AMB107 Assign Marciano Ombe

F-2,Block, Amity Campus

Sec-125, Nodia (UP)

India 201303

ASSIGNMENTS PROGRAM:

SEMESTER-I

SEMESTER-I

Subject Name : Research Methods and Report Preparations

Study COUNTRY : Mozambique

Permanent Enrollment Number (PEN): A400020141243

Roll Number : IB01272014-2016033

Student Name : MARCIANO DA PIEDADE ISAQUE ALEXANDRE OMBE

INSTRUCTIONS

a) Students are required to submit all three assignment sets.

ASSIGNMENT DETAILS MARKS

Assignment A Five Subjective Questions 10

Assignment B Three Subjective Questions + Case Study 10

Assignment C 40 Objective Questions 10

b) Total weightage given to these assignments is 30%. OR 30 Marks

c) All assignments are to be completed as typed in word/pdf.

d) All questions are required to be attempted.

e) All the three assignments are to be completed by due dates (specified

from time to time) and need to be submitted for evaluation by Amity

University.

f) The evaluated assignment marks will be made available within six

weeks. Thereafter, these will be destroyed at the end of each semester.

g) The students have to attached a scan signature in the form.

Signature : _ ________________________________

Date : ___________29/01/2015______________________

( √ ) Tick mark in front of the assignments submitted

Assignment ‘A’ √ Assignment ‘B’ √ Assignment ‘C’ √

Research Methods and Report Preparations

Assignment I

Q1. Explain Non Probability sampling methods. Give one example of each.

Answer:

There are a variety of different sampling methods available to researchers to select

individuals for a study. Sampling method fall into two categories:

Probability sampling: Every individual in the population is known and each has a certain

probability of being selected. A random process decides the sample based on each

individual’s probability.

Nonprobability sampling: The population is not entirely known, thus individual

probabilities cannot be known. Common sense or ease is used to choose the sample,

but efforts are made to avoid bias and keep the sample representative.

In the Probability sampling is observed the Simple Random method that consists in a list

containing all of the population created and used to obtain participants by random

selection. The random selection guarantees that each individual has an independent

and equal chance of being selected. This method is very fair, unbiased and easy to carry

out. However, with simple random sampling there is no assurance of complete

representativeness of the sample. Another example of simple random sampling is

Cluster Sampling. This is when the sample is gained by the random selection of clusters

(pre-existing groups of individuals) from a list containing all of the clusters existing

within a population. Cluster sampling is often used to estimate number of mortalities in

events such as war and natural disaster.

In another hand, there is nonprofitability samplings as Convenience Sampling that is

sample made up of individual participants who are easy to get. The method is easy to

carry out, but one large disadvantage is that the sample is likely to be biased. Beside the

Convenience Sampling there is the Quota Sampling that consists in the identification of

subgroups and participants are selected through convenience from each different

subgroup. For example, say a researcher wanted to select a sample of students to

participate in a study using a convenience sample but wanted to ensure that an equal

number of boys and girls were selected – quota sampling would be the best method for

them to use. This type of sampling can help to control a convenience sample but may

results in a biased sample, which would not be a good representative of the wider

population.

Q2. Give the type of Scale, the following belongs to

1. Temperature measured on Kelvin scale - Interval Scale

2. Military Ranks - Ordinal Scale

3. Social Security Number - Nominal Scale

4. Number of passengers on busses from Delhi to Mumbai – Ratio Scale

5. Amount of Money collected - Nominal Scale

6. Dimension’s of a plot of land – Ratio Scale

Q3.What are the methods of collecting primary data? Compare and contrast them.

Data Collection Methods Examples

Documents

Historical

Literature Review

Meta-analyses

Diaries

Content Analysis

Secondary Data

These methods identify trends in leisure research and practice. Participants keep diaries and journals researcher conducts content analyses studies, reports and diaries.

Observations How people behave and interact in public

Interpretive

Ethnographic

Participant observe

Case Study

open spaces. Observe systematically, become a participant observer.

