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America: From Post-Reconstruction to World Power
UNIT 4: SOLs VUS 8a-d; 9a…pre WWI
Review Unit 3:
Westward Expansion• movement of settlers intensified into
the vast region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. (RRs help)
• Homestead Act of 1862– gave free public land in
the western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land.
• Southerners (esp newly freed blacks) moved west to seek new opportunities
Wild Wild West• The years immediately
before and after the Civil War were the era of the American cowboy
• long cattle drives for hundreds of miles
• unfenced open land • Before more RRs,
cattle drives were the only way to get cattle to market.
More Technology changes West
• Railroads
• Mechanical reaper
• Homestead Act
• Barbed Wire
Westward Movement• By 1900 Great Plains and Rocky
Mountain regions no longer “unsettled” no more “frontier” see Turner Thesis*
• Mining Industry makes $$$$
• Large and small farms
• Huge ranches
– Cows
– Horses
– cowboys
• Towns
– Need for goods
– Services of all kinds
– LAW Enforcement!
Famous (and Infamous) Figures of the Wild West
• Calamity Jane
• Annie Oakley
• William Bonny
• Wyatt Earp
• Jesse James
• Frank Dalton
• Cole Younger
• Doc Holliday
• Levi Strauss
• Judge Roy Bean
• Sam Bass
• Belle Starr
• Pat Garrett
• John Pinkerton
• Pony Express
• Wells Fargo
Indian wars• Sand Creek
Massacre, 1864
• Little Big Horn, 1876
• Nez Perce journey 1877 (Chief Joseph)
• Wounded Knee/Ghost Dance
General George Custer
• General US Army
• Led US army at Battle of Little Bighorn
• Battle aka: “Custer’s Last Stand”
• 1876
Dawes Act: 1887 Attempt to “fix” Indian Problem
• Reaction to Helen hunt Jackson’s Century of Dishonor
• Passed to try to assimilate Native Americans– Give them land
– Teach them to farm and ranch
– Make them “self-supporting”
• Failed:– No training or interest
– Poor land
– Concept of land “ownership” is hard to grasp culturally
– Attached to buffalo and/or reservations
Industrialization
• Resources: natural, human, capital
• Technology
• Environment good for growth
Reasons for Economic Transformation• Government policies of
laissez-faire capitalism and special considerations ( land grants to railroad builders)
• Corporation (limited liability)• The increasing labor
supply (from immigration and migration from farms)
• America’s possession of a wealth of natural resources and navigable rivers
Technological Changes• Bessemer steel process• Light bulb and electricity as
a source of power and light (Thomas Edison)
• Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell)• Airplane (Wright Brothers)• Assembly line
manufacturing (Henry Ford)
Politics and Reform in the “Gilded Age”
The term "gilded age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner to describe the concentration of wealth in late nineteenth-century American society. During this period, some aggressive capitalists called _______________ amassed unprecedented fortunes. ………Meanwhile, as the drive to accumulate wealth translated into miserable working conditions in factories, coal mines, and oil fields, violent strikes broke out throughout the country.
Economic Changes lead to expansion of big business
• A. Corporation: legal entity separate from the owners– Limited liability for owners– Ability to sell stock (shares
of company)– (Better able to raise
money)
Economic Changes lead to expansion of big business
• B. Monopolies: when corporations grow quickly and merge into a GIGANTIC one leading to 1 business with NO COMPETITION! (why is that bad??)
Types of Monopolies– *Pools = informal or secret agreement among
business owners to fix prices or divide territory– *Trusts =legal arrangement that lets one person
manage another person’s property (a trustee) (Trustees together can control a group of companies as if they were one large company)
– “Holding Companies”= just owns the stock shares of companies that make things
Industrial LeadersAndrew Carnegie (steel)
John D. Rockefeller (oil) J.P. Morgan (finance)
Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads)
“Laissez-Faire”
• Origins:The phrase comes from the FRENCH language and literally means "let do", but it broadly implies "let it be", or "leave it alone."
