Alphabetical Vocabularies of the Clallum And

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Alphabetical Vocabularies of the Clallum and Lummi

George Gibbs


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Alphabetical Vocabularies of the Clallum andLummi

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[)u] u with breve

[oe] oe ligature

^ is used to indicate 'superscript'

A table of contents, though not present in the original, has been

provided below:

Preface

Vocabulary of the Clallam

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, W, Y.

Local Nomenclature of the Clallam Tribe

Vocabulary of the Lummi

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y.

Local Nomenclature of the Lummi Tribe

Names of Lummi Chiefs


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PREFACE.

The tribe of Clallams, as they are usually called by the residents of Washington Territoryby the

neighboring Indians named S'klalam, and denominated by themselves N[=u]skli y[=u]minhabit the

southern shore of Fuca Strait, from about the Ok[)e]ho River on the west, to Port Townshend on the east,

bordering in the first direction on the Makahs, sometimes called Classets (the Klaizzart of Jewitt), a tribe of

the Nootka family who inhabit Cape Flattery, and in the other on the Chemakum, like themselves a branch of

the Selish, though a yet more remote one. Their language is the same, with some dialectic differences only, as

that of the Songhus and Sokes of Vancouver Island opposite. It is this which has been referred to by Drs.

Scouler and Latham as the Nusdalum, undoubtedly, in the first instance, a misprint.

The Clallam differs materially from the other Selish languages of the Puget Sound country, though less

from the Lummi than the rest. Its noticeable feature is the frequent occurrence of the nasalng.

The Lummi tribe live on the lower part of a river heading in the Cascade Range, northeast of MountBaker, and emptying by two mouths, one into Bellingham Bay, the other into the Gulf of Georgia, the upper

waters of which are inhabited by the Nooksahks (N[=u]ksk). They are, however, intruders here, their

former country having been a part of the group of islands between the continent and Vancouver Island, to

which they still occasionally resort. Their own name is N[=u]khlummi. The Skagits call them

N[=u]khlsh, and some of the other tribes Hlummi. Their dialectic affinities are rather with the Sannitch

of the southeastern end of Vancouver Island than with any of the Indians of the main land, and the two

probably at one period formed a single tribe, which more remotely was connected with the Clallams and

Songhus. The Simiahmoo (Simimu), a small remnant, living on the bay of that name, north of them,

belong likewise to this group. On the south the Lummi adjoin the Samish and other bands of the Skagits, who

in language approach the Nisquallies.

Like the Clallam, their language abounds with the nasalng, both as a prefix and a termination. It has

another peculiarity, in great measure its own, in the broad sound of the lettera, somewhat as in the words

mass,pass, but even more prolonged. I have distinguished this in the vocabulary by the italic. The lettersf,r,

v,z, are wanting in both languages.

The Clallam and Lummi, as will be observed, contain three classes of cardinals, which I have

distinguished assimple,personal, and ofvaluation, although these terms are not strictly accurate; certain

objects, besides men, being counted by the second, and others, as well as money, by the third; I have never

fully ascertained the distinctions which govern their use. The wordsanimateand inanimatedo not apply;

those ofnobleandignoble, by which the French Missionaries designated the names of objects in the

Algonquin languages, probably indicate the idea. Mr. Gallatin, in his Notes on the SemiCivilized Nations of

Mexico, &c.,[A] mentions the same peculiarity as existing in the Mexican and Maya, in the former of which

there are three different terminations suffixed to the simple numbers, according to the objects denoted. A

similar distinction is found in the Makak language, and traces of it, at least, are observable in the Pima. Iimagine that by inquiry the fact would be found to exist in other Indian tongues. Singularly enough, this

feature also characterizes some of the languages of Micronesia.

[A] Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., vol, i., p. 54.

The affinities of the Clallam and Lummi with the Selish are too obvious to require demonstration. Indeed

Dr. Latham has already classed the former with the Shewhapmukh, or, as he terms it, Atna, of Frazer River,

the northernmost of the Selish dialects. The term Atna, it may be mentioned, is improperly applied as a family

name to these languages, as it is a Tkulli (Athabascan or Chepewyan) word, signifying, according to Mr. A.

