Buddhist monks traveling along the Silk Roads, wealthy Buddhist merchants building monasteries in Silk Road towns in order to win religious merit, foreign merchants introducing Buddhism to northern China. Ways Buddhism spread beyond India to China

Sand Roads, Sea Roads (Indian Ocean), Silk Roads. Post classical Eurasian trade routes creating global interactionExpansion of China into Central Asia during Han dynasty in order to control Xiongnu nomads facilitated the emergence of the Silk Roads

Shinto, Zen Buddhism Belief systems of Japan

Term for form of chivalry/way of behavior for samurai in feudal Japan bushido

Great Plains of North America major area where no pastoral society emerged pre-1500

Arabs, Ottoman Turks, Seljuk Turks, Persians, Mongols Main pastoral nomads which converted to and spread Islam

A collective labor system which increased productivity mita; Method used by 1st wave civs of Americas such as the Olmec and ChavinMilitary weakness of Persian and Byzantine empires at the time, religious enthusiasm of invading forces

A major reason Arabs able to conquer the above areas and extend Islam

Low-caste Hindus and untouchables found Islam gave them more rights than Hinduism. Reasons why Islam found converts in India

An advanced state of social, political, cultural and often economic development Civilization

Delhi Sultanates 5 short-lived dynasties, Delhi-based kingdoms/sultanates, of Turkic/and Pashtun (Afghan) origin 1206 - 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. Began period of Indian cultural renaissance. Result: "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures - lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion and clothing. The Urdu language (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in Turkic dialects) arose as result of this intermingling of cultures. In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate were absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire.

Changes, comparisons, connections The 3 Cs of History

built roads for military and economic advantages and to connect cities and towns Pre-600 CE, large centralized empires, e.g., Han, Persia, Rome, extended their military power by doing thisEach closely tied to an individual’s teachings; rose in response to an already-established earlier religion

Christianity and Buddhism

Inland kingdom which gained wealth from gold mining and exportation Great ZimbabweThe Song inherited many advances in science, technology, etc., from Tang dynasty and expanded these. Golden Age of ChinaAdopted Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman Catholicism, had strong economic, religious and sometimes military alliance with the Byzantine Empire and based its power on controlling trade rather than possession of land. Kievan Rus (under Prince Vladimir the Great)Example of West European adaptation of technology from another civilization to create a more advanced form. Gunpowder cannon

Coincides with the arteries of trade in Africa, South Asia and SE Asia. Could be said of spread of Islam by 1500.The tribute system of the first empire was more politically symbolic, while that of the second was important in supplying a good percentage of the empire’s needs. Tang, AztecThey supported a tremendous exchange of ideas, people, technology and culture in both the Middle East

and China. Mongol EmpireThe rulers of the first were Turks who invaded India, but those of the second were indigenous to the

region and peacefully converted to Islam. Delhi Sultanates, West AfricaBelieved social harmony could be created and maintained by clearly spelling out laws and strictly

enforcing them through rewards and punishments. LegalismEssentially nonreligious in character; an exam system which allowed for some social mobility for talented young men able to afford an education, regardless of class; emperors should rule justly and provide for

material needs of their people; superiors should be good role models for inferiors. Confucianism

Cultural tradition primarily concerned with imperfection and impermanence of human life. Buddhism

Example of “hybrid civilization” after fall of Roman Empire Roman, Germanic and Celtic cultures blending to create a new civilization

Created the largest land-based empire in history Mongols

diverse geography; different languages and cultures, complex, rigid class structure and caste system Reasons India did not have large, long-lasting empires

Powerful states capable of coercing labor and resources from their subjects, usually ruling other states as well as it home territory. Definition of empireWho should succeed Muhammad as religious & political head of the Islamic community (umma).Reasons for Sunni/Shi’ia split in 7th C.Popes and kings of Western Europe disagreeing over who had the authority to appoint bishops.

Investiture controversy

Used tribute system to structure relations with other states. Mongols, Chinese, and Aztecs

Hunting and gathering peoples Characteristic of paleolithic societies

10,000 years ago Beginnings of agriculture and pastoralism

Had greatest cultural continuity from its origins to modern times. China

Foreign invasions and conquest; possible repeated flooding Reasons Indus Valley Civs disappeared

Helots Spartan agricultural slaves – original inhabitants of area

1700 mile royal road Persian road connecting military and settlement areas throughout empire

Meso America and the Andes Neighboring regions which seem to have had little direct contact with each other

Mandate of Heaven approval of gods for Chinese ruler to govern, so long as he did so wisely and fairly

