221

Index

AAAII. See Ahmadiyah Anjuman

Isha’at IslamAbbas Taha, Haji, 25Abduh, Muhammad, 25, 206, 209Abdulgani, Roeslan, 211Abdullah Badawi, 5, 6, 119Abou El Fadl, Khaled, 95Aceh Freedom Movement. See

Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM)Administration of Islamic Law, 168Administration of Muslim Law Act

(AMLA), 41, 56Ahmad Abdullah, Syeikh, 25Ahmad, Dzulfefly, 132Ahmadiyah, 190, 191

Arab-educated vs. Dutch-educated scholars, 203–7

influences in Indonesia, 199–200, 207–13

Islamic revivalism, 199, 215Lahore branch, 200receptive attitude towards in

Indonesia, 200–203Ahmadiyah Anjuman Isha’at Islam

(AAII), 200Ahmad, Kassim, 76

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to endnotes

Ahmad, Mahmud, 70Ahmad, Mirza Mubarak, 215Ahmad, Muhammad Ariff, 70, 74, 75Ahmad, Shahnon, 76Ahmad, Zainal Abidin Bin, 73ajaran sesat (deviant teachings), 41Akyol, Mustafa, 127al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 25, 98Alatas, Syed Farid, 127Alatas, Syed Hussein, 26, 77, 90, 102,

121Al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib, 5Al-Azmeh, Aziz, 89al-Banjari, Muhammad Arsyad, 161Albar, Syed Hamid, 165alcohol consumption, by Muslim

youth, 24al-Hadi, Syed Sheikh, 70, 71, 72Ali, Abdul Mukti, 199Aliran Kebatinan, 184Aliran Kepercayaan, 184Alisjahbana, Sutan Takdir, 73al-Kalali, Sheikh Muhammad Salim,

25al-Minangkabawi Khatib, Sheikh

Ahmad, 24–25Al-Qaradawi, Yusof, 129

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222 Index

American Muslim communities, 96Aminurashid, Harun, 70AMLA. See Administration of Muslim

Law Act (AMLA)Ampera, Kapitra, 145, 146Amrullah, Sheikh Abdul Karim, 25Anak Panglima Awang (1961), 73An’Naim, Abdullahi, 29, 95Anwar, Chairil, 73Anwar, Zainah, 29, 126, 127Arab-educated vs. Dutch-educated

scholars, 203–7Arabism, in Singapore, 59arabization, 6, 118Asha’arism, 156–57Asnawi, Ahmadi, 160Association of Women Lawyers

(AWL), 125atheism, 39, 148, 210, 215Awang, Usman, 72, 76AWL. See Association of Women

Lawyers (AWL)Ayub, Nisha, 132

BBabu Sahid, Moulavi M.H., 26Badawi, Abdullah Ahmad, 131,

179n46Bakor Pakem, 191, 197n37Bangsa Melayu Singapura Dalam

Transformasi Budayanya (Suratman Markasan), 26

Barisan Nasional government, 12, 119Barton, Greg, 13Berger, Peter L., 17bineka (diversity) citizenship, 187,

194Birth of Jesus in the Light of the Qur’an

(Basharat Ahmad), 210Bisri, Mustofa, 141Boff, Leonardo, 95

Buang, Saedah, 80Buehler, Michael, 143Bush, George W., 6

CCASIS. See Centre for Advanced

Studies on Islam, Science, and Civilisation (CASIS)

‘Catholic’ Islam, 111Centre for Advanced Studies on

Islam, Science, and Civilisation (CASIS), 5

CEP. See Council of Eminent Persons (CEP)

Chopp, Rebecca S., 95Christianity, 209, 210–11civilizational Islam, 120civil law, 56, 57civil society organizations (CSOs),

12, 147IKRAM Foundation, 12–13Kairos Dialogue Network, 13–15Projek Dialog, 11–12

Committee for Islamic Institutional Reforms, 159

Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), 191

conservatism, 11, 15, 40, 118, 142–46, 149–51

Constitutional Court, 184, 186, 187, 191, 192

Council of Eminent Persons (CEP), 159

Crescent Star Party, 146customary law, 186, 189

DDahlan, Kyai Hj Ahmad, 25

DDII. See Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia (DDII)

