America Claims an Empire:America Claims an Empire:

Chapter 10

Honors US History

Mr. Basich

Timeline: What’s Going On?

• United States:• 1898 – The Spanish

American War Begins• 1914 – The Panama

Canal opens• 1917 – The United

States enters WW I

• World:• 1895 - Technology is

developed for the modern radio.

• 1910 – The Mexican Revolution begins

• 1914 – WW I Begins in Europe

Section 1: Objectives

• By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:

• 1. Explain the economic and cultural factors that fueled the growth of American imperialism.

• 2. Describe how the United States acquired Alaska.

• 3. Summarize how the United States took over the Hawaiian Islands.

Section 1: Imperialism and America

• Main Idea: Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition caused the United States to expand.

• Why it Matters Now: During this time period, the United States acquired Hawaii and Alaska, both of which became states in 1959.

• Key Terms:

• Imperialism

• Pearl Harbor

• Key Names:• Queen Liliuokalani• Alfred T. Mahan• William Seward• Sanford B. Dole

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1. Roll out of bed day

2. Super hero day

3. Class color day

4. Formal day

5. Black and gold day

Imperialism and America:

• Throughout the 19th century America expanded control of the continent to the Pacific Ocean

• By 1880, many American leaders felt the U.S. should join European nations and establish colonies overseas

• Thus began America’s foray into Imperialism – the policy in which stronger nations extend control over weaker nations

• This was becoming the trend around the world.

Why Would A Country Believe in Imperialism? – Part 1

• 1) Desire for Military strength

• Alfred Mahan advised for a strong navy

• US became the third largest navel power.

Why Would A Country Believe in Imperialism? – Part 2

• 2) Thirst for new markets – to spur economy & trade

• United States was producing far more than they needed. (time to export)

Why Would A Country Believe in Imperialism? – Part 3

• 3) Belief in Cultural Superiority – a belief that Anglo-Saxons were superior

• Many Americans believed that the US had a responsibility to spread Christianity and “civilization” to the world’s “inferior peoples”

Which of the three ideas do you think is the biggest reason why a country would want to become imperialistic?

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33% 33%33%1. Desire for military

strength

2. Thirst for new markets

3. Belief in cultural superiority

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The US Acquires Alaska:

• In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the United States to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million

• Some thought it was a silly idea and called it “Seward’s Icebox”

• Time has shown how smart it was to buy Alaska for 2 cents an acre

• Alaska is rich in timber, minerals and oil

More About: Alaska

• Population: 686,293 (2008)

• Size: 663,268 square miles

• Became a State in: 1959

• Highest Point: Mt. McKinley 20,320 ft

• Largest City: Anchorage - population 279,671

Anchorage, Alaska

The US Takes Hawaii:

• Hawaii had been economically important to Americans for centuries

• To avoid import taxes (tariffs), sugar growers pleaded for annexation

• The U.S. knew the value of the Islands – they had built a naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1887

• Led by Sanford Dole, American annexed Hawaii in 1898 and it formally became a state in 1959

This is how I feel about how the U.S. acquired Hawaii:

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33% 33%33%1. I think they were right

to acquire Hawaii the way they did

2. I can understand why, but don’t agree with how they did it

3. I don’t agree at all how they acquired Hawaii

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Did We Meet Our Objectives:

• Can You:• 1. Explain the economic

and cultural factors that fueled the growth of American imperialism.

• 2. Describe how the United States acquired Alaska.

• 3. Summarize how the United States took over the Hawaiian Islands.

Section 2: Objectives

• By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:

• 1. Contrast American opinions regarding the Cuban revolt against Spain.

• 2. Identify events that escalated the conflict between the United States and Spain.

• 3. Trace the course of the Spanish-American War and its results

Section 2: The Spanish American War

• Main Idea: In 1898, the United States went to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain.

• Why it Matters Now: US involvement in Latin America and Asia increased greatly as a result of the war and continues today.

• Key Terms:• Yellow Journalism• U.S.S. Maine• Rough Riders• San Juan Hill• Treaty of Paris

• Key Names:

• Jose Marti

• Valeriano Weyler

• George Dewey

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The Spanish American War:

• America had long held an interest in Cuba

• When Cubans unsuccessfully rebelled against Spanish rule in the late 19th century, American sympathy went out to the Cuban people

• After Spain abolished slavery in Cuba in 1886, Americans invested millions in Cuban sugar

Why did America have an interest in Cuba?

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25% 25%25%25%1. Sugar

2. Sugar and Spanish oppression

3. Vacation hot spot

4. None of the above

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Cuba’s Second War for Independence:

• Anti-Spain sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for independence

• Led by poet Jose Marti, Cuba attempted a revolution in 1895

• Marti deliberately destroyed property, including American sugar plants, hoping to provoke American intervention

War Fever Escalates:

• Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in “Headline Wars”

• This was called Yellow Journalism:

CLICK THE PIC!!!

