail.
Sunday, December 7, 1941- Pearl Harbor, Hawaii bombed by Japanese planes at 7:55 a.m.
19 ships and 150 planes destroyed.
AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR
December 8, 1941: President December 8, 1941: President Roosevelt formally asks Congress Roosevelt formally asks Congress to declare war on Japan.to declare war on Japan.
December 11: Germany and Italy December 11: Germany and Italy declare war on America.declare war on America.
WARTIME ALLIANCES
ALLIESALLIES United States Britain France Soviet Union
AXISAXIS Germany Italy Japan
The Pacific Theater1941-1945
Admiral Chester Nimitz
U.S. Pacific Fleet Commander
General Douglas MacArthur
Supreme Allied Commander of Southwest Pacific Area
Battle of Java Sea
February 27, 1942. First encounter between
the Allies (U.S./Britain/Australia) and Japan.
Japanese sink 5 Allied cruiser ships and 5 Allied destroyers.
Major defeat for the Allies.
BATTLES IN THE PACIFIC
Battle of Coral Sea: May 4-8, 1942-American and Australian naval forces hold Japan at bay.
Battle of Midway: June 4-7, 1942- America sinks 4 Japanese aircraft carriers.
Battle of Guadalcanal: August, 1942-Feb., 1943U.S. Marines take islands for naval base.
Invasion of the Philippines
General Douglas MacArthur Forced to leave the
Philippines in 1942. “I shall return.”
Returns in October, 1944 and wins. Battle of Leyte Gulf
Sets up a base in Manila to plan an invasion of Japan.
Battle of Coral Battle of Coral SeaSea
Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway
Battle of Battle of GuadalcanalGuadalcanal
Battle of Leyte Battle of Leyte GulfGulf
Iwo JimaIwo Jima
European Theater1942-1945
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Supreme Allied Commander
Marshal Georgy Zhukov
Soviet Field Marshal
NORTH AFRICAN CAMPAIGN
Gen. Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) attacks Suez Canal. Attempt to take oil fields
of the Middle East. Stopped at El Alamein in
November, 1942.
NORTH AFRICANCAMPAIGN
Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower and British Gen. Bernard Montgomery lead Allies to victory. Operation Torch-
American forces land in Morocco and Algeria in Nov., 1942.
Tunisia Campaign May, 1943- Germany
driven from North Africa.
INVASION OF ITALY
July, 1943- Island of Sicily invaded.July, 1943- Island of Sicily invaded. Allies invade Italy from North Africa.Allies invade Italy from North Africa.
September, 1943- Allied forces land at September, 1943- Allied forces land at Salerno.Salerno.
Mussolini flees Italy for Germany.Mussolini flees Italy for Germany. Caught by his own people and executed.Caught by his own people and executed.
Italian army surrenders, but German Italian army surrenders, but German army continues to fight.army continues to fight.
June, 1944- Allies march into Rome.June, 1944- Allies march into Rome.
BATTLE FOR RUSSIA
July, 1942- Battle of Stalingrad.July, 1942- Battle of Stalingrad. Russians destroy their own cities so Russians destroy their own cities so
Germans would have “nothing to Germans would have “nothing to conquer.”conquer.”
November, 1942- Soviets counterattack led November, 1942- Soviets counterattack led by Marshal Zhukov.by Marshal Zhukov.
850,000 German casualties.850,000 German casualties. 750,000 Russian casualties.750,000 Russian casualties.
July, 1943- Battle of KurskJuly, 1943- Battle of Kursk Germans forced to withdraw.Germans forced to withdraw.
Tehran Conference
November/December, 1943.
First meeting of the “Big Three.”
Agreements1. Invasion of France set for
May, 1944.2. Borders of Poland
discussed.3. Russia would declare war
on Japan once Germany was defeated.
D-DAY
Operation Overlord- Operation Overlord- invasion of France via invasion of France via English Channel.English Channel.
Gen. Eisenhower leadsGen. Eisenhower leads June 6, 1944- Beaches of June 6, 1944- Beaches of
Normandy, France are Normandy, France are invaded by 3 million Allied invaded by 3 million Allied troops.troops.