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Index 223

Decline of Liberalism as an Ideology, The (Hallowell), 93

Defending Islam Act, 139Department of Islamic Development

Malaysia (JAKIM), 118, 119, 122, 126

Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia (DDII), 213

Dingemans, L.F., 201divorce in Islam, 204Djojosoegito, R. Ng., 202

EEck, Diana L., 17“Een Ereschuld” (debt of honour),

201Embong, Ghazali, 163Engineer, Asghar Ali, 29Ethical Policy, 201, 202European Muslims, 18

FFaisal Tehrani, 6Faruqi, Ismail, 5Faruqi, Shad Saleem, 121, 159Fealy, Greg, 140, 141Federal Constitution, 160Federal Territories Religious

Department (JAWI), 127Freedom Papua Organization. See

Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM)

Fromm, Erich, 67

GGabungan Bertindak Malaysia

(GBM), 13GAI. See Gerakan Ahmadiyah

Indonesia (GAI)Gandhi, Indira, 167, 171Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM), 193

Gerakan Ahmadiyah Indonesia (GAI), 200

Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza, 200, 205, 210, 211

Golkar Party, 21Gospel of Action, The (Kamal-ud-Din),

205, 211Gul, Abdullah, 127Gutiérrez, Gustavo, 95

Hhalal, 4–5, 19, 34, 57Halida, Rizka, 144Halil, Rasiah, 70, 80Hallowell, John H., 93Hamid, A. Ghani, 78Hamzah, Amir, 73haram, 19, 160Harmony Bill, 191Hashemi, Nader, 95Hassan, Ibrahim Azmi, 162Hassan, Ustaz Ahmad, 26Het Licht (journal), 207hibah ruqbah (rukbah-gift), 46Himpunan Mahasiswa Indonesia

(HMI), 40HINDRAF. See Hindu Rights Action

Force (HINDRAF)Hindu Rights Action Force

(HINDRAF), 6Hisyam, Usama, 145Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI),

146–47HMI. See Himpunan Mahasiswa

Indonesia (HMI)Holy Qur’an, The (Muhammad Ali),

210humanism, 76–81Human Rights Commission of

Malaysia (SUHAKAM), 164human rights issues in Indonesia

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224 Index

hierarchy and discrimination, 189–92

political identity and populism, 184–87

Hussin, Zaleha, 163

IIbn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad,

111Ibn Khaldun’s socio-historical

method, 103ICCR. See International Covenant on

Civil and Political Rights (ICCR)ICERD. See International Convention

on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)

Idenburg, A.W.F., 201IFSO. See International Federation of

Students Organisations (IFSO)IIUM. See International Islamic

University of Malaysia (IIUM)ijtihad (reasoning), 26IKRAM (IKRAM Foundation

Malaysia), 12–13Indonesia

Ahmadiyah Community, 200changing religious-political

landscape, 140–42civil society organizations, 147conservatism, 142, 150democracy and conservatism,

149–52elections and intolerance, 143–46Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, 146–47Indonesian Ulama Council, 139, 145Jakarta gubernatorial election

(2017), 143literary scene, 73Muhammadiyah, 141Nahdlatul Ulama, 141National Awakening Party, 141

non-Muslims, 144Nusantara Islam, 59Pancasila vs. Islamists, 146–49Perppu Ormas, 147pornography bill, 148post-1998 democratization, 140presidential election of 2019, 140religious education, 151religious intolerance, 144212 movement, 145–47Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 143

Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, 145

Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council, 213

Indonesian Muslim organizations, 142

Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI), 139, 145

Institute of the Malay World and Civilization (ATMA), 124

Institutional Reforms Committee (IRC), 159

Intellectuals in Developing Societies, 92

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), 7, 12, 131

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCR), 169, 188

International Federation of Students Organisations (IFSO), 40

International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC), 5

International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM), 126

inter-religious marriage, 39, 142Iranian revolution of 1979, 4, 40, 161

13 AlternativeVoices_IndexIT-1P.indd 224 13/11/19 6:52 pm

Index 225

IRC. See Institutional Reforms Committee (IRC)

IRF. See Islamic Renaissance Front (IRF)

ISIS. See Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

Islam Berkemajuan (Modern Islam), 120

Islam Hadhari (Civilizational Islam), 5, 120

Islam Nusantara (Archipelagic Islam), 120

Islam Wasatiyyah (Moderate Islam), 120

Islamic Boarding School Foundation, 213

Islamic discourse in Malaysia, 119–27

“arabization”, 118foreign speakers, 127–29Islamic institutions, 122–23Islamic NGOs, 118Pakatan Harapan government,

