ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES Carlos Sousa AGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency of Almada

ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES

www.transportlearning.net

FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Carlos Sousa

AGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency

of Almada



SUMMARY

1. Workings of a Fuel Cell

2. Production, transport and storage of Hydrogen

3. Some proposal from the manufacturers



WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL




Exhaust




Main characteristics

• Each cell: 0.5 – 1 V

• Intensity: 0.3 – 1 A cm2

• Power: 0.3 – 0.5 W/cm2




Example: 2 x 100 cells ( 40 cm x 40 cm)

2 x (100 x 0.7) x (40 x 40 x 0.375) = 2 x (70 V x 640 A) = 84 kW (114 CV)

Ballard 900

107 CV

72 kg

34 x 24 x 75 cm

Volume 61 L

1,3 kW / L




15 to 35% 30 to +50%



Fuel Cell for a passengers bus,MAN



CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE• Cost:

• 400 €/kW (7 x price of a conventional engine)

• Complete Cell: € 20 000,00 (engine € 3 000,00)

• Reliability

• Response to transient regimens

• Problems with low temperatures (below 0 ºC)

• H2 contamination

• Vehicle Adaptation

• Needs Hydrogen (production, transport and storage)!!







PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H2

1. “Industrial” Production

• electrolysis of water? Natural gas? Oil refinery?

• Renewable sources

• Distribution network? (does not exist!)

• Cost, Investments

• Safety and social acceptance




2. Decentralized Production (at the filling station)

• From what? (electrolysis of water? Natural gas? Other)

• Cost of the equipment

• Safety and social acceptance




Regardless of the place of production (filling station or industrial plant)

• Filling system

• Security

• Filling time




Storage on board…

• Compressed gas @ 300 bar? (very low density)

• Liquid at –253 ºC? (high evaporation, low density)

• Solid matrix? (weight/volume ratio)




3. Onboard production with a reformer

• From natural gas, methanol, ethanol?

• Petrol?

• Problems

• System efficiency

• Cost

• Technology

• Emissions – Does not solve the “Carbon Problem”



Necar 5 e Jeep Commander (2000; CH3OH)Necar 4 (1999)

Necar 1 (1994)

Necar 3 (1997; CH3OH)

Necar 2 (1996)



Opel Hydrogen 1

• Liquid H2 (75 Litres; 5 kg H2)

• Stack with 200 cells (59/27/50 cm)

- 150 – 200 V; 90 kW/ 122 CV

- 68 kg

• Auxiliary Batery

• Weight: 1575 kg

• 0-100 km/h – 16 s

• Max. Speed: 140 km/h

• Range: 400 km



DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS - CUTE

• Clean Urban Transport for Europe, CUTE

• Demonstration project to test and evaluate the operational performance of Hydrogen buses for public transport

• 10 European cities (Barcelona, Madrid, London, Hamburg, Luxemburg, Estocolmo, Amsterdam, Stutgart, Stockholm, Porto)

• 3 Daimler-Chrysler buses per city

• Different methods for Hydrogen production(Renewables - hydropower, natural gas, refinery)

• Evaluation of costs, infrastructure, life cycle,emissions, etc.



Thank you for your attention!

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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES Carlos Sousa AGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency of Almada