Survey

Questionnaire

Interview

Standardized Scales/Instruments

To learn what people think about leisure motivation. To identify relationships between motivation and satisfaction. Use interviews, surveys and standardized scales

Experimental

True designs

Quasi designs

Obtain information under controlled conditions about leisure attitudes and experience with virtual reality. Subjects may be randomly assigned to various tests and experiences then assessed via observation or standardized scale

Other field methods

Nominal Group Technique

Delphi

To identify trends and issues about leisure services, management and delivery systems. Focus Group systems. Various group, question and pencil paper exercises are used by facilitators

Multimethods Aproach Combination of two or more methods

Interviews, journals and quantitative measures are combined to provide a more accurate definition and operationalization of the concept.

Q4. Discuss the relative merits & demerits of cumulative scales.

Answer:

Cumulatives scales are related with a set of items or statements so that a respondent

who agrees with any specific question in the list will also agree with all previous

questions. In another words it measures to what degree a person has a positive or

negative attitude to something

The Merits of cumulative scales results are determined by answers of the actor that is

responding

Demerits of Cumulative Scaling include, the main difficulty in using the scaling technique

is that in practice perfect cumulative or unidirectional scales

Q5. Why tabulation is considered essential in research study.

Answer

The tabulation is considered essential in Research study because it helps to get

information and advance knowledge in relation to existing facts. The table design

simplifies the reading rand identification of important information to research.

Assignment II

Q1. A researcher approaches five golf players for a survey and asks each of them for further references to complete the sample. Explain this technique of sampling and give another application of the same. Compare it with three other kinds of sampling techniques.

Answer:

This technique of sampling is called Snowball Sampling.

It is that samples in which the selection of additional respondents (after the first small

group of respondents is selected) is based upon referrals from the initial set of

respondents.

It is used to sample low incidence or rare populations

It is done for the efficiency of finding the additional, hard to-find members of the

sample

A. Convenience Samples

These types of samples are used primarily for reasons of convenience.

It is used for exploratory research and speedy situations. It is often used for new

product formulations or to provide gross-sensory evaluations by using employees,

students, peers, etc. Convenience sampling is extensively used in marketing studies and

otherwise.

B. Judgment Samples

It is that sample in which the selection criteria are based upon your (researcher’s)

personal judgment that the members of the sample are representative of the

population under study.

It is used for most test markets and many product tests conducted in shopping malls. If

personal biases are avoided, then the relevant experience and the acquaintance of the

investigator with the population may help to choose a relatively representative sample

from the population. It is not possible to make an estimate of sampling error as we

cannot determine how precise our sample estimates are.

C. Quota Samples

This is a very commonly used sampling method in marketing research studies. Here the

sample is selected on the basis of certain basic parameters such as age, sex, income and

occupation that describe the nature a population so as to make of it representative of

the population.

Q2. A packaging device is set to fill detergent powder packets with a mean weight of 5 kg. The standard deviation is known to be 0.01 kg. These are known to drift upwards over a period of time due to machine fault, which is not tolerable. A random sample of 100 packets is taken and weighed. This sample has a mean weight of 5.03 kg and a standard deviation of 0.21 kg. Can you conclude that the mean weight produced by the machine has increased? Use a 5% level of significance?

Answer:

Mean weight of packages, X1 = 5kg

SD1 = 0.01kg

Sample size, N= 100

Sample mean weight, X2 = 5.03kg

SD2 = 0.21kg

Using 95% confidence level

Z = (mean1 - mean2)/standard error (SE) of difference between means

Z = 1.96

1.96 = [(X-X2)/SD1]/sqrt N

1.96 = [(X-5.03)/0.01]/sqrt (100) Mean Weight X = 5.226k

Q.3 The specimen of copper wires drawn form a large lot have the following breaking strength (in kg. weight): 578, 572, 570, 568, 572, 578, 570, 572, 596, 544 Test (using Student’s t-statistic) whether the mean breaking strength of the lot may be taken to be 578 kg. Weight (Test at 5 per cent level of significance). Verify the inference so drawn by using Sandler’s A-statistic as well.

Answer: Taking the null hypotheses that the population mean is equal to hypothesized mean of 578 kg., we call write: H0: μ = μ H0 = 578 kg. Ha: μ ≠ μ H0 As the sample size is small (since n = 10) and the population standard deviation is not known, we shall use t-test assuming normal population and shall work out the test statistic t as under: t=X - μ H0 σs/√n To find X and σs we make the following computations:

S.No. Xi (Xi – X) (Xi – X)2

1 578 6 36

2 572 0 0

3 570 -2 4

4 568 -4 16

5 572 0 0

6 578 6 36

7 570 -2 4

8 572 0 0

9 596 24 576

10 544 -28 784

n =10 ΣXi =5720 Σ(Xi - ¯X)2 = 1456

X = ΣXi = 5720 = 572 kg.