119reforms, 129–33religious bureaucracy, 118, 133universities, 133

Islamic education, 42Islamic Institute of Thought and

Civilisation (ISTAC), 126Islamic law, 49, 93, 98, 103Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS), 130“Islamic Protestantism”, 112Islamic reform, 24, 72Islamic religious literature, 24Islamic Renaissance Front (IRF), 11,

119, 124Islamic Resurgence in Malaysia

(Chandra Muzaffar), 3Islamic revivalism

early twentieth century, 199

Fazlur Rahman’s categorization of, 214

in Indonesia, 200, 204–5, 2151979 Islamic Revolution, 157, 158Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS),

120Islamism, 4, 111, 145Islamization, 28, 42“Islam on slavery”, 204Islams and Modernities (Al-Azmeh),

89Islam, Songkok dan Bahasa (Maarof

Salleh), 26Ismail, A. Samad, 72Ismail, Hamed, 70ISTAC. See Islamic Institute of

Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC)

JJaafariyyahs, 160, 163, 165JAI. See Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia

(JAI)Jakarta Charter, 35Jakarta gubernatorial election (2017),

143JAKIM (Department of Islamic

Development Malaysia), 5, 7Jalaluddin, Sheikh Tahir, 25, 70–72Jamaluddin al-Afghani, 25Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL), 128Jemaah Islamiah (JI), 120Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia (JAI),

200JIB. See Jong Islamieten Bond (JIB)“Jihad in Islam”, 204JIL. See Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL)Joko Widodo (Jokowi), 145, 146, 147,

150, 184, 193Jomo, Kwame Sundaram, 159

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226 Index

Jong Islamieten Bond (JIB), 203, 206, 207

KKairos Dialogue Network (KDN),

13–15Kamali, M. Hashim, 95, 121Kamal-ud-Din, Khwaja, 209, 211Kamaluddin, Mohd Zuki, 164Kamari, Isa, 70, 80KDN. See Kairos Dialogue Network

(KDN)Khan, Muqtader, 95Khomeini, Ayatollah, 130Koening, Matthias, 186, 188, 192

LLatiff-Mohamed, Mohamed, 70, 78LGBT issues, 132Lukacs, George, 68Lutfi, Ahmad, 26, 70, 71

MMaaruf, Shaharuddin, 35, 37, 77Madjid, Nurcholis, 59madrasah education, 34, 42, 43–44,

44, 45Mahathir Mohamad, 3, 5, 6, 15, 119Mahendra, Yuzril Ihza, 146Majid, Nurcholish, 95Malay Muslim community, 28, 83, 85Malay/Muslim religious discourse in

Singapore, 22predominance of religious

traditionalists, 23–24religious reforms in history, 24–27revivalists’ criticism, 27–29

MalaysiaArabization, 6Chinese minority in, 41Christian-Muslim relations in, 14

civil society organizations, 12halal certification, 5IMAN, 10Islamic institutions, 4Islamization of modern sciences, 5non-Muslim groups, 7politics of islamic discourse in, 3–8population, 9post-Islamic revivalism, 4poverty in, 9radicalization, 6religiosity in, 3, 11security threats, 6state responses to Islamization, 5–8women in, 10

Malaysian Federal constitution, 34Malaysian Islamic universities, 5Malaysian Muslim Solidarity (ISMA),

12Malaysian United Indigenous Party,

131Malik, Maszlee, 132Mannheim, Karl, 94Markasan, Suratman, 26, 70, 74, 78marriage laws, 40Mas, Keris, 72, 76Masuri S.N., 70, 74, 78matrimonial property, 46, 56, 57Maznah, Sharifah, 77, 80Menk, Mufti, 51Merdeka Centre, 10Mietzner, Marcus, 143, 144Mihardja, Achdiat, 73Minah Joget Moden (1968), 73Moderate Islam, 120“Moderation in the Quran” (forum),

128–29Moosa, Ebrahim, 103Moussalli, Ahmad, 95Mufti Menk, 52Muhammad Haniff, Hassan, 95