Age of Warring States Time period after fall of Han Empire

Shi-huangdi First Chinese emperor, United China in 221 BCE, unpopular because of Legalism practices to exercise control

Xia, Shang, Zhou, Han, Warring States, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming. Manchu/Qing – Order of Chinese dynasties

Patriarchal in organization Societal structure of almost all societies historically

Axum under King Ezana, 4th C. Became Christian

Meroe capital of Nubian civilization in Kush; flourished betw. 300 BCE-100 CE

Place Africans on edges of Sahara area came to settle after 500 BCE due to an extended dry period in their area of origin. Niger River Valley

Eurasia, Africa, Central & South America, North America, Australia & Oceana Declining order of world populations in 2nd/3rd wave civs eras

Type of Buddhism which flourished along Silk Roads, features the Buddha as a deity, believes in numerous bodhisattvas, emphasizes compassion rather than theoretical meditation alone, believes

possible to earn merit through good deeds. Mahayana

Responsible for killing 1/3 to ½ of populations in various areas of Eurasia, 1346-1350. Bubonic plague Motivated creation of states in various regions; affected daily working lives of many people; became vehicle for spread of ideas and diseases. Impacts of trade routes such as Silk Roads, Sand Roads, Indian Ocean Trade / Monsoon Trade routesLargely a relay trade route, in which goods were passed down the line rather than carried by one

merchant along the entire route. Silk Roads

Used as currency and a way to accumulate and show wealth silk

Han dynasty Classical era dynasty of China; often compared/contrasted with imperial Rome; collapsed c. 220 CE

Massive environmental transformation of China movement of Chinese south to Yellow R. area in first millennium CE to escape repeated Xiongnu, etc. raids in the north

Sui – dynasty which reunited China in 589, several centuries after fall of the Han; built Grand Canal

Korea, Japan, Vietnam – areas politically or culturally influenced by China

One, descended from the Sun god. Number of Japanese dynastiesAreas in Islamic culture areas within Islamic world where women had more personal and social freedoms

Anatolia and West Africa

Caesaropapism Byzantine Emperor’s approach to control – of both empire and church patriarchy

Kaaba - holiest shrine in Islam; pre-Islamic polytheistic shrine, meteor, Mecca

Umma Islamic community of believers

Ulama – religious scholars who determine interpretation of sharia law and hadithsNomadic, polytheistic Bedouin; some village and oasis-based agriculture, on trade route between Indian

Ocean and Mediterranean Sea Pre-Islamic Arabian peninsula3rd and 2nd C. BCE constructed more centralized, hierarchical political system than existed in previous nomadic societies, thus creating a model for later Eurasian pastoral confederations. XiongnuEarly 9th C., state along Dnieper River, stimulated by trade between Scandinavia (Vikings) and

Byzantium Kievan RusRuler of Carolingian Empire, established scholarly court, crowned Roman emperor on Christmas Day,

800, by the pope. Charlemagne

Otto I, aka Otto the Great First emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Actually often little more than a collection of quarrelsome principalities. Holy Roman Empire

Magyars, Vikings, Huns invaders of Europe

Constantinople Capital of Byzantine Empire; fell to Ottoman Turks in 1453

Baltic, Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), Holy Lands places where Crusades occurred

Thomas Aquinas 13th Century theologian and humanist Christian philosopher, joined Aristotlian philosophy to Christian doctrine in logical, systematic formAcquired empires by means of military conquest

Increased interregional trade characteristic of 3rd Wave Civilization period

The economic recovery of Afro-Eurasia after the Black Death By 1500African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African

and European diseases to Western Hemisphere Characteristics of Columbian Exchange

Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco Crops from Americas which also encouraged enslaved labor needs

Both empires expanded through use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies. Ottoman Turks and …………………

Had written scriptures and an ethical code to live by Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism

Byzantium - Eastern Roman Empire; outlasted that of West by 1000 years

Along trade routes key ways Buddhism, Islam and to some extent Christianity was spread. Also diseases, technology, ideas.

Intensified invasions by nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples and security issues along their frontiers. Factors relevant to decline and fall of Han and Roman empires

Population density increased, degradation of the environment increased, incidence of disease increased,

and social equality for women lessened effects of agricultural revolution (Neolithic Revolution)Rulers of the first were Turks who invaded India, but those of the second were indigenous to the region and peacefully converted to Islam, largely as a result of trade connections. Accurate comparison of the Delhi Sultanate and Mali Empire