• Economics:
• Politics:
• Society:
Labor Strikes• Haymarket Square 1886: general strike for 8 hr day; Chicago got violent, anarchist group protested shootings, bomb was thrown and more were killed **linked to radicals
• Homestead Strike 1892: opposed 20% wage cut for Carnegie Steel workers; lockout with Pinkertons on patrol; several killed 4 months gov sent in militia
• Pullman Strike 1893: RR workers protest rent prices and wage cuts; other workers refused to handle Pullman cars & tied up US MAIL DELIVERY…Pres. Cleveland used troops. See In Re Debs decision.
Rise of Labor Unions• Knights of Labor• American Federation of
Labor (Samuel Gompers)
• American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs)
• Industrial Ladies’ Garment Workers Union
From the Strikes:
• Workers GAINED:
– Limited work hours
– Regulated work conditions
Immigrants flock to America• Prior to 1871, most
immigrants to America came from northern and western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden).
• During the half-century from 1871 until 1921, most immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe
(Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, and present-day Hungary and Yugoslavia), as well as Asia (China and Japan).
Immigrants flock to America• Immigrants made valuable
contributions-- – Chinese workers helped to
build the Transcontinental Railroad
– Immigrants worked in textile and steel mills in the Northeast, the clothing industry in New York City,
– Slavs, Italians, and Poles worked in the coal mines of the East.
– very low pay and in dangerous working conditions
• immigrants from Europe through Ellis Island in New York
• Immigrants from Asia through Angel Island off Coast CA
Statue of Liberty, 1886 from the French
• The New Colossus
Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand
A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name
Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.
"Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she
With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!“
–Emma Lazarus
Benefits and Consequences of Immigration to USA
• Cheap Labor for factories
• Increase tax revenue
• More diversity
• Enriched culture
• Too cheap labor drives wages down
• Take jobs from Americans
• Overcrowding cities and probs
• Hostility/NATIVISM
• “weird cultures” dilute “America”
Immigration• Immigrants:
– settled in ethnic neighborhoods in the cities during the process of assimilation into what was termed the American “melting pot”
– worked hard to learn English
– adopt American customs
– become American citizens
Immigration• Public schools: play an essential role in
assimilating immigrants into American society
Immigration
• NATIVISM:– Immigrants often
faced hardship and hostility
– fear and resentment – take jobs for lower
pay– Force wages down for
established American workers
– prejudice based on religious and cultural differences
Immigrants flock to America
• Mounting resentment led Congress to limit immigration
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and
• Immigration Restriction Act of 1921.
• These laws effectively cut off most immigration to America for the next several decades
Industrial Development & Growth of Cities
• Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York
• Factories in the large cities provided jobs, but workers’ families often lived in harsh conditions
• Population crowded into tenements and slums.
Issues with Rapid Growth of Cities
– Public services strain to keep up
• Housing shortage
• Sewage and water treatment
• Food supplies
• Transportation
–New York City began construction of the world’s first subway system around the turn of the 20th century, and many cities built trolley or streetcar lines.
Admission of new states• As the population moved westward, many new states in the
Great Plains and Rocky Mountains were added to the Union. By the early 20th century, all the states that make up the continental United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, had been admitted.
Government of Gilded Age• Corruption
• Spoils system/patronage
• Party politics and fierce “win the White House” competition…no real discussion about solving real problems in the country– Stalwarts and Half-
breeds
Corruption
• General “badness” and incompetence in government workers
• Pendleton Act 1883 creates a Civil Service Commission (applicants must pass a test to prove they are smart enough to hold a gov’t job)
Two Party system: support base
• Republicans– Reconstruction– “patriots”– Reformers– Farmers– Big business– “morality”
• Democrats– Hate “Yankee-
republicans”– “South will rise again-
ers”– Segregators– City people (esp.
immigrants and Catholics)
– “personal liberty” (except for blacks)
Election Scams and Graft• Local party
bosses and their political machines controlled election outcomes– Ex: Boss Wm
Tweed of Tammany Hall in NYC
Economic Problems• Money Supply (paper vs. metal backed) and interest
rates hurt farmers• Tariffs hurt farmers• Falling crop prices hurt farmers• Railroad Companies and large corporations were
making deals with each other…and hurt farmers• Small businesses and farmers suffer from unfair
practices• THIRD PARTY emerges: People’s Party/POPULISM
Economic Issues
• Supreme court case: Wabash vs. Illinois said “states can’t restrict rates on traffic between states (on a RR) because that was for the federal gov’t to do!”