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Index 227

Muhammadiyah, 25, 26, 141, 203, 214

Muhammad the Prophet (Muhammad Ali), 209

Muhtadi, Burhanuddin, 143, 144Muis, 29, 43–46, 53, 54, 56Musa, Faizal, 119Musa, Mohd Farouk, 126Muslim law, 45, 50, 56Muslims

Administration of Muslim Law Act, 41

Christian-Muslim relations, 14European, 18Fellowship of Muslim Students

Association, 28Indian Muslim community, 26Islamophobia—anti-Muslim

sentiments, 17matrimonial issues, 56–57modern education, 42and non-Muslims, 7, 15, 34, 49, 50,

51reformism, 25, 28religious resurgence, 18sanctity of hudud, 47“tauhidic (monotheistic)

worldview”, 42–43World Assembly of Muslim Youth,

40Muzaffar, Chandra, 3, 29, 121, 127Myth of the Lazy Native, The (Syed

Hussein Alatas), 94

NNahdlatul Ulama (NU), 141, 203Naik, Zakir, 15, 51, 129Najib Razak government, 6, 7, 119,

123Nashir, Haedar, 141Nasir, Bachtiar, 146

National Awakening Party (PKB), 141National Fatwa Committee, 124, 164,

165National Fatwa Council (NFC), 160National Trust Party, 131National University of Malaysia

(UKM), 124Natsir, Mohammad, 210NFC. See National Fatwa Council

(NFC)Ngabalin, Ali Mochtar, 1469/11 attacks, 5, 33, 51Noer, Deliar, 199non-Muslims, 15, 49, 51NU. See Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)Nusantara Islam, 59

OOffice of the United Nations High

Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 170

On Politics (Ibn Khaldun), 110Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM),

193Othman, Abdul Hamid, 165

PPakatan Harapan government, 15,

119, 173Pak Lah. See Abdullah BadawiPancasila vs. Islamists, 146–49Panglima Awang (1958), 73Penghulu yang Hilang Segala-galanya

(1998), 75Persatuan Islam, 203Pertubuhan Jamaah Islah Malaysia

(JIM), 12Pesta Filem KITA 2, 12Pesta Puisi Kota, 12PNPS Act of 1965, 186, 189–91, 194Prabowo Subianto, 143

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228 Index

Primary School Leaving Examinations (PSLE), 43

Progressive Islamanti-Milton-Friedman pleas, 106articulation of, 95–96asabiya, 104badawi-hadari dichotomy, 104–5business and trade, 109captive mind, 100–101“circle of justice”, 110civilizational and religious

traditions, 112Decline of Liberalism as an Ideology,

The (Hallowell), 93description, 91, 94–95, 97exoteric-esoteric continuum,

99–100feudal values, 102freedom-coercion continuum, 100Ibn Khaldun’s socio-historical

method, 103inclusive-exclusive continuum, 99Intellectuals in Developing Societies

(Syed Hussein Alatas), 92internal-external continuum, 99Islamic humanism, 95Islamic law, 93–94Islams and Modernities (Al-Azmeh),

89knowledge-practice continuum, 98“the middle way”, 97Myth of the Lazy Native, The, 94nationalist-imperialist continuum,

100nativism-orientalism continuum,

98nomadic and sedentary social

organization, 104non-rational-rational continuum,

100private investment, 105–6

“Regeneration of Islamic Societies, The”, 91

social justice, 95socio-historical context, 101, 102tradition-modernity continuity, 99and Western traditions, 94worldly-otherworldly continuum,

100Projek Dialog, 11–12PSLE. See Primary School Leaving

Examinations (PSLE)Putri, Megawati Soekarno, 194

QQaradhawi, 48, 52Quraysh (tribe), 103

RRafaat Hamzah, 80Rafaat, Othman Effendi, 26Rahmat, Hadijah, 76, 80Rais, Hishamuddin, 133Ramadan, Tariq, 18, 29Rasmin, Zaytun, 146Rawa, Mujahid, 132Razak, Najib Abdul, 123, 131, 165–67“Regeneration of Islamic Societies,

The” (editorial), 91religious consciousness, in Indonesia,

17, 18civilizational orientation, 21economic orientation, 19–20ideological orientation, 20political orientation, 18–19

Religious Harmony Bill, 183riba (usury), 19Rida, Rashid, 206, 209Risalah Penting pada Mas’alah Jilatan