July 25, 1944- General July 25, 1944- General Omar Bradley opens up a Omar Bradley opens up a gap using heavy artillery.gap using heavy artillery.
General George Patton and General George Patton and the 3the 3rdrd Army race across Army race across France.France.
Aug. 25, 1944- Paris Aug. 25, 1944- Paris liberated.liberated.
OPERATION OVERLORD
D-DAY IMAGES
AMERICAN ADVANCE ON GERMANY
Invasion of France creates a second front.
German forces decimated at Russian front.
Sept., 1944- Allied troops reach Germany.
March, 1945- General Patton goes on a major offensive. 68,000 Germans
captured in 4 days
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
Mid-December, 1944 Major German
counterattack in Belgium, while Allied troops are stalled.
FAILS !!! American advances to
Berlin are delayed.
RUSSIAN ADVANCE ON GERMANY
Russians advance through Eastern Europe.
April, 1945- Soviet troops reach Berlin.
EAST MEETS WEST
April 26, 1945- April 26, 1945- Russian and Russian and American troops meet American troops meet at the Elbe River.at the Elbe River.
El AlameinEl Alamein
Operation TorchOperation Torch
Tunisia CampaignTunisia Campaign
Sicily InvasionSicily Invasion
SalernoSalerno
Battle of KurskBattle of Kursk
Operation Operation OverlordOverlord
Battle of the Battle of the BulgeBulge
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
Japan severely weakened by U.S. forces.
Island Hopping Campaign- Feb.- March, 1945- America captures Japanese controlled islands Philippines, Iwo Jima
Kamikaze- Japanese suicide runs w/ planes.
YALTA CONFERENCE
Meeting of the “Big Three” in Feb., 1945.
Agreements made1. Germany divided into 4
zones.
2. Germany would pay for war and lose military.
3. Created United Nations
4. Stalin demands Poland to be “pro-Russian.”
5. Soviet Union agrees to enter the war against Japan after the defeat of Germany.
DEATH OF HITLER
July, 1944- Assassination attempt by German generals. Hitler survives.
Soviet forces invade Berlin. Hitler marries long-time
girlfriend, Anna Braun April 30, 1945- they commit
suicide in bunker by swallowing cyanide capsules.
Bodies burned by German soldiers.
Hitler’s last official photo
DEATH OF ROOSEVELT
Election of 1944Election of 1944 Roosevelt defeats Roosevelt defeats
Thomas Dewey for a Thomas Dewey for a 44thth term. term.
63 years old, very sick 63 years old, very sick with influenza, high with influenza, high blood pressure, and blood pressure, and congestive heart failure.congestive heart failure.
April 12, 1945- suffers a April 12, 1945- suffers a stroke at Warm Springs, stroke at Warm Springs, Georgia.Georgia.
April 15, 1945- State April 15, 1945- State FuneralFuneral
HARRY S. TRUMAN
Becomes President on death of Roosevelt.
“out of the loop” on war-time planning.
Orders drop of Atomic Bomb to “save American lives.”
THE END OF THE WAR
June, 1944- D-Day May 8, 1945-
Germany surrenders (V-E Day)
August 6, 1945- Atomic Bomb dropped on:
Hiroshima (70,000 killed)
Nagasaki (40,000 killed)
THE END OF THE WAR
August 14, 1945- Japan surrenders (V-J Day)
THE HOLOCAUST
Discovered after the war was over.
Hitler’s policy of killing. Over 6 million Jews
imprisoned, murdered, or starved.
Nazi leaders captured and tried at Nuremberg Trials
THE HOLOCAUSTDEATH CAMPS
Auschwitz- 12,000 Jews killed/day.
Gas Chambers believed to be “shower rooms”
Jewelry, tooth fillings, etc. taken and melted down.
Hair taken and used as furniture stuffing.
IMAGES OF THE HOLOCAUST
THE COLD WAR
Potsdam Conference
July-August, 1945. Potsdam Agreement
1. Demilitarization of Germany.
2. Future of German allies to be determined at a later date.
3. Nazi war criminals to be tried at Nuremburg.
4. Soviet influence allowed in Eastern Europe.
“The Iron Curtain”
Soviet Union controls nations of Eastern Europe, each with a pro-Moscow Communist government.
