Bali is an island and a province of Indonesia. The province
covers a few small neighbouring islands as well as the island of
Bali itself. It is located at the westernmost end of the Lesser
Sunda Islands, between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. One
of the country's 34 provinces, Bali has its capital at Denpasar
towards the south of the island.
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With a population recorded as 3,890,757 in the 2010 census, and
currently 4.22 million, the island is home to most of Indonesia's
Hindu minority. According to the 2010 Census, 84.5% of Bali's
population adhered to Balinese Hinduism while most of the remainder
followed Islam. Bali is also the largest tourist destination in the
country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including
traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather,
metalworking, and music. A tourist haven for decades, the province
has seen a further surge in tourist numbers in recent years.
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Borobudur, or Barabudur, is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist
Temple in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The monument consists
of six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is
decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues.A main
dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by
72 Buddha statues seated inside a perforated stupa. Built in the
9th century during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty, the temple's
design in Gupta architecture reflects India's influence on the
region. It also depicts the gupta style from India and shows
influence of Buddhism as well as Hinduism.The monument is both a
shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The
journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows
a path around the monument and ascends to the top through three
levels symbolic of Buddhist cosmology: Kmadhtu (the world of
desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu (the world
of formlessness). The monument guides pilgrims through an extensive
system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief
panels on the walls and the balustrades.
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Evidence suggest Borobudur was constructed in the 9th century
and abandoned following the 14th century decline of Hindu kingdoms
in Java, and the Javanese conversion to Islam. Worldwide knowledge
of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford
Raffles, then the British ruler of Java, who was advised of its
location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved
through several restorations. The largest restoration project was
undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and
UNESCO, following which the monument was listed as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. Borobudur is still used for pilgrimage; once a year
Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak at the monument, and
Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist
attraction.
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Komodo National Park is located in the center of the Indonesian
archipelago, between the islands of Sumbawa and Flores. Established
in 1980, initially the main purpose of the Park was to conserve the
unique Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) and its habitat.
However, over the years, the goals for the Park have expanded to
protecting its entire biodiversity, both terrestrial and marine. In
1986, the Park was declared a World Heritage Site and a Man and
Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO, both indications of the Park's
biological importance
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The name "Gili Islands" is a misnomer, because Gili simply
means "small island" in Sasak. As a result most of the islands
around the coast of Lombok have Gili in their names, although
confusion is averted by referring (in English) to the other Gilis
around the Lombok coast by their proper names only
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The Islands are located in the Lombok Strait, to the immediate
northwest of Lombok. They extend outward from a tiny peninsula
called Sire near to the village of Tanjung on Lombok. Bali lies
about 35 km to the west of Gili Trawangan, the islands' most
westerly member. Both Bali and Lombok are easily visible from the
Gilis in clear weather. Mount Rinjani, Indonesia's second highest
volcano, is close by on neighbouring Lombok, and dominates the
views towards the east.
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Tana Toraja Regency (Torajaland, Land of the Toraja or Tator)
is a regency (kabupaten) of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, home of
Toraja ethnic group people. The local government seat is in Makale,
where the center of Toraja culture is in Rantepao. But now, Tana
Toraja has been divided to two regencies that consist of Tana
Toraja with capital is Makale and Toraja Utara with capital is
Rantepao.
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Tana Toraja boundary was determined by the Dutch East Indies
government in 1909. In 1926, Tana Toraja was under the
administration of Bugis state, Luwu. The regentschap (or regency)
status was given on October 8, 1946, the last regency given by the
Dutch. Since 1984, Tana Toraja has been named as the second tourist
destination after Bali by the Ministry of Tourism, Indonesia. Since
then, hundreds of thousands of foreign visitors have visited this
regency. In addition, numerous Western anthropologists have come to
Tana Toraja to study the indigenous culture and people of
Toraja
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Bunaken is an island of 8 km, part of the Bunaken National
Marine Park. Bunaken is located at the northern tip of the island
of Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs administratively to the
municipality of Manado. Scuba diving attracts many visitors to the
island. Other sides of Bunaken.Bunaken National Park extends over
an area of 890.65 km of which only 3% is terrestrial, including
Bunaken Island, as well as the islands of Manado Tua, Mantehage,
Nain and Siladen.