Establishment of sedentary village communities Characteristic of Neolithic era

Method used to encourage conversion of Western Europe to Christianity Church willing to accommodate considerable range of earlier cultural practices,

absorbing them into emerging Christian tradition

The Near East (Holy Lands), Spain and the Baltic area where Crusaders wentMuch less easily defended capital, larger frontier to defend, weak leadership, extensive use of enslaved labor lessened motivation for innovation, increasing gap between wealthy and poor, rising unemployment Contributing reasons why Western Roman Empire fell

Orthodox Church – Primary church of Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus Germanic peoples who conquered the region were already substantially Romanized and there was prestige associated with things Roman. Reason Roman culture did not simply disappear from Western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.Willing to accommodate considerable range of earlier cultural practices, absorbing them into emerging Christian tradition. A major reason conversion to Christianity occurred in Western Europe

Roman, Germanic and Celtic cultures synthesis of cultures which occurred after the fall of the Roman EmpireThe Roman Catholic Church was more independent from the state than in the case of the Byzantine

Empire Difference in political power between Western and Eastern ChristianityContinued for about 1000 more years, despite frequent increases and decreases in territory.

Byzantine Empire/Eastern Roman Empire

A philosophy focusing on appreciation for the worth of individual achievement and rational thought instead

of thinking only of supernatural explanations. HumanismCultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Though availability of paper and the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes

of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe. The Renaissance

Wealthy merchant class that invested in the arts One of the factors which enabled the Renaissance to flourish in Northern Italy Europe

Stressed the importance of the individual Way humanists in the Renaissance differed from traditional medieval philosophy

Leaders should do whatever is necessary to achieve their goals Machiavelli’s approach to governing in The Prince

Renounced the material world in the pursuance of spiritual union with Allah. SufisDocument based questions (DBQ), compare and contrast (CC) and continuity and change over time (CCOT) Types of essays required in AP World History exam

Understanding currents and wind patterns reasons long-distance ocean trade routes began to be possible

Developing supply lines, building infrastructure including defensive walls and roads. Ways empires retained control over territory

Technological and scientific concepts, such as the decimal and zero originated from India, transmitted through Arab lands

Geographic conditions in Greece, resulting in insufficient food being produced Major reason Greek city-states sought to establish colonies

Social hierarchy put government officials on top. Confucian-based social pyramid

To retain the history of the community, clan or general society. Function of a griotHarmony with nature, letting things happen naturally, no interest in scholarship for its own sake

Characteristics of Daoism

Kinship ties most common form of social organization in pre-agricultural (i.e., hunting and gathering) societies

Xiongnu Confederacy nomadic group with which Han had to at times make treaties and agreements

Katharsis the cleansing emotion one was expected to feel after watching Greek drama

New Zealand last major land area to be settled by humans

30,000-50,000 years ago believed to be arrival of humans into the Americas

Use of metals, specialized classes, increase in diseases some of results of Neolithic RevolutionTwo rulers who underwent separate religious conversions which had broad based impact on lands under their control. Asoka and Constantine (and Clovis)

Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam major monotheistic religions

Hellenism -characteristic of the period 323-146 BCE following conquests of Alexander the Great, when Greek culture spread throughout conquered areas.

Buddhism and Christianity founders were spiritual leaders, not political or military ones.

Earliest known agricultural settlement Catal Huyuk

Major centers of Indus River Valley civilization Mohenjo Daro and Harappa

Sumer, Akkadia, Assyria, Babylonia (1st and 2nd empires) – Mesopotamian civilizations in first wave of empires

Sargon the Great 3rd millennium BCE Akkadian ruler, considered first emperor –harsh

Code of Hammurabi – Babylonian code of 282 laws which combined earlier laws and added new based on scaled justice, dependent on social rank.

Epic of Gilgamesh - Sumerian epic – adventures of Gilgamesh & Enkidu, the former trying to find immortality; lesson – futility of this; only the gods have everlasting life

12 Tables – Code of laws in Roman Republic, applied to all Romans equally; 12 sections or tables

Punic Wars - three wars in 3rd and 2nd C. BCE between Rome and Carthage over control of trade in Mediterranean. Name from Latin word for Phoenician (Carthage being ex-colony of Phoenicia). Eventually won by Romans

Phoenicians Iron Age people, descendants of Bronze Age Canaanites of the south Syrian/Lebanese coast... The name derives from the Greek, Phoinikes, referring to the purple colored dye Phoenicians got from murex shell, making highly prized textiles. Major cities - Tyre, Sidon, Byblos and Arwad, confederation of fiercely independent maritime traders. By late 8th C BCE, founded trading posts and colonies around entire Mediterranean, e.g. Carthage. Most lasting contribution - alphabet, base of one we use today.