C. Anderson, strangers.

These two vocabularies were collected, the first at Port Townshend, during a residence of a few months,


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the other at Simimoo Bay, while I was connected with the N. W. Boundary Commission. Neither of them

underwent more than a partial revision, and inaccuracies have therefore doubtless crept in. They are, however,

sufficiently reliable to afford the basis of extending comparisons with the other Selish and the more northern

coast families.

Transcriber's Note: For greater legibility the letters originally marked asaanduhave been replaced with

and in the vocabularies, except where this would cause a conflict with an existing diacritical.


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VOCABULARY OF THE CLALLAM.

A.

ABOVE, tsitsitl.

ABOARD, siithwu. AFRAID, ssisi.

AGAIN, honng.

ALIVE, y.

ALL, ohnna;

that's all, aukhk.

ALWAYS, wtansu;

I always work, wtansu chai.

ANKLE, tstshkwisun.

ARRIVEat,to, tsstsen.

ARM, tsiis.

ARROW, yetcht. ARROW HEAD,of wood, katstl;

of iron, kmtiniin; (kmtm,iron.)

AUTUMN, tchinstle.

AXE, s'k[=u]km.

B.

BACK,the, stetsikwn.

BAD, kwaukh, s'has.

BARBERRY, Oregon grape (berberis), shetchin.

BARBSof fish spear, tskwiten.

BARK, chaikh.

BARNACLE, tshngt.

BAT, klatlipihan.

BASKET, mohi;

cedar bark, t'shikl;

fir root, sp'chu.

BEACH, kokhhwngu.

BEADS, kwkwe.

BEAR,black, s'chikwitsh;

grizzly, kwiitshin.

BEAVER, skyau.

BEARD, kwntsen.

BEHIND, ilkwus. BERRIES (generic), s'chykw'tl.

BILBERRY, yhum.

BIRDS:

Sea ducks (generic), m[=o]k.

Small land birds (generic), tsitsm.

Crane, sihu.

Crow, skwakwato.

Duck, mallard (a. boschas), tenksen.

Duck, surf (f. perspicillata), klyin.


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Duck, velvet (f. fusca), komatsinhlai.

Duck, harlequin (f. histrionica), sssu.

Duck, scaup (f. marila), swtst.

Duck, goosander (m. merganser), ko[=o]kw.

Eagles, bald (Haliaetus), kwiengs'n.

Eagles, golden (Aquila), kutitsinhu.

Goose, ykhhna. Guillemot, sassmats.

Gulls, kwunn, kutk.

Grebes, klaikun.

Grouse, dusky, gnet.

ruffed, styuh[=u]ng.

Heron, sn[=o]kho.

Jay, s'hikhhai.

Pigeon, hmkh.

Raven, skuto.

Sandpipers, skeks.

BLACK, nkikh, annukikh.

BLANKET, swishiatl;

of dog's hair, skmngtl.

BLOOD, styukm.

BLUE, ksksshoit, annukwo.

BOARD, sey'thu.

BODY, nichichiten, n'statskl.

BODY,parts of:

Head, sk[=u]ngi.

Hair, siatt'n.

Face, sats.

Ear, skongs.

Eye, kiin. Nose, nks'n.

Mouth, tsts'n.

Tongue, tikhwh'lts.

Teeth, tchinnis.

Beard, kwn[=u]ts'n.

Neck, h[=o]ngen.

Arm, tsi's.

Elbow, sk[=o]phai.

Wrist, s'h[=o]tskwats.

Hand, s'chhats.

Fingers, s'chhats. Nails, tssh[=u]ts.

Breast or Chest, tsngtl.

Woman's Bosom, skb.

Back, stetsikwn.

Leg, s'hnna.

Ankle, tutshkwisun.

Foot, klts'n.

Toes, klts'n.

Bone, stzum.

Heart, hachinnin.


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Blood, stoyukn.

Skin, kwi.

Penis, shella.

Testes, ngat'sn.

BOIL,to, kwiyis.

BONE, stzum.

BORE A HOLE,to, t'slkwt. BOTH, chsa.