N 10 And σs = Σ(Xi - ¯X)2 = 1456 = 12.72 kg. n - 1 10 - 1 Hence, t= 572 – 578 = -1.488 12.72/√10 Degree of freedom = (n-1) = (10 – 1) = 9 As Ha is two sided, we shall determine the rejection region applying two-tailed test at 5 percent level of significant, and it comes to as under, using table of t-distribution for 9 d.f.:

R: |t|>2.262 As the observed value of t (i.e., - 1.488) is in the acceptance region, we accept H0 at 5 percent level and conclude that the mean breaking strength of copper wires lot may be taken as 578 kg. Weight. The same inference can be drawn using Sandler’s A-statistic as shown below: Computation for A- Statistic

S.No. Xi Hypothesized mean

Di (Xi - μ H0) Di2

1 578 578 0 0

2 572 578 -6 36

3 570 578 -8 64

4 568 578 -10 100

5 572 578 -6 36

6 578 578 0 0

7 570 578 -8 64

8 572 578 -6 36

9 596 578 18 324

10 544 578 -34 1156

n =10 ΣDi= -60 ΣDi2 = 1816

A= ΣDi2/ (ΣDi2) = 1816/ (-60)2 = 0.5044 Null hypothesis H0: μ = μ H0 = 578 kg. Alternate hypothesis Ha: μ H0 ≠ 578 kg. As Ha is two-sided, the critical value of A-statistic from the A-statistic table (Table No. 10 given in appendix at the end of the book) for (n-1) i.e., 10-1=9 d.f. at 5% level is 0.276. Computed value of A (0.5044), being greater than 0.276 shows that A-statistic is insignificant in the given case and accordingly we accept H0 and conclude that the mean breaking strength of copper wire’ lot may be taken as 578 kg. Weight. Thus, the inference on the basis of t-statistic stands verified by A-statistic.

Q4. Design a questionnaire to study the impulse buying behavior of consumers in a grocery store.

Name Age

Occupation

Gender: Male Female

According to you which of these factors affect your impulse buying behavior for fmcg products.

A PRICE AND DISCOUNT

i.Attractive price of product affects my impulse buying behavior

ii.Discount offers regarding product attracts me

iii.Various schemes like (buy 1 get 1 free) affects my buying behavior positively.

iv.Availability of discounted products motivates me to buy.

B ADVERTISEMENT AND SALES PROMOTION

i.Advertisement of product in print and visual media attractsme to buy

ii.Various promotional activities regarding product motivatesto buy the products

iii.Hording and pamphlets of product help me in impulse buying.

iv.Any event organized by organization affects my buying behavior.

C VISUAL MERCHANDISING

i.Display of product in store attracts my attention

ii. Packaging of product attracts me to by the products.

iii.Placing of product in store gains my attention towards it.

iv.Compatibility of another product with the product you are buying

D EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT

i.Emotional attachment with product is a motivational factor to buy product

ii.Behavior of sales person affects my buying behavior.

iii.Popularity of product increases recall value and helps inimpulse buying.

iv.Changing trend in society is a major factor in impulseBuying.

E COMPANY

i.The person with whom you are going for shoppinginfluences my buying behavior.

ii.Comments of reference group influence my buying behavior.

iii.Kind of product which i am buying

Q5. Two hundred randomly selected adults were asked whether TV shows are primarily entertaining, educational or a waste of time (only one answer could be chosen). The respondents were categorized by gender. Their responses are given in the following table:

Answer:

OBSERVED FREQUENCIES

Gender Entertaining Educational Waste of Time Total

Female 52 28 30 110

Male 28 12 50 90

Total 80 40 80 200

EXPECTED FREQUENCIES

Gender Entertaining Educational Waste of Time Total

Female 44 22 44 110

Male 36 18 36 90

Total 80 40 80 200

ψ2 = (O—E)2

E

ψ2 = (52—44)2 + (28—22)2 + (30—44)2 + (28—36)2 + (12—18)2 + (50—36)2

44 22 44 36 18 36

= 16.768

Decision: Using 5% as the significance level i.e. a = 0.05 for v= 1x2 = 2 degrees of

freedom, the table value for ψ2 = 5.991.

