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When will the peak take When will the peak take place?place?
U.S oil production peakU.S oil production peak Peak of world oilified discoveriesPeak of world oilified discoveries Hubbert´s estimation for world peakHubbert´s estimation for world peak Nowadays, the facts areNowadays, the facts are
Oil production in decline in 33 out of 48Oil production in decline in 33 out of 48 2 out of 3 largest oil fields have peaked2 out of 3 largest oil fields have peaked
Classification of Alt. fuelsClassification of Alt. fuels
Gasoline type biofuelsGasoline type biofuels Diesel type biofuelsDiesel type biofuels Other types of internal combustionOther types of internal combustion External combustionExternal combustion No combustionNo combustion
Gasoline type biofuelsGasoline type biofuels
EthanolEthanol ButhanolButhanol MethanolMethanol P-SeriesP-Series HydrogenHydrogen
Diesel type biofuelsDiesel type biofuels
Vegetable oilsVegetable oils Waste vegetable oilsWaste vegetable oils Straight vegetable oilsStraight vegetable oils
BiodieselBiodiesel
Other types of internal Other types of internal combustioncombustion
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) PropanePropane SynfuelSynfuel
BioEthanolBioEthanol
Alcohol product produced from corn, Alcohol product produced from corn, sorghum, potatoes, wheat, sugar cane, sorghum, potatoes, wheat, sugar cane, even biomass such as cornstalks and even biomass such as cornstalks and vegetable waste. vegetable waste.
Use in combustion enginesUse in combustion engines
Hydrous ethanolHydrous ethanol
Anhydrous (or dehydrated) ethanol Anhydrous (or dehydrated) ethanol
ETBE ETBE
BioEthanolBioEthanol
BioEthanol - E100BioEthanol - E100 Modifications in the engine to use the Modifications in the engine to use the
BioEthanol as pure fuel BioEthanol as pure fuel To increase the relation of compression. To increase the relation of compression. To change the mixture of fuel / air.To change the mixture of fuel / air. To place spark plugs resistant to major To place spark plugs resistant to major
temperatures and pressures. temperatures and pressures. To place conduits resistant to the assault of To place conduits resistant to the assault of
tar after caulking.tar after caulking. To add a mechanism that should facilitate To add a mechanism that should facilitate
the take-off in cold. the take-off in cold.
Domestically producedDomestically produced Burns 10 % more efficiently than gasolineBurns 10 % more efficiently than gasoline FFVs are available and becoming more FFVs are available and becoming more
affordable.affordable.
BioEthanol - BioEthanol - PROsPROs
Less energy content than gasoline. Less energy content than gasoline. Fueling stations yet difficult to findFueling stations yet difficult to find.. Production is yet limited.Production is yet limited. Infraestructure for fueling and distribution Infraestructure for fueling and distribution
is yet insuffficient.is yet insuffficient.
BioEthanol - BioEthanol - CONsCONs
Example of BioEthanol : Example of BioEthanol : Focus FFVFocus FFV
1.8-litre engine1.8-litre engine Produces 70 % less carbon dioxide than its Produces 70 % less carbon dioxide than its
petrol equivalentpetrol equivalent.. It develops 123 bhpIt develops 123 bhp.. Fuel E85 is a mixture of ethanol (85%) and Fuel E85 is a mixture of ethanol (85%) and
petrolpetrol ( (15% 15% ).). Price: Price: 193 973 SEK193 973 SEK
HydrogenHydrogen
Is the lightest elementIs the lightest element Is the most abundant element in the Is the most abundant element in the
UniverseUniverse Is not a direct energy sourceIs not a direct energy source It can be obtained by means of solar It can be obtained by means of solar
energy, eolic or hidraulic electricity.energy, eolic or hidraulic electricity. Nowadays 95% is obtained from fossil Nowadays 95% is obtained from fossil
fuelsfuels
Obtaining HydrogenObtaining Hydrogen
Reformed with steamReformed with steam CHCH4 4 + H+ H22O CO + 3HO CO + 3H22
CO + HCO + H22O COO CO22 + H + H22
