America and the British Empire

Unit 2

AP Outline 2

1650-1763

VA SOLS 11.1-11.3

Mayflower Compact

• First written law for the land• Purpose: to set up a government within themselves,

and was written by those to be governed• Was essentially a social contract which forced settlers

to follow rules established by the compact in order for the survival of the settlement.

• 41 males signed it

The Colonies

The colonies were The colonies were divided into three divided into three different sectorsdifferent sectors

• New England

• Middle Colonies

• Southern Colonies

Proprietary, Charter, and Royal Colonies

• Proprietary

– British King’s granted territory to an individual or groups

– Groups actually owned the colony and were responsible for it to the king

• Charter

– British government gave rights to a group of investors/shareholders

– Once the colonies obtained permission they had to obey the charter. Charter colonies had some say on decisions.

• Royal

– Under direct control of the government/monarch. The king usually appointed a Governor who had control to sell all public lands among other tasks.

New England Colonies

New England Colonies

• New Hampshire

• Massachusetts

• Rhode Island

• Connecticut

New Hampshire

• Started out as a proprietary colony later turned into a royal charter

• Founded by Captain John Mason

• Was originally a part of Massachusetts until 1679 when the King made it its own separate colony

• Its economy was based on fishing, textile industries, potato farming, and shipbuilding

Massachuetts• Massachusetts Bay Colony

• John Winthrop -first elected governor

• General Court made up of governor, high deputy, magistrates, and members of the corporation-freemen.

• Puritan emigration to Massachusetts-The Great Migration (do not confuse with the pop shift during WWI of blacks to the North)

Massachuetts Bay Colony

Massachuetts

• Plymouth Colony

• Pilgrims-separatists (believed Anglican church was so corrupt, they must establish their own church)

• Puritans-family should be governed in the same way that kings ruled over society. They wanted to purify the Anglican church, however they did not necessarily want to separate from it

Plymouth Colony

John Winthrop

• Led a group of English Puritans to the New World and then joined the Massachusetts Bay colony

– Later became governor

• developed the idea of a “city on a hill”

– Live God’s way because the world is watching

John Winthrop

Salem Witch Trials• Resulted from a development of tension

between the Puritan idea of a small tight-knit community and the idea of a colony based on trade and commerce

• Social clashes existing in the colony

• Mainly older women were accused of practicing witchcraft- 100 people jailed-19 executed

Salem Witch Trials

– Accusers were members of the old farming communities

– Accused were part of the newer “secular class”

• Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible”

– Book based on the Salem Witch Trials

– McCarthy Trials of the 1950s were called a “witch hunt” for communists

Salem Witch Trials

Roger Williams

• Founded Providence which later became Rhode Island

– Believed in religious toleration and separation of church and state

– His ideas were dangerous and he was banished from Massachusetts

Anne Hutchinson• Believed in religious

toleration• Had her own interpretations

of the Bible• Banished from the

Massachusetts Bay Colony• Considered a co-founder of

Rhode Island with Roger Williams

Rhode Island

• In 1635 Roger Williams settled in Providence• In 1638 Anne Hutchinson founded Portsmouth• Colony practiced religious toleration• Received royal charter in 1663 which established

religious freedom• Had livestock, dairy, fishing, and lumbering

industries• Was a self governing colony- didn’t have an

appointed governor

Connecticut

• Thomas Hooker-believed that suffrage should not be limited to male church members only

• He founded Hartford

• Helped write the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

– Marked the beginning of the colony of Connecticut

– Declared freedom from all things except God

Connecticut

• Its major industries included growing wheat, corn, and also fishing.

• Had a self governing government, with no governor

Dominion of New England

• Instituted by King James II in 1686

• Governed by Sir Edmund Andros governed as the head of Mass., N.H, Conn., R.I., and N.Y.

• Increase the power of the governor of the area

• Occurred after resistance in Mass. to the unfair Navigation Acts

Dominion of New England

• Without an elective assembly

• Overthrown by Boston militiamen in 1689

– (After the Glorious Revolution)• Sir Edmund Andros

(right)

Middle Colonies

Middle Colonies

• New Jersey

• New York

• Pennsylvania

• Delaware

New Jersey

• Established originally by the Swedish and Dutch

• England took over and ownership was given to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley

• Its major industries included ironworking and lumbering

New Jersey

• It was a proprietary colony

• Its main purpose was to increase trade and profits

New York

• Was first established by the Dutch East Indie Co.• In 1664 King Charles II decided to reclaim the

territory he gave the land to the Duke of York• Started off as a proprietary colony but later became a

royal colony• Its economy was based on shipbuilding and

ironworks• Major agricultural products were cattle, grain, wheat,

rice, and indigo

Pennsylvania

• English Quakers-religious toleration & pacifism

• William Penn-wanted to make area haven for the Society of Friends

• Philadelphia- “City of Brotherly Love”

