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Eran Friedler
Faculty of Civ. & Env. Eng.
The Grand Wat. Res. Inst.
Technion – Israel Inst. of Technol.
Alternative decentralized water sources – Opportunities and
challenges
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34
• Opportunities
• Risks / Real world
• System approach
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Stormwater Harvesting
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34
Water ReuseDecentralised vs. Centralised
Water ReuseDecentralised vs. Centralised
Urban Areas
1. Toilet flushing
2. Landscape irrigation
3. Garden farming (urban agriculture)
↸Short reuse cycle
↸
Long reuse cycle
WWTP
Arg. Irrig
Rural Areas
1. Landscape irrigation
2. Garden farming (1 - poor areas)
3. Toilet flushing
Centralised Decentralised
Laundry; Dishwashing; Car washing; Fire-fighting; Cleaning streets. . .
?
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34
WW / GW / BW ?
Urban water demand
Domestic consumption Other uses
Greywater Blackwater
~70 % ~30 %
LGW DGW
Bath
Shower
Washbasin
K. Sink
Dishwasher
W. Machine ?
Potential reduction
GWR (Toilet) ~ 30%
GWR (Toilet & Garden) ~ 40%
10-20% of Urban water demand
~2/3 ~1/3
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Typical installation in a multi-storey building
Taken from: Gross et al. (2015)5
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2012 2020 2030 2050
ממל
" ש
עירוני
MC
M
Growth rate of urban water demand in Israel
Italy ~ 0.3
1.8
6
34
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2012 2020 2030 2050
ממל
" ש
עירוני
עירוני עם מיחזור
GWR can slow -down the growth rate of urban water demand - Opportunity
GWR can slow -down the growth rate of urban water demand - Opportunity
2050 – 30% penetration (only buildings built after 2012)
Urban Demand
Urban Demand with
GWR
140 MCM
(Averted Desalination)
140 MCM
(Averted Desalination)M
CM
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34
• Opportunities
• Risks / Real world
• System approach
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Stormwater Harvesting
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34
Potential impacts of GW reuse
GW contains elevated levels of:
� COD (organic matter); MPs
� Surfactants
� Salts (Na, EC, SAR)
� Boron (in some cases)
� FC (~105 cfu/100 ml); HPC (~107 cfu/ml)� Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa ..)
� Skin and mucous tissues� Faecal� Food handling
Close proximity between the reused GW & the public
Sanitary quality of GW is very important !9
34
Treatment Technologies – RequirementsTreatment Technologies – Requirements
GW is polluted - Barrier
• Sanitary quality (public health )
• Aesthetic quality (public acceptance )
• Eliminate negative Environmental effects
Requirements from treatment technologies (Solution) :
• Efficiency
• Reliability
• Safety
• Reasonable O&M (technical & economical)
Treatment
of
“Light” GW
!
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34
FC S. a.
P. a.HPC
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.5 3 6
Contact time (h)S
. au
reu
s (C
FU
/100
ml)
Residual chlorine 0.5 mg/l Residual chlorine 1.0 mg/l
BD BD
D
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.5 3 6
Contact time (h)
P. a
eru
gin
osa
(C
FU
/100
ml)
Residual chlorine 0.5 mg/l Residual chlorine 1.0 mg/l
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.5 3 6
Comtact time (h)
FC
(CF
U/1
00m
l)
Residual chlorine 0.5 mg/l Residual chlorine 1.0 mg/l
BD
A
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
0.5 3 6
Contact time (h)
HP
C (C
FU
/1m
l)
Residual chlorine 0.5 mg/l Residual chlorine 1.0 mg/l
B
RBC effluent along the reuse system
% ZeroFRT - Flow regulation tank
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RiskIdentification
Exposureassessment
Dose-ResponseModel
RiskCharacterisation
RiskManagement
Risk Assessment – QMRA(Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment)
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Risk IdentificationSingle family �� Multi family home
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34
Single family home Multi family home
Exposure Routes Various Especially viagreywater
Vector of disease Low High
“import-export” - +
Toilet Flushing
1. Splashing
2. Aerosols
3. (Cross connections)
Garden Irrigation
1. Splashing (large volumes)
2. Punctures (irrigation equipment)
3. Miss-use
4. (Cross connections)
Risk IdentificationRisk Identification
Inhalation / ingestion of small droplets
Body contact / ingestion
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Frequency(event/y)
Volume(ml/event)
Exposure scenarios
1100Accidental ingestion
37 Days(300 h/y)
1Routine ingestion from touching plants & lawns
0.1Ingestion of sprays from irrigation system
5 Days(60 h/y)
10-100 mgIngestion of soil contaminated by GW
0.36 - 10.8Eating home-grown plants that was exposed to GW
Exposure Assessment
• Literature (volumes)• Questionnaires (frequencies)16
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Dose Response Model
Probability of infection vs. Pathogen concentration
Haas’s beta-poisson dose-response
d - Pathogen dose
Pi(d) - Probability of infection
N50 - Dose at which 50% of the population is infected
α - Infectivity constant (pathogen specific)
Pi(A)(d) - Annual risk of infection
n - Number of exposure events per year.