Stone Age Also known as Paleolithic era – stone weapons, tools, hunting and gathering, primarily nomadic

Buddhism – originating in India, 7th C. BCE. Siddhartha Gautama’s views on enlightenment, etc., arose from Hinduism, but no caste system;

Reincarnation but enlightenment possible in one lifetime. 8-Fold Path, Middle Way

Lack of a tradition of large, centralized states one reason few long-lasting, major empires occurred in India

Mauryan and Gupta – two major empires in 2nd wave of Indian civilizationsAlthough many examples of the script exist, scholars have not yet deciphered the writing system.

Reason little is known regarding Harappan civilization

Hittites – developed chariot; one of few peoples to successfully attack ancient Egypt; controlled much of AnatoliaNeed to organize irrigation and water usage in order to grow enough food in such a semi-arid areas.

Possible reason for development for first wave civilizations in Mesopotamia

Imperial spies to keep tabs on distant provinces. Used by Persian and Mauryan leadersTerm used for Athenian experiment with the idea of free people running the affairs of state. Democracy

Greek philosophy - began 6th c. BCE, continued through Hellenistic period, at which point Ancient Greece was incorporated in Roman Empire. Dealt with wide variety of subjects - political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics. Influenced much of Western thought. Dominated by Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. In yrs after Plato and Aristotle died (200s BCE), 3 famous kinds of philosophy started up in the schools Plato and

Aristotle had started: Stoics, Skeptics, and Epicureans. Each advocated different ways of thinking about the world, even after people converted to Christianity in the 300s CE.

Ahura Mazda, Angra Mainyu (Ahriman), Avesta, fire towers terms connected with Zoroastrianism

Complementary, rather than contradictory and exclusive Ways Chinese believed one could treat Confucianism and Daoism

Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacan, Aztec chronological order of Mesoamerican societies

Norte Chico, Chapan, Nazco, Inca chronological order of Andes areas societies

Phoenicians – major first wave civilization sea traders, established colonies, e.g., Carthage, traded as far as Cornwall, exported purple dye, developed

alphabet our own is based on.

Road building – activity of Inca to link coastal with mountain areas of their empire.

Royal Road, 1700 miles in length with stations for new mounts along the way Persians under Cyrus the Great and others – major means of keeping control and facilitating communication and trade through empire.

Gods are unpredictable and sometimes violent towards humans - common view of gods in ancient civs; exemplified in Epic of Gilgamesh from MesopotamiaFlood plain where, due to an extended dry period beginning after 500 BCE, many Africans came to settle.

Niger River Valley

Timbuktu Islamic educational and political center of Malian Empire in post-classical era

Swahili coast -1,800-mile stretch of Kenyan/Tanzanian coastline; site of cultural and commercial exchanges betw. E. Africa and outside world, espy Middle East, Asia, and Europe, since at least 2nd century CE. Betw. 500 - 800 CE they shifted to sea-based trading economy. Trade from African interior, e.g. gold, ivory, slaves; led to devpt of market towns, e.g. Mogadishu, Shanga, Kilwa, and Mombasa. c. 9th C. CE., Africans, Arabs, and Persians who lived/traded on coast developed Swahili as lingua franca, based on Bantu languages and Arab & Persian loan words. Also developed Swahili culture, characterized by Muslim religion and Arabic/Persian/Indian-influenced art and architectural styles

Great Zimbabwe Inland trading kingdom in SE Africa, trading gold, ivory and slaves with the Swahili coast, 11th-15th C. in exchange for beads, porcelain and other goods from as far away as China and India.

Indian Ocean Trade Routes - Shipping betw. India, e. coast of Africa, SE Asia and China; carried out in archipelago of towns operating as independent city-states. Meant much urbanization along the coasts as diverse port cities grew. Merchants diverse, from Roman world, Africa, India, Middle East and Asia. Cargo first on sailboats called Dhows; could carry luxury and less-expensive bulk goods. Indian Ocean trade routes carried spices from India, artisan products from China, India and Rome. Since Buddhism was friendly to merchants and many became Buddhist, 600 BCE – 600 CE. After Islam developed from c 600 CE, it spread rapidly along trade routes. Most Indian Ocean merchants converted to Islam in

the period 600 CE – 1450 CE, often adopting Arabic lang. Wealth from Indian Ocean trade led to emergence of strong leaders and well-organized empires in Southeast Asia and east coast of Africa (Swahili city-states/coast). Srivijaya, with its capital of Palembang emerged in SE Asia. It became mainly Buddhist. Interaction of technology, religions, peoples, cultures, and civilizations occurred from Java to Zanzibar /Mombasa.