Since the calculated value of ψ2 = 16.768 are greater than the table value, then we

reject the Null Hypothesis H0:

Therefore there is a relationship between Gender and the Opinion in the population of

interest.

Case Study

A major television company of India was incorporated in 1963 and in 2000 its business areas included consumer electronics, telecommunications, consumer durables, professional and medical products, power and components covering over 230 products and services. In the FY 2000 its market capitalization was a respectable Rs. 5955 million and the turnover for the group stood at Rs. 20146.68 million. Till then, the company was showing over 4.5 per cent improvement over the previous years. However, in the subsequent years, its performance started degrading in the wake of active competition. The company was particularly worried about its declining market share of the Television market. They decided to conduct a research to tackle the situation.

In light of the above case answer the following:

a. Define the Research Problem.

The market share of the Television market had started declining. Is necessary to know

the circumstances of the phenomenon and understand if it is related with the the

products offered by competitors.

b. Formulate the associate hypothesis.

The price of products offered by the corporation is behind the market share decline.

c. What type of research should be conducted by the management to come up with a decision? Justify your answer.

Market research should be conducted using the Method of descriptive research to

answers questions of who, what, where, when and how which can be used in decision

making by management.

The descriptive research is factual, accurate and systematic which would allow the

management to make valid conclusions.

Market research deals specifically with the gathering of information about a market's

size and trends. it covers a wider range of activities. And can be applied to a variety of

marketing problems collection process, analyzes the results, and communicates the

findings and their implications. It involves the following:

1. Define the Define the problem

2. Determine research design

3. Identify data types and sources

4. Design data collection forms and questionnaires

5. Determine sample plan and size

6. Collect the data

7. Analyze and interpret the data

8. Prepare the research report

d. Use chi-square test to help the company understand and interpret the relationship between the dependent and independent variable. (Critical Value of Chi Square at 1% level of significance for 4 degrees of freedom = 13.3)

S. No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Profession

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S B B

Brand Purchased

X Y Z X Z Y Z X Y Y Z X Z X X Z Z Z Z Z Y Y Y X

S. No.

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Profession

B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B P P

Brand Purchased

X Y X X Z X Z X Z X Z Y Y Y Y Y X Z Z X Y Y

S. No.

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Profession

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Brand Purchased

Y X X X Y X X X Y Y Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z (Note- S: Service; B: Business; P: Professional)

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Profession S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S B B

Brand

Purchased

X Y Z X Z Y Z X Y Y Z X Z X X Z Z Z Z Z Y Y Y X

S. No. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Profession B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B P P

Brand

Purchased

X Y X X Z X Z X Z X Z Y Y Y Y Y X Z Z X Y Y

S. No. 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Profession P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Brand

Purchased

Y X X X Y X X X Y Y Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

(Note- S: Service; B: Business; P: Professional)

Assignment III

Multiple Choice Questions

( Note: from Q20 - Q29 , calculate value of z,t or x2 as required)

1. In which scale objective evidence is missing that such scales measure the concepts for

which they have been developed. We have to rely on researchers’ insight and

competence.

a) Likert Scale

b) Interval Scale

c) Arbitrary Scale

d) Nominal Scale

2. In which scale the statements are related to one another in a way that if you have a

favorable response for an item you should also have a favourable reply for the previous

items.

a) Cumulative Scale

b) Ordinal Scale

c) Arbitrary Scale

d) Interval Scale

3. Likert scales are treated as yielding interval data by a majority of marketing

researchers

a) True

b) False

4. The overall score of which type of scale represents the respondents’ position on the

continuum of favourable-unfavourableness towards an issue?