During this time period, do you think that people were more persuaded by media bias than they are

today?

25%

25%

25%

25% 1. Yes

2. No

3. Maybe

4. Not sure

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U.S.S. Maine Explodes!

• Early in 1888, President McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba in order to bring home American citizens in danger

• On February 15, 1898 the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana

• More than 260 men were killed

When the U.S. found out that the Maine sank as a result of a fire, do you think they had a right to

apologize to Spain?

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25% 25%25%25%1. Yes

2. No

3. Maybe

4. Not sure

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War Erupts With Spain:

• There was no holding back those that wanted war with Spain

• Newspapers blamed the Spanish for bombing the U.S.S. Maine

• Recent investigations have shown it was a fire inside the Maine

• “Remember the Maine!” became a rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba

War Erupts in the Philippines:

• U.S. forces surprised Spain by attacking the Spanish colony of the Philippines

• 11,000 Americans joined forces with Filipino rebel leader Emilo Aguinaldo

• By August, 1898 Spain had surrendered to the U.S. in Manila

The War in the Caribbean:

• A naval blockade of Cuba was followed by a land invasion highlighted by Roosevelt’s Rough Rider victory at San Juan Hill

• Next, the American Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet and paved the way for an invasion of Puerto Rico (Spanish colony)

US Wins: Signs Treaty of Paris

• The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war”

• The war lasted only 16 weeks • Cuba was now independent• U.S. receives Guam, Puerto

Rico, and “bought” the Philippines for $20 million

Section 3: Objectives

• By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:

• 1. Describe the US involvement in Puerto Rico and in Cuba.

• 2. Identify the causes and effects of the Philippine-American War.

• 3. Explain the purpose of the Open Door Policy in China.

• 4. Summarize the views regarding US imperialism.

Section 3: Acquiring New Lands

• Main Idea: In the early 1900’s, the United States engaged in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines.

• Why it Matters Now: Today, the United States maintains a strong military and political presence in strategic worldwide locations.

• Key Terms:

• Foraker Act

• Platt Amendment

• Protectorate

• Open Door Notes

• Boxer Rebellion

• Key Names:

• Emilio Aguinaldo

• John Hay

How was your Thanksgiving Break?

20% 20% 20%20%20%1. Great!

2. Good

3. Average

4. Not so good

5. I don’t want to talk about it

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Acquiring New Lands:

• The U.S had to decide how to rule the new lands

• Puerto Rico wanted their independence– but the U.S. had other plans

• Puerto Rico was important to the U.S. strategically

• Foraker Act - The U.S. set up a civil government, full citizenship, and a bicameral system

Cuba And The United States:

• The Treaty of Paris granted full independence to Cuba

• The U.S signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Platt Amendment 1903

• Key features of “Platt” included

• 1. The right of the U.S. to maintain naval stations on the island and

• 2. The right to intervene in Cuban affairs

• Cuba had become a “protectorate” of the U.S.

Do you think that the two conditions of the Platt Amendment were fair to the Cubans?

33%

33%

33% 1. Yes

2. Not sure

3. No

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Filipinos Rebel:

• Filipinos reacted with rage to the American annexation

• Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo vowed to fight for freedom and in 1899 he led a rebellion

• The 3-year war claimed 20,000 Filipino rebels, 4,000 American lives and $400,000,000 (20x the price the U.S. paid for the land)

What was the main reason why the Filipino’s eventually rebelled against the United States?

20% 20% 20%20%20%1. They didn’t like having

American Naval bases on their land

2. They felt like the Americans were too controlling

3. They didn’t feel Americans had them in their best interest

4. All of the above are true

5. Both 1 and 2

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Foreign Influence on China:

• China was a vast potential market for American products

• Weakened by war and foreign intervention, many European countries had colonized in China

• In 1889, John Hay, U.S. Secretary of State, issued the Open Door Policy which outlined his plan for free trade among nations in China

Boxer Rebellion:

• European nations dominated China’s cities

• Resentment arose in the form of secret societies determined to rid China of these “foreign devils”

• The Boxer’s were a secret group that rioted in 1900, killing and vandalizing all things foreign

• Foreign Troops were called in to put down this “Boxer Rebellion”

Why did the Boxer’s rebel against foreign forces?

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1. They were stealing money from them

2. They were taxing many of the residents of the Chinese cities

3. They were controlling many of the businesses in China

4. They didn’t rebel, they liked the foreign countries doing business with them

Americans Protect Rights in Asia:

• After the Boxer Rebellion, John Hay again issued a series of Open Door Policies

• These policies reflected American beliefs in:

• 1. the importance of exports • 2. the right of America to

intervene to keep foreign markets open

• 3. the belief that America’s survival depended on access to foreign markets

Did We Meet our Objectives?