Sand Roads (Trans-Saharan Trade) - of W. Africa; series of overland trade routes, mainly n/s; connected diverse geo. regions of W. Africa. Began 300-400 CE, Empires emerged on edges of Sahara in W. Africa in post-Classical era, e.g., Mali and Songhay, fed by trade in luxury and bulk goods; Became espy famous for carrying salt, gold and slaves. Local political leaders grew powerful by taxing (e.g., salt) or monopolizing trade. Islam spread rapidly through Sand Roads after 600 CE, bringing a unifying Muslim culture and widespread literacy. Cities like Timbuktu emerged as places of gathering, govt centers, and (after 600 CE) centers of Islamic learning.

Silk Roads - interconnected trade routes, exchanging goods from China, India, Central Asia, Rome, No. Africa. Wudi, a Han emperor, first sent caravans along the Silk Road c 100 BCE. Thrived in Golden Ages of Rome and Han dynasty, ~ 200 BCE – 200 CE, suffered when these collapsed, c. 200 - 400 CE. Prospered again when China reunified during Tang/Song dynasties several 100 yrs later. Relay trade; merchants traveled short distances, exchanged goods with other merchants, who then

took the goods further; small amt. of mostly luxury goods exchanged since overland trade difficult, risky, expensive; Led to large-scale

urbanization in China, Central Asia, with cities like Chinese capital of Chang’an (Xian) booming;. Enabled spread of Buddhism from India to C. Asia and no. China since many merchants embraced Buddhism; Chinese tech. like gunpowder, paper, silk spread to Middle East, Europe; Disease also. Bubonic Plague occasionally spread, espy. In 1348, carried by travelers, fleas on rodents that traveled with them, devastating at different times empires in Europe, Asia.

Traders and merchants had lower status than farmers – Confucian based social pyramid, traders/merchants ranked lowest because they were considered

parasites, neither scholars nor producers

Were allowed by the gods to keep their power so long as they ruled justly and wise. Mandate of Heaven; starts with Shang dynasty

Oracle bones used tortoise shells and bones, cracked by fire, in Shang dynasty and later to predict future

Harmony could be achieved by proper behavior of each member of the family or society. Confucian view of society; focus on 5 relationship pairs:

ruler-subject; husband-wife; father- son; elder brother-younger brother; friend-friendChinese, Indian and Middle Eastern societies formed permanent settlements with land-based wealth.

Main difference between nomadic societies such as Xiongnu, Jurchen and Mongols and those of agricultural and urban settlementsSuffered as a result of high levels of military spending, one was never able to re-establish its empire; the other was. Rome, Han China

Assumed other cultures would want to become like their own and would become assimilated. Attitude of Chinese towards non-Chinese peoples they conquered or influenced

Change from nomadic hunting and gathering to settled farming and pastoralism Neolithic Revolution

Four Noble Truths, 3 Baskets of Wisdom, 8 Fold Path, Middle Way- Buddhist sutras (scriptures/ teachings)

Upanishads, Mahabharata, Vedas, Ramayana – Hindu scriptures

Ten Commandments, Lord’s Prayer, Beatitudes, Nicene Creed – Christian scriptures/teachings

Talmud – Jewish commentary on the Torah (Old Testament)

Hadiths – sayings and actions attributed to Muhammad

Constructing of buildings and monuments in marble and stone in SW Asia –example of lasting impact of Hellenism

A major aggravator of difficult conditions in Rome for the poor and which also limited incentives to create

new approaches to problems – highest level of enslaved labor in the ancient world

Cuneiform, hieroglyphics – early forms of writingRigid social structure through birth-determined system, great cultural diversity, local rather than wider

loyalties - reasons no large, long-lasting empires arose in India

Karma, dharma, moksha, samsara, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, dalits, puja, Vishnu, Shiva – terms connected with Hinduism

Mahayana, Theravada, nirvana, stupas – terms connected with Buddhism

Bodhisattvas – enlightened beings in Buddhism to whom devotees can turn for guidance, etc.Travelled the Silk Roads to spread the religion, wealthy members of the faith built monasteries in Silk

Road towns in order to gain religious merit, foreign merchants introduced it to northern China Buddhism spread from India

Seemed to have little direct contact with each other - Aztec and Inca civilizations; Meso and South American cultures

Potatoes, tomatoes, squash, peanuts, beans – examples of New World/Americas plants brought back to Europe and “Old” World

Chicken, honey bee, horse, cow, pigs, rats, barley, wheat, bananas examples of European plants brought to New World/Americas

By 1500 no pastoral societies had taken shape in this location. North American Great Plains

Arabs, Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks, Mongols who conquered Persia – major agents for spreading Islam

Less varied and nutritious diet yet more dependable food supply overall. Nutritional impact of Agrarian Revolution/Neolithic Revolution overall