Anjing di atas Empat-empat Madzhab (Abbas), 25–26

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SSabu, Mohamad, 132Sachedina, Abdulaziz, 95Salafism, 20, 35, 59, 118, 129Salim, H. Agus, 205, 210Salleh Abas, 167Salleh, Maarof, 26Samad, Khalid, 132Secret of Existence, The, 209, 211secularism, 36, 37, 42, 49Sedition and Public Order Act, 164Sekolah Diniyyah al-Islamiyyah, 25Sharia Criminal Offences Act, 168Sharom, Azmi, 127Shihab, Rizieq, 149Siddiqui, Maulana Abdul Aleem, 26Singapore

antagonism against Shias, 55Arabism in, 59freedom of religion, 49Indian Muslim community, 26inhibited reformist voices in, 22Islamic religious literature, 24madrasah education, 42, 44multiculturalism in, 54reformist Islamic ideas, 23, 24resurgence discourse, 35socio-economic conditions, 38as transit centre for pilgrimage to

Mecca, 24Singapore Islamic Scholars and

Religious Teachers Association (PERGAS), 41, 53, 56, 64n36

Singapore Malay literary scene, 67–85academic setting, 73articulations, 69–70challenges, 67cultural planning and vision, 82–83ethno-chauvinists, 72humanism, 76–81indigenous history, 73

Islamic reformist ideas, 72Lutfi’s vocal criticism, 71Malay teaching fraternities, 73post-separation literary

development, 74–76poverty and social disruption, 74progressive ideas, 69, 85prominent writers, 70reformists, 71religious traditionalism and

obscurantism, 68Singapore Shariah Board of Appeal,

48Siradj, Said Aqil, 141Sirry, Munim, 119, 128Sisters in Islam (SIS), 11, 119, 123, 124Soedewo P.K., 210Sources of Christianity, The, 209, 213Southeast Asian Network of Civil

Society Organisations (SEAN-CSO), 13

Special Autonomy Law, 184, 189Sukarti, Ahmad, 24Sunnah, 39, 47Sunni-Shia reconciliation, 156–59

after GE14, 159–61characteristic of rebelliousness, 158fear towards Shias in 1996, 161–65Islamic Revolution in Iran of 1979,

157Ottoman Empire, 158–59Pakatan Harapan government, 173remedies and challenges, 167–72Shias under Najib Razak, 166–67

Suratman’s literary repertoire, 75Syed Sheikh al-Hady, 25, 26

TTaha, Haji Abbas, 70Tahir, Sheikh Muhammad, 25Tak Ada Jalan Keluar (1962), 74

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230 Index

Tambak Minda: Mengamat Perkembangan Islam Semasa (Maarif Salleh), 26

taqlid (absolute imitation), 26Teachings of Islam, The, 210, 211Tehrani, Faizal, 124Teik, Pang Khee, 132Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat, 160Thohari, Hajriyanto, 21Tjokroaminoto, H.O.S., 205, 210Toer, Pramoedya Ananta, 73Trump, Donald, 184Tukimin, Djamal, 78212 movement, 145–47

UUlama Council of Indonesia (MUI),

19Ulil Abshar-Abdallah, 29, 95, 119UN General Assembly, 188Unitary State of the Republic of

Indonesia Based on Sharia, The, 149

University Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), 133

Uthman El Muhammady, 126

Vvan Bruinessen, Martin, 141, 151van der Kroef, Justus M., 204, 205Van Deventer, C. Th., 201

WWahhabism, 35, 59, 118, 129Wahid, Abdurrahman, 59WAMY. See World Assembly of

Muslim Youth (WAMY)Westernization, 42Westminster-style parliamentary

system, 9Wibisono, Jusuf, 206Wicktorowicz, Quintan, 20Wilders, Geertz, 17“Women from Judaism to Islam”, 204World Assembly of Muslim Youth

(WAMY), 40

YYang di-Pertuan Agong, 122, 131,

181n62YAPI. See Yayasan Pesantren Islam

(YAPI)Yapp, Eugene, 14Yaqub Khan, Muhammad, 209Yayasan Pesantren Islam (YAPI), 213Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 143,

144, 183, 190accommodation of Islamic

conservatives, 144, 150anti-pornography bill, 145

Yusof, Zaleha, 160

ZZaidiyyahs, 156, 160, 163, 165

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