• Can You:• 1. Describe the US

involvement in Puerto Rico and in Cuba.

• 2. Identify the causes and effects of the Philippine-American War.

• 3. Explain the purpose of the Open Door Policy in China.

• 4. Summarize the views regarding US imperialism.

Section 4: Objectives

• By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:

• 1. Explain how Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy promoted American power around the world.

• 2. Describe how Woodrow Wilson’s missionary diplomacy ensured U.S. dominance in Latin America.

• 3. Describe the effects of America’s involvement in the Mexican Revolution.

Section 4: America as a World Power

• Main Idea: The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution added to America’s military and economic power.

• Why it Matters Now: American involvement in conflicts around 1900 led to involvement in WW I and later to a peacekeeper role in today’s world.

• Key Terms:

• Panama Canal

• Roosevelt Corollary

• Dollar Diplomacy

• Key Names:

• Francisco “Pancho” Villa

• Emiliano Zapata

• John J. Pershing

America As A World Power:

• Two events signaled America’s continued climb toward being the #1 world power

• 1) Roosevelt negotiated a settlement between Russia and Japan who had been at War – his successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize

• 2) Construction of Panama Canal

The Panama Canal:

• By the early 20th century, many Americans understood the advantages of a canal through Panama

• It would greatly reduce travel times for commercial and military ships by providing a short cut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

Building the Panama Canal: 1904-1914

• The French had already unsuccessfully attempted to build a canal through Panama

• America first had to help Panama win their independence from Colombia – which it did

• Construction of the Canal stands as one of the greatest engineering feats of all-timeCost- $380 million

Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died) Time – Construction took 10 years

Click the pic!!!

The Roosevelt Corollary:

• In 1904, President Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary.

• The Roosevelt Corollary said that the US would now use force to protect it’s economic interests in Latin America.

• Roosevelt coined the phrase “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” during this time.

Dollar Diplomacy

• Just like other nations in the world that were practicing imperialism, the US was nervous that other nations would become more powerful.

• Dollar Diplomacy –US government loans made to foreign countries (favors) to pay off debt

• This allowed us to control others things though (taxes on import and exports)

• This helped keep European powers out of the Caribbean because they had US backing.

Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy:

• In 1913, Wilson realized that some countries were coming to power using immoral means.

• Prior to Wilson Missionary Diplomacy, the US recognized any government that controlled a nation, regardless of the nation’s policies or how it had come to power.

• Wilson felt that these aspiring countries should establish democratic governments.

• The Mexican Revolution (to come) was a reaction to this policy

The Mexican Revolution:

• Mexico had been ruled by a dictator for over 20 years. (Porfirio Diaz)

• Diaz had many investments in the US and many US companies owned large shares of oil wells, mines, and railroads in Mexico.

• The US investors and the wealthy Mexican businessmen were becoming extremely wealthy.

• The common people of the country however were desperately poor.

What Happens Next?

• In 1911, Mexican peasants and workers overthrew their dictator.

• The leader of the revolt (Madero) was murdered and a new leader took over. (Huerta)

• President Wilson refused to recognize the government this new leader formed.

• Wilson called it “a government of butchers.”Francisco Huerta

Intervention in Mexico:

• Wilson decided to watch and wait and see what might happen.

• In 1914, the Mexican revolt group arrested a small group of American sailors.

• They were released by Wilson wasn’t happy.

• He sent in the Marines and killed over 200 Mexicans. (18 Marines died as well)

• This brought the US and Mexico close to war.

• A new leader (Carranza) eventually took over Mexico and Wilson withdrew his troops.

Rebellion in Mexico

• Not everyone listened to Carranza.

• A group of rebels headed by Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata opposed the Mexican government.

• Villa and his men started taking the lives of Americans passing through Mexico (RR’s).

• In response, Wilson ordered General John J. Pershing and 15,000 men to capture Villa dead or alive.

Chasing Villa• For almost a year Pancho Villa eluded

American forces.• Wilson decided to call in the big guns.• He called out 150,000 National

Guardsmen and stationed them along the Mexican border.

• The Mexicans grew angry over the invasion of their lands.

• Caranzza demanded withdrawal of US troops but Wilson refused.

• They were on the brink of war….but• Both backed down – Why?• 1. The US was facing war in Europe• 2. Mexico decided to reform their

government and help out the nation’s poor.

Sum it All Up: What Did America Accomplish During This Time Period?

• 1. Expanded it access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy.

• 2. Built a modern Navy to protect its interests abroad.

• 3. Exercised its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America.

Did We Meet All Of Our Objectives?

• Can You:• 1. Explain how Theodore

Roosevelt’s foreign policy promoted American power around the world.

• 2. Describe how Woodrow Wilson’s missionary diplomacy ensured U.S. dominance in Latin America.

• 3. Describe the effects of America’s involvement in the Mexican Revolution.