Incorporated a collective labor system which increased productivity – mita mandatory labor system used by Inca and also Aztec to supply food needs

Culture and technology developed without benefit of exchange and interaction with other regions Aspect which makes civilizations’ development in Americas distinctive

from most other regionsMilitary weakness of the Persian and Byzantine empires at the time and religious enthusiasm Reasons Arabic Islamic forces were able to expand so rapidly in Middle EastLow caste Hindus and Dalits, as well as disillusioned Buddhists found it gave them more rights than their

original religions did. Groups which converted to Islam during Delhi Sultanate era

An advanced stage of social, political and cultural development civilization

Change, comparison and connection the 3 C’s of historyBoth built roads for military and economic advantages and to connect a network of cities and towns

Romans and Han Chinese

Inland kingdom that gained wealth from gold mining and exporting to The Swahili coast – Great Zimbabwe

They inherited many of the advances in science, technology, and astronomy from the cosmopolitan Tang dynasty and expanded these. Reasons Song Dynasty considered peak of

Golden Age for ChinaAdopted Orthodox Christianity under Vladimir the Great, had strong economic and religious relationship with the Byzantine Empire; political power came from controlling trade rather than land possession.

Kievan Rus

Coincides with the arteries of trade in Africa, South Asia and SE Asia. Indian Ocean Trade Routes (aka Cinnamon Trade Route/Monsoon Trade Route)More politically symbolic, while the Aztecs’ system supplied a good percentage of the empire’s needs.

Differences in use of tribute systems between Tang and AztecsSupported tremendous exchange of ideas, people, technology and culture in both Middle East and China

Silk RoadsRulers of the Delhi Sultanate were Turks who invaded India, but those of Mali were indigenous to the

region and peacefully converted to Islam. Difference in ways Islam spread

Powerful states capable of coercing labor and resources from their subjects Characteristic of empire

Developed extensive road systems to connect mountain and coastal areas Inca

.Authority of bishop of Rome (pope) over other bishops, nature of Jesus and the Trinity Disagreements between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

Churches

Caesaropapism - Byzantine emperor’s policy of controlling both empire and church by appointing patriarch and influencing church policies

Used a tribute system to structure their relations with other states. Many empires

10,000 years ago - beginnings of agriculture/Neolithic Revolution

Of the 1st Civilizations, this had the greatest cultural continuity from its origins to modern times. ChinaRespect for traditions not originating in the empire, so long as this did not cause disloyalty, revolt or loss

of tribute payments Persian Empire / could also be argued for Hellenism, Mongols

Conquered peoples in Sparta who lived in slave-like conditions helots

Greek foot soldiers - hoplites

Long period of political chaos before establishment of a unified empire in 221 BCE Warring States period in China

Harsh, first emperor and unifier of China Shi-huangdi Di, Qin dynasty

Large world deserts, the first two in Africa, third in Central Asia and fourth in the Andes Sahara, Kalahari, Gobi, Anaconda

Established in Egypt and East African kingdom of Axum by King Ezana in 4th C. CE Christianity

Center of Nubian civilization which flourished between 300 BCE and 100 CE. MeroePerceives Buddha as a deity, numerous Bodhisattvas, flourished along the Silk Roads, emphasis on compassion and possibility of earning merit through good deeds, not just through meditation and

philosophical analysis Mahayana BuddhismCause of death for 1/3 or more of the population of Europe and Asia between 1348 and 1350. Bubonic Plague

Latifudia Estates of Roman land owners, (latifundi) using vast numbers of slaves, often pushing out smaller farmersMotivated creation of states in various regions of the world, affected daily working lives of many people, vehicle for spread of ideas and disease Long-distance trade route such as Sand Roads, Silk Roads, Indian Ocean Trade Routes

Largely a relay trade route, in which goods were passed down the line rather than carried by one merchant along the entire route. Silk Roads

Used as currency and means of accumulating wealth in Central Asia Silk

Its collapse around 220 CE lead to more than 300 years of political fragmentation. Han Empire

Yellow River Area of first major Chinese civilization development

Reunified China in 589 CE, solidifying unity by greatly extending the country’s canals. Sui Dynasty6th Century Byzantine emperor who led impressive but short-lived attempt to reconquer Mediterranean

basin and who synthesized, rationalized and reorganized Roman laws in a Code named after him. Justinian

Community of all Muslim believers, and the basis of Islamic society umma

Quranic legal scholars UlamaSome village-based agriculture, mainly nomadic people with several key towns, one of which

was the center of polytheistic pilgrimage. Arabian Peninsula before Islam

Ka’aba most sacred pilgrimage site in Islam, in Mecca; pre-Islamic polytheistic pilg. Site, covered cube, probable meteorite inside.