1946-1947- Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria
1948- Czechoslovakia Churchill calls this the, “Iron
Curtain.” Germany split into East
Germany (pro-Soviet) and West Germany (Independent).
UNITED NATIONS
Created in 1945. Member nations agreed
to bring all disputes to. Any nation can belong. 5 Permanent members
1. United States2. Great Britain3. Soviet Union4. China5. France
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
1947- Soviet Union threatens Greece and Turkey.
United States would send $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey to help stop the Communists.
“It must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting outside pressures.”
MARSHALL PLAN
Plan by Secretary of Plan by Secretary of State George State George Marshall to rebuild Marshall to rebuild post-war Europe.post-war Europe.
Believed that by Believed that by helping these people, helping these people, it would avoid it would avoid Communist threatsCommunist threats
Between 1948-1952 Between 1948-1952 the United States the United States would give $12 would give $12 billion in aid to billion in aid to Western Europe.Western Europe.
Aid offered to Aid offered to Eastern Europe, but Eastern Europe, but turned down.turned down.
BERLIN BLOCKADE
Berlin divided into 4 zones United States, Great
Britain, France, Soviet Union.
Stalin cuts off all highway and rail traffic in June, 1948.
Berlin Airlift
•Ordered by Harry Truman in June, 1948.•Daily food drops into Berlin.•Planes land every 4 minutes at the airport.•Ends in May, 1949.
•1 year and 2 months.
•277,804 flights.
•2,325,809 tons of food and supplies.
OPPOSING ALLIANCES
NATONATO North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
United States and nations of Western Europe.
Created in April, 1949.
Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact Military organization
of the Communist Nations.
Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania.
Created in May, 1955.
ELECTION OF 1948
Democrats Harry S. Truman
Republicans Thomas Dewey
Dixiecrats Strom Thurmond
Truman travels the country by train- “whistle stop” campaign.
Dewey leads in the polls the entire campaign.
First use of Gallup Polls. “Dewey Defeats Truman”
Election of 1948
The “War” on Communism
Truman takes it upon himself to stop communism from spreading around the world.
Many 3rd world nations susceptible to the ideals of communism.
The Korean War
1950-1953
Korean Peninsula
Korean peninsula divided into north and south at 38th Parallel after WWII.
People’s Republic of Korea (Communist North) led by Kim Il Sung.
Republic of Korea (Capitalist South) led by Syngman Rhee.
KOREAN WAR
June 25, 1950- Invasion of South by communist North.
U.N. forces led by Gen. MacArthur push into the North.
Chinese help communist North to push back south of the 38th.
Phase 1- UN Defensive
June, 1950- North invades South.
Truman appoints Douglas Mac Arthur commander of United Nations forces.
North Koreans allowed to advance until adequate American forces could arrive.
Phase 2- UN Offensive
September, 1950- Reinforced American forces engage North Koreans and push them back.
October, 1950- UN forces cross the border and occupy North Korea.
Last week of October major resistance is encountered.
Phase 3- CCF Intervention
Communist Chinese Forces (CCF) reinforce North Korea.
UN forces continue to the Yalu River.
Chinese and N. Koreans continue to push back.
December, 1950- UN Forces pushed south of the 38th parallel.
January, 1951- Seoul is retaken by North Korea.
Phase 4- Spring Offensive
Operation Thunderbolt launched.
UN forces push back to the 38th parallel.
Gen. MacArthur Fired
Douglas MacArthur openly criticizes Truman for the handling of the war.
Wants to invade China. April, 1951- MacArthur is
recalled and relieved of duty.
Replaced by Mathew Ridgeway.
End of the War
War ends in July 27, 1953. Armistice signed with the border
staying at the 38th Parallel.
Election of 1952
Republicans Dwight D.
Eisenhower “I like Ike.”
Democrats Adlai Stevenson
Eisenhower wins in a landslide.
First Republican elected to Presidency in 20 years.