a) Arbitrary Scales

b) Likert Scales

c) Cumulative Scales

d) Ordinal Scales

5. A Descriptive Research may not contain one of the following attribute:

a. Rigid and Focus

b. Biased but flexible

c. Reliable and economical

d. Careful planning

6. Which study or survey leads to monitor behavior?

a. Cross-sectional Studies

b. Causal Research

c. Experience survey

d. Longitudinal Studies

7. Among the following, which does not qualify to the qualities of a good research?

a) Good research is logical

b) Good research is empirical

c) Good research is non-replicable

d) Good research is systematic

8. Main text of the report should have—Introduction, Summary of Findings, Conclusions

and ____________________. Fill in the space with an appropriate answer:

a) Appendices

b) Recommendations

c) Bibliography

d) Graphs and charts

9. Which does not form the objective of Research?

a) To achieve new insights

b) To formulate causal relationship between variables

c) To loose familiarity with a phenomenon

d) To test hypothesis for conclusion

10. Which statement, out of the following, doesn’t cater to the Research Ethics?

a) Concern for the integrity of the work

b) Define individual moral principles

c) Plagiarism

d) Work community with moral standards

Q11. The monthly income of 10 employees working in a firm is as follows:

4487, 4493, 4502, 4446, 4475, 4492, 4572, 4516, 4468, 4489

Find the average monthly income.

a) 4494

b) 4495

c) 4496

d) 4497

Q12. Weekly rent No. of persons paying rent

200-400 6

400-600 9

600-800 11

800-1000 14

1000-1200 20

1200-1400 15

1400-1600 10

1600-1800 8

1800-2000 7

For the following frequency calculate mean:

a) 1000

b) 1010

c) 1100

d) 1001

Q13. From the following data of wages of 7 workers, compute the median wage:

4600, 4650, 4580, 4690, 4660, 4606, 4640

a) 4640

b) 4644

c) 4645

d) 4643

Q14. When one variable determines values of other variables, _______research design

is used.

a) Causal

b) Exploratory

c) descriptive

Q15. Size of shoes: 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

No. of persons: 10 20 25 40 22 15 6

Calculate the Mode from the following information.

a) 11

b) 5

c) 7

d) 8

Q16. The following figures relate to the preferences with regard to size of screen of T.V

sets of 30 persons selected at random from a locality. Find the modal size of the T.V

screen. 12 20 12 24 29

20 12 20 29 24

24 20 12 20 24

29 24 24 20 24

24 20 24 24 12

24 20 29 24 24

a) 20

b) 24

c) 12

d) 29

Q17. The _______ level of measurement describes variables that can be ordered or

ranked in some order of importance.

a) ordinal

b) nominal

c) ratio

d) interval

Q18. Find the Standard Deviation from the weekly wages of ten workers working in a

factory:

Workers Weekly

A 1320

B 1310

C 1315

D 1322

E 1326

F 1340

G 1325

H 1321

I 1320

J 1331

a) 7.89

b) 6.81

c) 7.52

d) 7.25

Q19. An analysis of production rejects resulted in the following figures:

No. of rejects per operators No. of operators

21-25 5

26-30 15

31-35 28

36-40 42

41-45 15

46-50 12

51-55 3

Calculate Standard Deviation.

a) 7.4

b) 7

c) 6.8

d) 6.37

Q20. The mean lifetime of a 100 light tubes produced by a company is found to be 1,580

hours with standard deviation of 90 hours. Test the Hypothesis that the mean lifetime of

the tubes produced by the company is 1600 hours. (calculate)

a) 2.6

b) -2.22

c) -2.8

d) 2.9

Q21. In 600 throws of six-faced die, odd points appeared 360 times. Would you say that

the die is fair at 5 % level of significance? (calculate)

a) 3.9

b) 5.5

c) 5.9

d) 4.9

Q22 A sample of 400 managers is found to be a mean height of 171.38cms. Can it be

regarded as a sample from a large population of mean height 171.17 cms and standard

deviation of 3.30 cms? (calculate)

a) 1.9

b) 2.3

c) 2.5

d) 1.3

Q23. Ten oil tins are taken at random from an automatic filling machine. The mean

weight of the tins is 15.8 Kg and standard deviation is 0.50kg. Does the sample mean

differ significantly from the intended weight of 16 kg? (calculate)

a) 1.46

b) -1.81

c) -1.26

d) -2.0

Q24. Price of share of a company on the different days in a month was found to be:

60, 65, 69, 70, 69, 71, 70, 63, 64 and 68

Test whether the mean price of the shares in month is 65. Calculate t?

a) 2.81

b) 3.04

c) 2.48

d) 3.08

Q25. A sample of 200 persons with a particular disease was selected. Out of these, 100

were given a drug and the others were not given any drug. The results are as follows:

Number of Persons

Drug No Drug Total

Cured 65 55 120

Not cured 35 45 80

Total 100 100 200

Test, whether the drug is effective or not.