Augustine (Octavian) first Roman emperor

Etruscans Pre-Latin culture in c., s. Italian peninsula; heavily influenced by Greece, greatly influenced Latins in turn.

Peloponnesian War 434-401 BCE. War between Athens/Delian League against Spartans/Peloponnesian League; broke Athens’ power permanently

Greco-Persian Wars 492-449 BCE. Greek city-states against Persian Achaemenid Empire, led by Darius the Great. Started with revolt of Greek colonies in Iona. Greeks eventually win. Many famous battles

Pericles – (495-429 BCE) 5th C. General in Greco-Persian wars who, as a politician, led Athens afterwards in its Golden Age. Died from plague during siege of Athens by Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian War.

Herodotus (484-425 BCE) – 5th C. Greek historian, wrote about Greco-Persian Wars (although biased). Considered “Father of History” for this account and because he was the first known writer to collect information and describe events systematically.

Cyrus the Great (576-530) - 6th C. ruler of Achaemenid Dynasty of Persia; Empire = all previous civilized states of ancient Near East, expanded; eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia and the Caucasus. From Mediterranean Sea in the west to Indus River in the east, = largest empire world had yet seen. Respected customs/religions of lands he conquered. Zoroastrian Cyrus allowed the Jews (exiled to Babylonia by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, whom Cyrus defeated) to return to Israel. Killed while trying to subdue a rebellious area, 529 BCE. Persian Empire was to last from 550 B.C. until its overthrow by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C.

Ramses II (c. 1303 BC – July or August 1213 BC ;) Egyptian, the Great, 3rd Egyptian pharaoh (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC) of the 19th dynasty. Often regarded as greatest, most celebrated, most powerful pharaoh of Egyptian Empire

Areas which did not suffer significantly from 14th C. Bubonic plague pandemic. India and sub- Saharan Africa (and the Americas)

Giza – site of largest pyramid complex in Egypt, built by Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops) 5 Pillars – profession of faith, prayer 5x daily, fast during Ramadan, alms giving, hajj

(pilgrimage) to Mecca.

Xiongnu - Nomadic group, for centuries periodically raided China from ne. In 3rd and 2nd Centuries CE constructed a far more centralized, hierarchical political system than had existed in previous nomadic societies, in the process creating a model for later Eurasian pastoral confederations.

The Seventeen-article constitution Japanese document by Prince Shōtoku, 604CE. Stresses Buddhist and Confucian morals and virtues in governing and what was expected of both emperor and governed to ensure smooth running of the state, with the emperor the highest authority. It is one of the earliest moral dictatorial documents in history.

Alexander the Great – 4th C. completed unification of Greece begun by father, Phillip II of Macedon. Conquered Persia, created empire, leading to Hellenistic period as Greek culture spread through areas he had conquered

Lacked large animals that could be herded and / or domesticated North American Great Plains; reason no pastoral societies developed in the America’s

Traders and farmers as well as raiders - VikingsRussia and Ukraine/Kievan Rus – Areas which became Eastern Orthodox

Carolingian ruler, crowned Roman emperor (first to claim this in centuries) in 800 CE, crowned by pope Charlemagne

Battle which stopped Muslim incursion into western Europe via Spain Battle won by Arabs; stopped Chinese efforts to increase westward expansion Battle of Tours/Poitiers, led by Charles Martel

(the Hammer)

Damascus capital of Umayyad Caliphate

Baghdad –capital of Abbasid Caliphate

Muslim name for area of Spain and Portugal under their control (711-1492, although they had lost most of it long before then; at height 8th-10th Centuries) - Al-Andalus

Ottoman Empire (1299-1922 – height 16th-17th centuries) - state founded by Turkish tribes under Osman Bey in nw Anatolia, in 1299. With the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II (the Conqueror) in 1453, the Ottoman state was transformed into an empire. This victory cemented its Eurasian nature, which remains one of the essential characteristics of Modern Turkey. The empire reached its peak at 1590, covering parts of Asia, Europe and Africa. The reign of the long-lived Ottoman dynasty lasted for 623 years, from 1299 1922, when the monarchy in Turkey was abolished. During the 16th -17th centuries, in particular at the height under Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire = one of most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire, stretched from so. borders of Holy Roman Empire on outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary (modern

Slovakia) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. With Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around Mediterranean basin, the empire = center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for over six centuries.

1453 – Year Constantinople fell to Ottoman Turks, led by Mehmed II (the Conqueror)

1258 – Year Baghdad fell to Mongols, ending Abbasid Caliphate

732 – Year of Battle of Tours (Tours-Poitiers), when Moors (Muslim Arab/Berber forces) stopped in advance into Western Europe from Spain.