BOW, s'homoten.

BOWSTRING, sulkwtchin.

BOY, swwa[=u]s, schachiaitl.

BRACELETS, tsomechin.

BREAK,to, tikwt.

BREASTSof woman, skb.

BRING,to, ankhw;

bring that, (imp.) anakhw tasiya.

BROAD, klk__t.

BROTHER,elder, s[=u]thnk;

younger, sitchin.

BUCKET, sktn.

BUFFALO, kwisp.

BUY,to, tkws.

BURYING GROUND, mkwa.

BYE AND BYE, hets.

C.

CANOE,Chinook pattern, oths;

Cowitshin do., stwatl;

ducking canoe, sno'hwh'l.

CARRY,to, ngtun. CARPENTER,worker in wood, skainhwu.

CATCH,to, klkw__t.

CEDARbark, siwe;

wood, tsshi.

CHESTor breast,the, tsngtl;

chest(box), klyks.

CHIEF, sim.

CHOP,to, kummt.

CLAM,quahog(Venus), skihyu;

the large kind(lutraria), swhm;

blue striated species, skkli. CLOUDS, s'hunws.

COCKLE, skly[=o]m.

COD FISH, s'kkan.

COLD, kltchi.

COLORS:

White, pk'h.

Red, ntskw, annutsko.

Black, nkaikh, annukikh.

Blue, ksksshoit, annukwho.

Yellow, ntskwaiyewin, annukwikwai.


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Green, ntltlkh, annuklikhtl.

COMB, klsingen.

COME,to, entsen;

I come, ann;

come you(imp.) annchi.

COOK ON STONES,to, n[=u]tchkwntl.

COPULATE,to, kwat'tl. CORPSE, ki.

COUGAR, kautsap.

CUP, mtkw.

CUTTLE FISH, skmkw.

CRAB, achhe.

CRANE, sihu.

CROW, skwakwto.

CRY,to, h[=o]ng.

D.

DANCE,to, kwoiishten.

DARKNESS, s'cht.

DAUGHTER (child), nngnna.

DAY, skwtchi.

DEAD, ki.

DEAD LAND (country of the dead), snnkw.

DEEP, kletch.

DEER, h[=o]pt, smyis.

DEMON (the primal race), s'huib.

DIG,to, tsykwt;

dig out,to, (e.g. a canoe), khaiyu.

DO,to, chai.

DOG, skha;plur.skayha. DOG FISH, s'kwats.

DOOR, so'tl.

DOWN STREAM, kwkw[)u].

DREAM,to, (1st pers. ind.) kwinngttsen.

DRINK,I, kokwtsen; (ko,water.)

DRIVE,to, kwihtl.

DRUNK (i.e. foolish), ashwkwu.

DRY, hching.

DUCK (mallard), tnksen.

DULL, n'kom[=u]kh.

DUNG,to, kang.

E.

EAR, kwiin.

EARTH,land, shstngawhn.

EAGLE,bald, kwiengs'n;

golden, kutitsinhu.

EAT,to, tskwinsntsen, itlun.

ECHINUS, skwtsi.

EGGS, singinet.

EIGHT, tats, tatssiya, tatshithu.


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ELBOW, sk[=o]phialka.

ELK, kaiytsh.

ENDor point, elks.

EVENING, tngen.

EYE, kiin.

EXCHANGE,to, atshti.

F.

FACE, sats.

FAR, yye, heeh.

FATHER, iiin;

grandfather, sya.

FEATHERS, s'chi.

FIND,to, chntsen.

FINISH,I have finished work, hoitsna kwin's chi.

FINGERS, s'chhats.

FIR TREE (abies Douglassii), skaiinkh, chichitch;

fir bark, tsiyi.

FIRE, sn[=u]ts.

FIRE WOOD, tlkts.

FIRST, ichyi.

FISH, ts'kw.

FISH, ETC.:

Cod fish, s'kkan.

Crab, ache.

Cuttle fish, skmkw.

Dog fish, s'kwats.

Flounder, hwaukwn.

Halibut, s'h[=o]t'h.

Herring, kl[=o]ngt. