Am b Sediment a Rios

8/12/2019 Am b Sediment a Rios

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Sedimentary Rocks:Environments of Deposition and

Stratigraphic Correlation


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Environments of Deposition


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Continental

shelf

Continentalslope

Shallowmarine

Deepmarine

Submarine

volcanoes


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Conglomerate deposited as an alluvial

fan, Cretaceous of Utah


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6_5

Particles are large and

irregular, and consist of

a variety of lithologies,

including the least

resistant.

Particles are mid-sized

and of intermediate

sphericity, and include

resistant and nonresistant

lithologies.

Particles are small and

nearly spherical, and

consist mainly of the

most resistant lithologies,

such as quartz.


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Sideling Hill Outcrop, I-68, Hancock,

Maryland


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6_28FloodplainMeanderingriver channel

Lake

River bank

(a)

Floodplain facies:Fine-grained shalesand organic

deposits

Lake (lacustrine)facies:Thinly bedded,extremely fine-grained

shales

Riverbank and channel facies:Cross-bedded, coarse-grainedchannel sandstone andconglomerate

Older sedimentarystrata showingchanging

faciesrelationships (b)


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Black Shale, Anoxic Environment


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Red Beds, Oxygenated Environment


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Cross bedsformed by

underwatersand dunes

Master Bedding

CrossBedding

Master Bedding


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Sand waves on the sea floor formed

by underwater sand dunes,

Florida Keys

Current Direction


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Facies changes produced byMarine Transgression


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River Direction of migration

of shoreline, and landward

shift of sedimentary facies

Shoreline attime B

Shoreline attime A

Time B

Time ASea levelrising

Depositedat time A

Deposited

at time B

Shallowmarine

BeachRiver

Deepmarine

Deepmarine

Shallow

marine

Beach

Shallow

marine

Comparison of sediments deposited


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Transitional Environments: Tidal

Inlets, Marshes, and Lagoons


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Transitional Environments: Tidal Inletsbetween Barrier Islands


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Transitional Environments: a Barrier

Island


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Transitional Environments: a

prograding Spit on a Barrier Island


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Stratigraphic Correlation


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The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River

in Arizona


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Stratigraphic

correlation

between GrandCanyon, Zion,

and Bryce

Canyon national

parks allows

construction of a

composite

stratigraphic

column.


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Stratigraphic

correlation

between GrandCanyon, Zion,

and Bryce

Canyon national

parks allows

construction of a

composite

stratigraphic

column.

Top of Kaibab Ls.

Top of Navaho Ss.

Grand Canyon, Zion Canyon, Bryce Canyon


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Jurassic Navaho Sandstone, Zion National

Park, wind-blown cross-bedding.


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Bryce Canyon, Utah, Cretaceous sedimentary rocks


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Correlation Determination of the equivalence of

bodies of rock at different locations.There are two kinds of correlation:

Lithostratigraphic - matching upcontinuous formations.

Chronostratigraphic - matching uprocks of the same age. Usually done

with fossils using biostratigraphy.


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Correlation Over short distances lithostratigraphic

correlation is the same aschronostratigraphic correlation.

Over medium distances they are notthe same.

Over long distances onlychronostratigraphic correlation can be

used.


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Original Lateral Continuity: permits

lithostratigraphic correlation


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Barrier islands in the subsurface

Time Lines


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SimpleLithostratigraphic

Correlation


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Detailed lithostratigraphic correlation of the Cambrian strata of the

Grand Canyon. Note the facies interfingering. (Stanley, Fig. 6.5)

Zone of middle

Cambrian trilobites

C b i f h G d C N h i li f


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Cambrian strata of the Grand Canyon: Note the two time lines from

biostratigraphy. (Stanley, Fig. 6.6)


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Depositional Model for the Cambrian strata of the

Grand Canyon: Tapeats Ss., Bright Angel Sh., and

Muav Ls. (Stanley, Fig. 6.6)

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Am b Sediment a Rios