Pi(d)=1-[1+( d/N50)(21/α-1)] –α
Pi(A)(d) =1- [1- Pi(d)] n
For Rotavirus:
α=0.253, N50=6.17
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Rotavirus - Probability of infection (Based on E. Coli conc. Found in real
systems) & 37 exposure days (questionnaires)
Risk characterisation
Average probability of infection (annual)
Daily volume exposure
E. coli
~ 105
]cfu/100ml[
E. coli
~ 102
]cfu/100ml[
0.01 ml 2.5 ·10-3 5.8·10-6
0.1 ml 2.1·10-2 5.8·10-5
1 ml 1.0·10-1 5.8·10-4
50 ml (single event) 1.1·10-1 8.0·10-4
100 ml (single event) 1.4·10-1 1.6·10-3
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skin S. aureus: Cumulative probability for 3Figure infection based on increasing exposure time and exposed body area to water containing the average concentration
found in the survey (1.2 x 103 CFU 100 mL-1)
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What happens in reality?
Are there evidencesof
“ill GW users”?20
34
GW reuse for garden irrigation posed no additional health risk21
34
75 p.(20 fam.)
73 p. (17 fam.)
• Opportunities
• Risks / Real world
• System approach
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Stormwater Harvesting
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34
23
34
34
B1012
33
101
32
104
31
110
30
157
29
153
28
1594
27
159
26
1640
25
168
24
150
23
1504B
22
1506
21
1014
20
9
19
14
18
17
17
23040
16
2306
15
23
14
270
13
27
12
31
11
38
10
4
9
3040
8
3042
7
3046
6
304
5
3082
4
3086
3
308
2
312
1
320
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_B1012
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_9
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_4
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_38
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_320
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_312
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_31
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_3086
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_3082
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_308
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_3046
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_3042
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_3040
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_304
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_270
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_27
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_2306
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_23040
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_23
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_17
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_168
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_1640
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_1594
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_159
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_157
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_153
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_1506
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_1504B
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_150
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_14
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_110
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_104
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_1014
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_101
Rain_speci fic9'rainzero. rain'
Rain_specifi c8'rainzero.rain'
Rain_speci fic7'rainzero.rain'
Rain_specifi c6'rainzero.rain'
Rain_specif ic5' rainzero.rain'
Rain_specif ic4'rainzero. rain'
Rain_specif ic34'rainzero. rain'
Rain_specifi c33' rainzero.rain'
Rain_specif ic32'rainzero.rain'
Rain_speci fic31'rainzero.rain'
Rain_speci fic30'rainzero.rain'
Rain_specif ic3' rainzero.rain'
Rain_speci fic29'rainzero.rain'
Rain_specifi c28'rainzero. rain'
Rain_specif ic26'rainzero. rain'
Rain_specifi c25'rainzero. rain'
Rain_speci fic24'rainzero.rain'
Rain_speci fic23'rainzero.rain'
Rain_specif ic22'rainzero. rain'
Rain_specifi c21' rainzero.rain'
Rain_specif ic20'rainzero. rain'
Rain_specifi c2'rainzero.rain'
Rain_speci fic19'rainzero.rain'
Rain_speci fic18'rainzero.rain'
Rain_specifi c17'rainzero. rain'
Rain_speci fic16'rainzero.rain' Rain_speci fic15
'rainzero.rain'
Rain_specifi c14'rainzero. rain'
Rain_speci fic13'rainzero.rain'
Rain_specif ic12'rainzero. rain'
Rain_specifi c11'rainzero. rain'
Rain_speci fic10'rainzero.rain'
Rain_specifi c1'rainzero.rain'
Rain_speci fic' rainzero.rain'
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr9
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr8
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr7
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr6
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr5
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr4
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr34
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr33
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr32
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr31
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr30
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc_i rr3 Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr29
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr28
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc_irr26
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr25
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr24
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr23
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr22
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr21
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr20
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr2
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr19
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr18Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr17