Water electrolysisWater electrolysis HH22O + Power HO + Power H22 + 1/2O + 1/2O22
PhotoelectrolysisPhotoelectrolysis
Obtaining HydrogenObtaining Hydrogen
Using the biomasUsing the biomas Biomass gasificationBiomass gasification PyrolysisPyrolysis
Photobiologic productionPhotobiologic production
Hydrogen production on board the Hydrogen production on board the vehiclevehicle
Using methanol as fuelUsing methanol as fuel
CHCH33OH + ½ OOH + ½ O2 2 COCO22 + 2 H + 2 H22
Using ethanol as fuelUsing ethanol as fuel
CHCH33CHCH22OH + 3HOH + 3H22O CO + COO CO + CO22 + 6H + 6H22
Obtaining HydrogenObtaining Hydrogen
Use of hydrogen in Use of hydrogen in automotionautomotion
Hydrogen combustion in a MCIAHydrogen combustion in a MCIA
Fuel batteriesFuel batteries
Hydrogen combustion in Hydrogen combustion in a MCIAa MCIA
BMW 7 Series HydrogenBMW 7 Series Hydrogen
Fuel batteriesFuel batteries
Electrochemical systems where energy Electrochemical systems where energy from a chemical reaction is directlyfrom a chemical reaction is directly turned into electricity.turned into electricity.
Hydrogen + Oxigen =>Electricity + WaterHydrogen + Oxigen =>Electricity + Water
Advantages of using Advantages of using hydrogen as a fuelhydrogen as a fuel
Abundant element in the UniverseAbundant element in the Universe High efficiencyHigh efficiency Emission zero of pollutantsEmission zero of pollutants Low working temperatures and pressuresLow working temperatures and pressures Silent functioningSilent functioning
Disadvantages of using Disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuelhydrogen as a fuel
It is not a primary source.It is not a primary source. Obtaining pure hydrogen is really Obtaining pure hydrogen is really
expensive.expensive. High storage and supply costs.High storage and supply costs. High weight of fuel cells for the current High weight of fuel cells for the current
prototypesprototypes High energetic expense to liquefy the High energetic expense to liquefy the
hydrogenhydrogen
BioDieselBioDiesel
Diesel equivalent, processed fuel derived Diesel equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources.from biological sources.
It is composed by mono-alkyl esters It is composed by mono-alkyl esters made from the transesterification of both made from the transesterification of both vegetable oils and animal fats.vegetable oils and animal fats.
Glicerine is produced as a second Glicerine is produced as a second product.product.
Sources for biodieselSources for biodiesel
Vegetable oilsVegetable oils Genetically modified vegetable oilsGenetically modified vegetable oils Waste vegetable oilsWaste vegetable oils Bad quality vegetable oilsBad quality vegetable oils
Comparison to petroleumComparison to petroleum
Carbon monoxide: -50%Carbon monoxide: -50% Carbon dioxide: -78%Carbon dioxide: -78% Nitrogen oxide: +20%Nitrogen oxide: +20%
BUT catalyc convertersBUT catalyc converters
Biodegradable and non-toxicBiodegradable and non-toxic
Natural GasNatural Gas
Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons, Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly methane (CHmainly methane (CH44).).
Other components: ethane, propane, Other components: ethane, propane, nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, water vapour,…hydrogen sulfide, water vapour,…
Production of natural gasProduction of natural gas
Water or sewage treatment.Water or sewage treatment. Gas wells.Gas wells. Crude oil productionCrude oil production
Use of natural gas as a Use of natural gas as a fuelfuel
Light-duty applicationsLight-duty applications Natural gas vehiclesNatural gas vehicles
Heavy-duty and medium-duty applicationsHeavy-duty and medium-duty applications Natural gas enginesNatural gas engines
Advantages of natural Advantages of natural gasgas
Carbon monoxide 90 %Carbon monoxide 90 % Nitrogen oxide 60 %Nitrogen oxide 60 % Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) 30-40%Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) 30-40% CO and particulate matter > 90 %CO and particulate matter > 90 % NOx > 50 %NOx > 50 %