• MOST important colonial port in North America

Pennsylvania

• Its agricultural industries included wheat, corn, cattle, and dairy

• Had important shipbuilding, textile, and paper industries

• Proprietary colony

Pennsylvania

William Penn

Delaware

• Colonized by the Dutch and Swedish, then became a colony of the English

• In 1682 it was given to William Penn

• Became its own colony in 1702

• Proprietary colony

Delaware

• Had very important fishing and lumber industries

• Had diverse religious groups

Southern Colonies

Southern Colonies

• North Carolina Maryland

• South Carolina

• Georgia

• Virginia

North Carolina

• Proprietary Colony-later became royal colony

• Lost colony of Roanoke was located in that area

• First colonial settlers were from Virginia

• Its economy was based around indigo, rice, and tobacco

South Carolina

• Founded in 1670 by English colonists

• Important products were indigo, tobacco, rice, and cattle

• Proprietary colony

Georgia

• James Oglethorpe- founder of colony of Georgia in 1733

• Debtor’s prison

• Royal Colony

• Buffer against Spanish

• Major products were rice,

• indigo and sugar

Virginia

• English joint-stock companies raised capital by selling shares

• Jamestown Settlement- first permanent English settlement in North America

• FOUNDER JOHN SMITH

• John Rolfe-planted tobacco; married Powatan Princess-Pocohontas

Virginia

• Plantation agriculture

• Major products were tobacco, wheat, and corn

• Royal colony

John Rolfe

• Cultivated success

crop of tobacco

• Married Powhatan

Princess Pocahontas

Jamestown

House of Burgesses

• First elected legislative assembly in the New World

• Established in 1619 in Virginia

Bacon’s Rebellion

• An uprising in 1676 lead by wealthy planter Nathaniel Bacon

• Protest against Native American attacks/ lack of protection on the frontier

Maryland

• Proprietary colony

• King Charles I gave land to Calvert family

• Turn into feudal colonies with rents

• ONLY English colony where CATHOLICS colonized

Maryland

• Named Maryland in honor of King’s wife

• Landlords appointed to governing council

• Cash crop was tobacco

• Toleration Act of 1649- All Christians could settle in Maryland

French Colonies

• French had no permanent settlements in Canada until 1608

• Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec• Few colonists ever came

– Climate undesirable– Huguenots-Protestants in France/believers in

Calvinism - were legally forbidden from emigrating

• Fur trade thrived

Coureur des bois

• Fur trappers in the New World engaged in fur trade without permission from the French government

• Late 17th and early 18th century

Jesuits

• French missionaries in the New World

King Phillip’s War

• King Phillip’s War– Disaster for Indian people– Colonial army burned villages, killed people,

and defeated Indians in –The Great Swamp Fight.

– Iroquois Confederacy created alliance with NY (Covenant Chain) which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all of colonies

– END of organized Indian resistance

Edict of Nantes (1598)

• Issued by Henry IV of France

• Gave French Calvinists Protestants rights in a country still mainly Catholic

• Ended the religious wars that tore France apart

• Opened a path for secularism and tolerance

Mercantilism

• Economic theory that says that the prosperity of a nation is dependent on supply of capital and international trade

• Wealth measured in Gold

• God, Glory, Gold

• Colonies=trade=Gold!!!!!!!!!!!

Wars and Impact on the Colonies

• Through much of the late 17th and early 18th century England, France, Spain and other European countries fought a series of wars to see who was the dominant powers

• Wars began in Europe and carried over to disputes between the colonies

Queen Anne’s War

• 1702-1713• Spanish and Native Americans allied with

France• Lead to the Treaty of Utrecht

– France had to give the British:• Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, territory along Hudson Bay, and more access to the Great Lakes

War of Jenkins's Ear• Conflict between English and Spanish• 1739-1742• Robert Jenkins-British merchant- had his ear

cut off when a Spanish vessel boarded his boat

• Main purpose of war: keep the Spanish out of the slave trade in Americas

• After 1742 the conflict turned into the War of Austrian Succession

English Civil War

• Between Charles I (king of England) and Puritans in Parliament

• Puritan supporters of parliament a.k.a Roundheads

• Royalist supporters of King Charles a.k.a cavaliers

• Roundheads win, Oliver Cromwell runs England (for a while)

• King Charles I is executed at the end

Navigation Acts

• Restricted foreign shipping

• Forbade certain goods such as molasses to be shipped anywhere but England

• Molasses Act 1733

• Were passed under theory of Mercantilism

Salutary Neglect

• British policy of avoiding enforcement of laws in colonies

• After the European Wars were over in the colonies, the British ended the policy of salutary neglect

– Robert Walpole was the Prime Minister

Slavery-Triangular Trade

• African Americans were forced on ships to come to the New World

• They were trade for goods or sold in the Caribbean

• Many worked on plantations in the south with cotton, indigo, tobacco, etc.

Origins of Slavery

Need to Know…

• Puritans and other religious dissidents came to Americas because they felt the Church of England was too close to Catholicism

• First English settlement was Jamestown

– House of Burgesses 1619

Need to Know

• Massachusetts Bay Colony est. in 1629 by the Puritans– “city upon a hill”– Limited representative government– Dissenters thrown out

• Established new colonies–Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Portsmouth

Need to Know…• Economic policy: mercantilism

– Five points

• Export more than import

• Colonies

–Buy goods from mother country

–Resources

• Gold

• Tariffs

• Navigation Acts

Need to Know

• European Wars between British and French spilled over to colonies

• African American slaves first arrived in 1619-important for economic growth in several southern states

• Salem Witch Trials-social ame increasingly powerful and independent

Need to Know

• Salutary Neglect

– Prime Minister Robert Walpole’s policy

• Great Awakening-colonists questioned religious, social, and political foundations