751 – Year of Battle of Talas River, when Arab forces stopped western advance of Tang Chinese forces. Permanently limited westward spread of Chinese control

Persepolis – built in 6th C. BCE, ceremonial capital of Achaemenid Empire.

First so-called Holy Roman Emperor – actually ruled over collection of quarreling principalities instead of true empire. Otto I

Repeatedly invaded Europe between 700 and 1000 CE. Vikings from Scandinavia (also Huns, et al)

Renounced the material world in order to have a direct, personal relation with Allah; also important in spreading Islam in areas like Anatolia and parts of NW India Sufis

House of Wisdom – Abbasid-era (9th -13th C.) library, translation institute, educational and research center, Baghdad, during Islamic Golden Age. Founded by Caliph Harun al- Rashid. Besides translating Greek, Persian and Indian texts into Arabic and preserving them, scholars there made many original contributions to diverse fields. Unrivaled center for the study of humanities and for science in medieval Islam, including mathematics, astronomy, medicine, alchemy and chemistry, zoology and geography and cartography. . By the middle of the ninth century, the House of Wisdom was the largest repository of books in the world. Destroyed in 1258 when Mongols destroyed Baghdad and ended Abbasid caliphate

13th C. theologian who integrated Aristotle’s ideas into a logical, systematic presentation of Christian doctrine (St.) Thomas Aquinas

Transmitted Greek learning to both parts of the West European and Islamic world. Humanist philosophers in later Byzantine Empire

Alexander the Great (356-323BCE) – 4th C. BCE empire builder, son of Philip of Macedon, tutored by Aristotle until age 16,

Through Spain, transmitted Greek philosophical ideas and Arabic, Persian and Turkish science and technology to Europe. Umayyad and then Abbasid caliphates via Al-Andalus

Population growth, reemergence of political unity through emergence of centralized states, considerable growth of long distance trade Characteristics in Europe during the High Middle Ages

Sunni and Shi’ia 2 main groups of Muslims; 80% Sunni, 20% Shi’ia – dispute how caliphs and leaders should have been determined historically, plus other doctrinal differences.

Indonesia - largest Muslim population within one country in the world

Egypt – largest number of Arabs in one country

Bushido “way of the warrior” Japanese code of honor and behavior for samurai; much like western medieval concept of chivalry

Fief, vassal, manor house, three field rotation, fallow field – terms relevant to European feudalism; area of land given to someone lower in social status; person receiving it, in terms of relation to lord; home of lord; type of crop rotation; involved leaving one field rotation empty (fallow) to recover fertility each growing season.

Emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai, peasants, [merchants] – social ranking pyramid for feudal Japan

Pope/bishop/king, lord, knight/vassal, craftsman/merchant/ [yeoman] farmer, peasant/serf European feudal pyramid of social rank

People of the Book – Islamic view of Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians

Increased desire for slave laborers plantation agriculture, particularly with sugar and tobacco

Petrarch, Dante, Machiavelli, Erasmus, More, Chaucer Renaissance writers

Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli, Raphael, Donatello, Titian – Southern Renaissance Artists

Van Eyck, Reuben, Holbein (Younger), Durer, Bosch, Brueghel (Elder/Younger) – Northern Renaissance Artists

Home scenes, portraits, daily life - as opposed to - classical themes, mythological topics, religious scenes – characteristics of Northern Renaissance art which differentiated it from much of Italian Renaissance artWheel, base-60 number system (360 degree circle, 60 minute hour, 60 second minute), first known writing, 24 hour day, grid street plans, sundials, ziggurats technological and mathematical

contributions from MesopotamiaPeople of the Book Muslim categorization of Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians

Increased desire for slave laborers development of plantation-based agriculture as Islamexpanded and conquering Arabs attempted to rejuvenate areas

of Mesopotamia by growing plantation crops such as dates.

Petrarch, Dante, Machiavelli, Erasmus, More, Chaucer Renaissance writers and /or philosophers

Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli, Raphael, Donatello, Titian – Italian Renaissance painters/artists

Van Eyck, Reuben, Holbein (Younger), Durer, Bosch, Brueghel (Elder/Younger) Northern Renaissance painters

Home scenes, portraits, daily life - as opposed to - classical themes, mythological topics, religious scenes popular subjects for Northern Renaissance painters

Wheel, base-60 number system (360 degree circle, 60 minute hour, 60 second minute), first known writing, 24 hour day, grid street plans, sundials, ziggurats – technological developments of

Mesopotamia

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