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr16Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr15
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr14
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc_irr13
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc_irr12
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr11
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr10
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr1
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc_irr
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc9
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc8
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc7
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc6
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc5
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc4
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc34
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc33
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc32
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc31
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc30
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc3 Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc29
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc28
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc26
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc25
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc24
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc23
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc22
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc21
Dry_Speci fic_ru_wc20
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc2
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc19
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc18Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc17
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc16 Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc15
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc14
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc13
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc12
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc11
Dry_Specifi c_ru_wc10
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc1
Dry_Specif ic_ru_wc
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru9
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru8
Dry_Specif ic_no_ru7
Dry_Specif ic_no_ru6
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru5
Dry_Specif ic_no_ru4
Dry_Specif ic_no_ru34
Dry_Speci fic_no_ru33
Dry_Speci fic_no_ru32
Dry_Specif ic_no_ru31
Dry_Speci fic_no_ru30
Dry_Specif ic_no_ru3 Dry_Speci fic_no_ru29
Dry_Specif ic_no_ru28
Dry_Speci fic_no_ru26
Dry_Specif ic_no_ru25
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru24
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru23
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru22
Dry_Speci fic_no_ru21
Dry_Speci fic_no_ru20
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru2
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru19
Dry_Specif ic_no_ru18Dry_Specifi c_no_ru17
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru16 Dry_Specif ic_no_ru15
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru14
Dry_Speci fic_no_ru13
Dry_Speci fic_no_ru12
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru11
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru10
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru1
Dry_Specifi c_no_ru
1
320
In1
In2
In4
In6
Out1
Subsystem_320
Rain_specific'rainzero.rain'
Dry_Specific_ru_wc_irr
Dry_Specific_ru_wc
Dry_Specific_no_ru
320
312
308
3086
3082
304
3046
3042
3040
4
38
31
27
270
23
2306
23040
17
14
9
1014
1506
1504B
150
168
1640
159
1594
153
157
110
104
101
B1012
INFLOWS
1
Out1
(4+0) ha(0+0) l/s
ru_wc_irr
(4+0) ha(0+0) l/s
ru_wc
(4+0) ha(0.35139+0) l/s
no_ru
4
In6
3
In4
2
In2
1
In1
24
34
2534
• Opportunities
• Risks / Real world
• System approach
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Stormwater Harvesting
26
34
Study area (Haifa – Israel)
Dry period 151 d (105-220)
Rainy season
• Rainfall – 538 mm/y (292-925)
• 50 (rainy d)/y (35-69)
• Time between consecutive events
– 4.1 d (S.D. 6.2)
– Median 1 d
– 75% ≤ 5 d
• 151dry days (105-220)
Rain is highly stochastic - challenge
� � � ��� �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � ��
�
� � ������ � � �27
34
Main Algorithm for Vmax calculation
Rain
Roof runoff
Mass balance
Vmax
• Daily time-steps• Random simulations• 100 y
28
34
Model Input
• Roof type: Concrete, Steel-sheets, Tiles
• Roof size: 75, 100, 150, 200, 400 m2
• No. of residents: 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 64
• Water demand: 68 L/(c·d) (44% of in-house demand)
WC 55 L/(c·d)
WM 13 L/(c·d)
Roof type aL/(mm ·m2)
bl/(m2·d)
R(y=0)*
mmn**
Concrete 0.78 -1.8 2.3 47Steel sheets 0.80 -0.033 0.041 45Tiles 0.91 -0.34 0.37 36
�� �
������� � !
�� ∙ #$%& � ���29
34
Maximum storage tank volume
RUE = 100%100 stochastic simulation runs
30
34
WSE• Increases with roof A• No sig. diff. V = 0.3-0.9 ˣ Vmax
• More peopleLower WSE
RUE• Decreases with Roof A• More sensitive to V• More people � Higher RUE
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34
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My current research
� A multi-objective LCA-based model for sustainabilit y assessment of
urban water reuse alternatives of varying centralis ation scales
� Impacts of onsite greywater reuse on urban wastewater systems
� Personal care products (PCPs) as source for micropo llutants in
Greywater – Identification, quantification and on-si te treatment
(biological + UV-AOP)
� Urban stormwater harvesting & reuse
� Atmospheric moisture harvesting
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Website: http://www.technion.ac.il/~civil/friedler/
Email: [email protected]
Thank you for
your attention
Special thanks to my Collaborators, Students
… and Funders
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