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The waters of Bunaken National Marine Park are up to 1,566 m
deep in Manado Bay, with temperatures ranging between 27 to 29 C.
It has a high diversity of - corals, fish, echinoderms or sponges.
Notably, 7 of the 8 species of giant clams that occur in the world,
occur in Bunaken. It also claims to have seven times more genera of
coral than Hawaii, and has more than 70% of all the known fish
species of the Indo-Western Pacific.
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Oceanic currents may explain, in part, why Bunaken National
Marine Park has such a high level of biodiversity. Northeasternly
currents generally sweep through the park but abundant counter
currents and gyros related to lunar cycles are believed to be a
trap for free swimming larvae. This is particularly true on the
south side of the crescent-shaped Bunaken Island, lying in the
heart of the park. A snorkeler or diver in the vicinity of Lekuan
or Fukui may spot over 33 species of butterfly fish and numerous
types of groupers, damsels, wrasses and gobies. The gobies,
smallish fish with bulging eyes and modified fins that allow them
to attach to hard surfaces, are the most diverse but least known
group of fish in the park.
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Mount Bromo (Indonesian: Gunung Bromo), is an active volcano
and part of the Tengger massif, in East Java, Indonesia. At 2,329
metres (7,641 ft) it is not the highest peak of the massif, but is
the most well known. The massif area is one of the most visited
tourist attractions in East Java, Indonesia. The volcano belongs to
the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. The name of Bromo derived
from Javanese pronunciation of Brahma, the Hindu creator god.
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Mount Bromo sits in the middle of a vast plain called the "Sea
of Sand" (Javanese: Segara Wedi or Indonesian: Lautan Pasir), a
protected nature reserve since 1919. The typical way to visit Mount
Bromo is from the nearby mountain village of Cemoro Lawang. From
there it is possible to walk to the volcano in about 45 minutes,
but it is also possible to take an organised jeep tour, which
includes a stop at the viewpoint on Mount Penanjakan (2,770 m or
9,088 ft) (Indonesian: Gunung Penanjakan). The viewpoint on Mount
Penanjakan can also be reached on foot in about two hours. From
inside the caldera, sulfur is collected by workers.
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Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple of ancient Java, and the
construction of this royal temple was probably started by Rakai
Pikatan as the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty's answer to the Buddhist
Sailendra Dynasty's Borobudur and Sewu temples nearby. Historians
suggest that the construction of Prambanan probably was meant to
mark the return of the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty to power in Central
Java after almost a century of Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty
domination. Nevertheless, the construction of this massive Hindu
temple signifies that the Medang court had shifted the focus of its
patronage from Mahayana Buddhism to Shivaist Hinduism.
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A temple was first built at the site around 850 CE by Rakai
Pikatan and expanded extensively by King Lokapala and Balitung Maha
Sambu the Sanjaya king of the Mataram Kingdom. According to the
Shivagrha inscription of 856 CE, the temple was built to honor Lord
Shiva and its original name was Shiva-grha (the House of Shiva) or
Shiva-laya (the Realm of Shiva). According to Shivagrha
inscription, a public water project to change the course of a river
near Shivagrha Temple was conducted during the construction of the
temple. The river, identified as the Opak River, now runs north to
south on the western side of the Prambanan temple compound.
Historians suggest that originally the river was curved further to
east and was deemed too near to the main temple.[citation needed]
The project was done by cutting the river along a north to south
axis along the outer wall of the Shivagrha Temple compound. The
former river course was filled in and made level to create a wider
space for the temple expansion, the space for rows of pervara
(complementary) temples.
