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America Becomesan Imperial Power

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Page 1: America Becomesan Imperial Power
Page 2: America Becomesan Imperial Power
Page 3: America Becomesan Imperial Power

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

Page 4: America Becomesan Imperial Power

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

Page 5: America Becomesan Imperial Power

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Page 6: America Becomesan Imperial Power

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

Page 7: America Becomesan Imperial Power

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

Page 8: America Becomesan Imperial Power

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

Page 9: America Becomesan Imperial Power
Page 10: America Becomesan Imperial Power

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Page 11: America Becomesan Imperial Power

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Page 12: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Page 13: America Becomesan Imperial Power

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty

1890 – 1890 – McKinley McKinley TariffTariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

Page 14: America Becomesan Imperial Power

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Page 15: America Becomesan Imperial Power
Page 16: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Page 17: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Page 18: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding immigrants holding passportspassportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.

The U.S. government got The U.S. government got thetheschool board of San school board of San Francisco Francisco to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in segregate Asians in separateseparateschools.schools.

1908 1908 Root-Takahira Root-Takahira AgreementAgreement..

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Lodge Corollary to the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Monroe Doctrine: 1912Lodge Corollary to the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Monroe Doctrine: 1912

Senator Henry Senator Henry CabotCabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)

Non-European Non-European powers,powers,like Japan, would belike Japan, would beexcluded from excluded from owningowningterritory in the territory in the WesternWesternHemisphere.Hemisphere.

Page 20: America Becomesan Imperial Power
Page 21: America Becomesan Imperial Power

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million$7.2 million

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““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

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Page 24: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor

Page 25: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Page 26: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Page 27: America Becomesan Imperial Power

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

Page 28: America Becomesan Imperial Power

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

Page 29: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

Page 30: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

Page 31: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Page 32: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

How prepared was the US for war?

Page 33: America Becomesan Imperial Power
Page 34: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Page 35: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Page 36: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

Page 37: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

Page 38: America Becomesan Imperial Power

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great Great administrator.administrator.

Page 39: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

Page 40: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

Page 41: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League League

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Page 42: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

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Page 44: America Becomesan Imperial Power
Page 45: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..

PR became an “unincorporated PR became an “unincorporated territory.”territory.”

Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.

Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..

Constitutional rights were not Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial automatically extended to territorial possessions.possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these Congress had the power to decide these rights.rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!Act were legal!

Page 46: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act..

Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.

Removed tariff duties on PR goods Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.coming into the US.

PRs elected theirPRs elected theirown legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the Washington to vote for PR in the House.House.

Page 47: America Becomesan Imperial Power
Page 48: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

1850 1850 Clayton-Clayton-BulwerBulwer Treaty Treaty..

1901 1901 Hay-Hay-PauncefortePaunceforte Treaty Treaty. .

Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.agent provocateur.

Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.

Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.

1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty Varilla Treaty..

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Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

Page 50: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to

the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Page 51: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

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Page 53: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

Page 54: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

Page 55: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

Page 56: America Becomesan Imperial Power

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

Page 57: America Becomesan Imperial Power

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

Page 58: America Becomesan Imperial Power
Page 59: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Page 60: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

Page 61: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for TeddyNobel Peace Prize for Teddy

Page 62: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

Page 63: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

Page 64: America Becomesan Imperial Power
Page 65: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.

Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.

Page 66: America Becomesan Imperial Power

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano

ZapataEmiliano Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa

Page 67: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

Page 68: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditosSearching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

Page 69: America Becomesan Imperial Power

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

Page 70: America Becomesan Imperial Power

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Page 71: America Becomesan Imperial Power

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”