• Interstate Commerce Commission was set up BUT…
• People had to rely on the courts to enforce the rulings….(not responsive)
Populist Party• 1st major 3rd party
since the Free Soilers
• Support base: farmers in South and the West
• Pit themselves against the “big money” businesses of the East and the North
Populist Party Platform• Free Silver (for currency)
• No tariffs
• Graduated income tax (later 16th amendment)
• Gov’t owned RR and communications
• Secret ballot/direct election of senators (later 17th amendment)
• Limits on immigration
Populist Party: results and Misc
• The party fell apart because times get better by chance/fate ….(there was more gold discovered, Europeans were demanding more trade, immigration went up and stimulated demand for more food (to support increase in city people)
Attempts to Improve
• McKinley Tariff 1890: led to deficit
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890: declared monopolies and trusts illegal (BUT…had to rely on lower courts to enforce ruling)– Precedent was set (“it’s the
thought that really counts!)
Discrimination and Segregation• After Reconstruction,
many Southern state governments passed “Jim Crow” laws forcing separation of the races in public places.
• Intimidation and crimes were directed against African Americans (lynchings)
African American Responses• Ida B. Wells led an anti-lynching crusade and called on the federal
government to take action.• Booker T. Washington believed the way to equality was through
vocational education and economic success; he accepted social separation.
• W.E.B. Du Bois believed that education was meaningless without equality. He supported political equality for African Americans by helping to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Segregation = Legal Racism• African Americans
looked to the courts to safeguard their rights.
• In Plessy v. Ferguson 1896, the Supreme Court ruling established the
“separate but equal” doctrine.
• upheld the “Jim Crow” laws of the era until 1954. (Br. V Brd)
• Homer Plessy was 1/8 African-American, a Creole who staged the incident to challenge the Louisiana law
Point to areas Industrial Nations will …..DOMINTATE non-Industrial nations
IMPERIALISM
• Definition: The domination of the political, economic or cultural life of another country– “A stronger, more powerful country takes over
a weaker one”– Colonies– Protectorates– Spheres of influence
Causes of Imperialism
• Economic causes:– Need for RESOURCES (coal, iron, cash crops,
various other “RAW MATERIALS”)– Need for MARKETS– Remember Age of Exploration?– Remember Mercantilism?
• Gold/Silver
• Favorable balance of trade
• Colonies for raw materials AND markets
• Tariffs on imports from other countries
Causes of Imperialism
• Technological: technology and scientific advances made it possible for “developed countries” to take over non-developed
• “Developed” means:– Industrial– Modern– …aggressive
Causes of Imperialism
• Political/Military: need for military bases to protect financial investments and to establish political influence (international)
–Military might follows the MONEY
Causes of Imperialism
• Social/Cultural:
– Western arrogance and ideas of “saving” the world while profiting in the process
– Social Darwinism
– Racism
– Christian Missionary zeal
– Greed??
Colonies• This is an expensive form of imperialism in which a
mother country sets up a bureaucracy to govern the locals. Under this form, rule can be either direct or indirect
Protectorates• In this form of imperialism, local rulers are left in
place with the understanding that they would accept advice of rulers from abroad, especially on trade, military or cultural issues.
Imperialism in ASIA:
Imperialism (Creation of International Markets)
• Open Door Policy —Secretary of State John Hay proposed a policy that would give all nations equal trading rights in China.