Find the value of Chi- Square at 5% level of significance.

a) 2.9

b) 2.084

c) 3.015

d) 1.649

Q26. A certain drug is claimed to be effective in curing cold. In an experiment on 500

persons with cold, half of them were given the drug and half of them were given the

sugar pills. The patient’s reactions to the treatment are recorded in the following table:

Helped Harmed No effect Total

Drug 150 30 70 250

Sugar pills 130 40 80 250

Total 280 70 150 500

On the basis of this data, can it be concluded that there is a significant difference in the

effect of the drug and sugar pills?


a) 4.5

b) 4.0

c) 5.1

d) 3.5

Q27. The number of parts for a particular spare part in a factory was found to vary from

day to day. In a sample study, the following information was obtained:

Days: Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat. total

No. of Parts: 1124 1125 1110 1120 1126 1115 6720

Demanded

Test the Hypothesis that the number of parts demanded does depend on the day of the

week. At 5% level of significance.

a) 0.115

b) 0.121

c) 0.125

d) 0.179

Q28. A survey of 320 families with 5 children n each, revealed the following distribution:

No. of boys: 5 4 3 2 1 0

No. of girls: 0 1 2 3 4 5

No. of families: 14 56 110 88 40 12


a) 11.7

b) 12.1

c) 7.16

d) 12.5

Q29. The figures given below are (a) the theoretical frequencies of a distribution and (b)

the frequencies of the distribution having the same mean, standard deviation and total

frequency as in (a):

(a) 1 12 66 220 495 729 924 792 495 220 66 12 1

(b) 2 15 66 210 484 799 943 799 484 210 66 15 2

Do you think that the normal distribution provides a good fit to the data?

Calculate Chi- Square with 5 % level of significance.

a) 3.839

b) 1.464

c) 2.149

d) 1.670

Q30. Exploratory research is used in Convenience Sampling.

a) True

b) False

Q31. The sampling in which the selection of additional respondents (after the first small

group of respondents is selected) is based upon referrals from the initial set of

respondents is called?

a) Convenience Sampling

b) Judgment Sampling

c) Quota Sampling

d) Snowball Sampling

Q32. Sample on the basis of which certain basic parameters such as age, sex, income

and occupation that describe the nature a population so as to make it representative of

the population:



c) Quota Sampling

d) Snowball Sampling

Q33. In Simple Random Sampling the probability of selecting a specified unit of

population at any given draw is equal to the probability of its being selected at the first

draw.

a) True

b) False

Q34. In Lottery Method selecting a simple random sample is dependent on the

properties of population.

a) True

b) False

Q35. It is impossible to have knowledge about each and every unit of population if

population happens to be very large. This encourages the use of simple random sample.

a) True

b) False

Q36.In which type of sampling the variance of the sample estimate of the population is

inversely proportional to the sample size, and directly proportional to the variability of

the sampling units in the population:

a) Systematic Sampling

b) Lottery Sampling

c) Stratified Sampling

d) Multistage Sampling

Q37. Which type of sampling over-rules the possibility of any essential group of the

population being completely excluded in the sample. It thus provides a more

representative cross section of the population and is frequently regarded as the most

efficient system of sampling.



c) Snowball Sampling

d) Stratified Sampling

Q38. In which type of sampling you have the complete and up-to-date list of sampling

units is available you can also employ a common technique of selection of sample.


b) Lottery Sampling



Q39. In which type of sampling we regard population as a number of primary units each

of which is further composed of secondary stage units and so on, till we ultimately reach

a stage where desired sampling units are obtained.


b) Lottery Sampling



Q40. The order for writing the name of books in Bibliography of your research report:

a. name of author( last name first), title, publisher, number of volumes

b. number of volumes, name of author( last name first), publisher, title

c. title, name of author( last name first), publisher, number of volumes

d. publisher, title, name of author( last name first), number of volumes

1.