Alternative Treatment (Intro)

8/6/2019 Alternative Treatment (Intro)

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Biological Conversion of Cellulosic

Biomass to Ethanol


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Bioconversion, (biotransformation ) is the use oflive organisms often microorganisms to carry out achemical reaction . These organisms converts asubstance to a chemically modified form.

Example is the conversion of organic materials,such as food waste, plant or animal waste, intousable products or energy sources by biologicalprocesses or agents, such as certainmicroorganisms or the use of enzymes.

Example:- Cellulosic waste from municipalities toethanol.


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Petroleum is very expensive and valuable. It provides gas for our cars and other uses of

energy. Yet , it is a non-renewable resource.

Cellulosic are abundant, inexpensive, and

sustainable, and it can easily obtain from theagricultural waste and municipalities.

Ethanol is an sustainable product that can beused as an alternative fuel and it can also be theanswer for our municipal solid waste problems.(MSW).

Bioethanol conversion is one of the solutiontowards the 0% emission of waste.


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1) final alternative daily cover (ADCFinal)

2) ADC Green waste

3) woody waste

4) grass waste

5) cardboard

6) mixed paper.


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glossy paper2%

paper ledger

2%

wood

5%

envelopes

5%

newsprint

6%

grassy wastes

6%

food scrap

15%

office paper

17%

cardboard

18%

argricultural residues

24%

Organic wastes


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Separation need to be done at source or theMRF to split recyclable waste and cellulosicwaste for bioethanol production.

A wide space need to be choose to build abioreactor for production of ethanol usingapplication of bio-conversion.

To isolate species of bacteria that is capable of

direct conversion of a cellulose substrate intoethanol. One example is Clostridiumthermocellum, (uses a complex cellulosome tobreak down cellulose and synthesize ethanol.)


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There are several stages in ethanol productionusing a biological approach:

A "pretreatment" phase, to make thelignocellulosic material such as wood or strawamenable to hydrolysis,

Cellulose hydrolysis (cellulolysis), to break downthe molecules into sugars

Separation of the sugar solution from the residualmaterials, notably lignin.

Microbial fermentation of the sugar solution. Distillation to produce roughly 95% pure alcohol. Dehydration by molecular sieves to bring the

ethanol concentration to over 99.5%


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Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis Process

Dilute Acid Hydrolysis

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Wet Milling Processes

Dry Milling Process

Sugar Fermentation Process

Fractional Distillation Process


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The vessel's environmental conditions like

gas (i.e., air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbondioxide) flowrates, temperature, pH anddissolved oxygen levels, and agitationspeed need to be closely monitored and

controlled in order to get optimumproduction.

A heat exchanger is needed to maintain thebioprocess at a constant temperature.(external jacket).


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The function of aerator and agitation

system is to provide good aeration formicrobial activity to happen andhomogenize the system.

Feeding pump is used to feed the systemwith carbon sources and biomassincluding the enzyme, microorganism tothe system.


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3-6 knowledgeable and competent engineersand researchers are needed to maintain theproduction process, and system.

A continuous research (R&D) must be done to

isolate better and good microorganisms that canproduce ethanol in high yields and goodquality.

Environmental engineer is needed in order tomonitor the reactor and environmental impactof the production to the environment andcitizens.


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Process of building an industry of turningcellulose-containing organic matter into fuel.

Cellulosic ethanol has the potential to become a

competitive energy resource. Ethanol is use as a transportation fuel and can

be substitute for gasoline and diesel.

Estimated prices for a litre of ethanol are $0.51

for 1g and $0.71 for 2g.


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It is estimated that each person in the city throws away4.4 lb (2.0 kg) of trash each day, of which 37% contains

waste paper which is largely cellulose. Each year, it is estimated that 323 million tons of

cellulose containing raw materials that could be usedto create ethanol are thrown away.

This includes 36.8 million dry tons of urban woodwastes, 90.5 million dry tons of grass waste, 45 milliondry tons of forest residues, and 150.7 million dry tonsof mixed paper (cardbord).

Transforming them into ethanol using efficient andcost effective hemi(cellulase) enzymes or otherprocesses will provide as much as 30% of the currentfuel consumption.


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1. Firstly, it is renewable and a sustainable resource.Petroleum is very expensive ,valuable and non-renewable reources.

2. Ethanol is an sustainable product that can be usedas an alternative fuel and it can also be the answerfor our municipal solid waste problems. (MSW).

3. Cellulosic are abundant, inexpensive, andsustainable, and it can easily obtain from theagricultural waste and municipalities.

4. Interestingly, existing cars can run on1

0 percentethanol with no modifications.5. Cellulosic ethanol doesnt produce any emissions

and drastically reduces the carbon- dioxideemissions.


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Bio-conversion treatment costs usually fallsinto this categories:

Capital cost

Operating cost

Maintanance cost

Manpower cost


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Our company are building refineries that canprocess biomass and turn it intoethanol, and also producing enzymes whichcould enable a cellulosic ethanol future.

Construction of pilot scale lignocellulosicethanol plants requires considerable financialsupport through grants and subsidies.

Our company obtain financial support fromgovernment subsidies, private company and bycellulosic ethanol commercialization.

Capital costs for this alternative treatmentfacilities range from RM530,0000 toRM960,0000 per capacity.


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Paper, cardboard, and packaging comprise asubstantial part of the solid waste sent to landfills each

day which is 41.26% of all organic municipal solidwaste (MSW).

These city profiles account for accumulation of555.5 ton daily per landfill .

All these organic waste contain cellulose which istransformable into cellulosic ethanol.

This may have additional cost benefits because it willminimize the total volume of waste being sent tolandfill.

Reduction of the disposal of solid waste throughcellulosic ethanol conversion would reduce solidwaste disposal costs. Thus, the life-span of thelandfill can be extend longer.


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Thank you

Documents

Alternative Treatment (Intro)