• President Fillmore Sent Matthew Perry to open trade with Japan
Imperialism in AFRICA
Asia and the Pacific
• Hawaii —U.S. efforts to depose Hawaii’s monarchy; U.S. annexation of Hawaii
• Philippines —Annexed after Spanish American War
• Open Door Policy —Urged all foreigners in China to obey Chinese law, observe fair competition
Spanish American War
• Cubans being oppressed and exploited
• Americans invest $$$$$ in Cuban business, industry and sugar plantations
• Many Americans support the rebels (yellow journalism, etc)
• Spain cracks down on rebellion and does bad things to Cubans
• USS Maine goes to Havana harbor “just in case” and explodes
• “Remember the Maine” cry whips up war fever
71
“Yellow Journalism”
“You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the
war”-- William Randolph Hearst
72
The Philippines
CubaUSA
• February, 25, 1898, -• Assistant Secretary
Theodore Roosevelt ordered Admiral Dewey to prepare for the Asian war
Imperialism in Latin America• Spanish American War
– Rough Riders– San Juan Hill– Deaths from disease and food
poisoning– “Splendid Little War”
• Puerto Rico was annexed by the United States. – Self-governing commonwelath
• The United States asserted the right to intervene in Cuban affairs– Platt Amendment
Imperialism In Latin America
• Panama Canal and the role of Theodore Roosevelt
• United States encouraged Panama’s independence from Colombia.
• Parties negotiated a treaty to build the canal
Imperialism (Creation of International Markets)
Dollar diplomacy —President Taft urged American banks and businesses to invest in Latin America. He promised that the United States would step in if unrest threatened their investments
Industrial Development and Imperialism
• Industrialization brings both good and bad things– Rapid urbanization– Extreme wealth and extreme poverty– Bad living conditions– Bad working conditions– …….”misery festers”
Progressive Movement- Reform problems
created by industrialization
- Working conditions for labor:– Dangerous working
conditions– Child labor– Long hours, low
wages, no job security, no benefits
– Company towns– Employment of
women
Antitrust Legislation
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
- Prevents any business structure that “restrains trade” (monopolies)
Clayton Anti-Trust Act - Expands Sherman
Anti-Trust Act- outlaws price-fixing;- exempts unions
from Sherman Act
Women’s Suffrage
- Was a forerunner of modern protest movement
- Benefited from strong leadership (Susan B. Anthony)
- Encouraged women to enter the labor force during World War I
- Resulted in 19th Amendment to the Constitution
Child Labor- Muckraking literature describing abuses of child labor- Child labor laws
Goals of Progressive Movement
• Government controlled by people
• More government regulation to ensure economic opportunities
• The “elimination” of social injustices
Caption:
“The Infant Hercules and the Standard Oil Serpents”
Progressive Accomplishments• Local Government
- New forms to meet needs of increasing urbanization (commission and council manager)
• State Government- Referendum- Initiative- Recall
• Elections- Primary elections- Direct election of U.S. Senators (17th Amendment)- Secret ballot
Woodrow Wilson: Part I
Election 1912= 4 way race
• Teddy Roosevelt back in Action with Bull Moose/Progressive Party/former Republican
• Taft: Republican incumbent
• Euguene Debs :Socialist Party
• Woodrow Wilson: Democrat– He wins and has a reformist/Progressive agenda
that wins him a second term
Wilson’s “New Freedom”
• 1) Favoring of small enterprise
• 2) Increased individual competition
• 3) Vigorous enforcement of ANTI-TRUST laws
• 4) A “FREE MARKET" for the economy
• **Broad social programs BUT forcing people to work hard to better themselves too
Wilson’s Progressive Actions• Federal trade Commission
– Ensures businesses comply with regulations• Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914• Lowers tariffs • Major financial reforms• Established Federal Reserve System • Appoints 1st Jewish Supreme Court Justice
Wilson’s “NOT-SO Progressive” Actions
• segregated offices in federal government
• Opposed womens’ suffrage
• Praised the racist film Birth of a Nation
• Espionage and Sedition Acts during WWI
End of Progressive Era
• World War I erupts in August 1914
• Ends progressive movement in America as Wilson’s attention turns toward WAR….
• “….to be continued in Unit 5”
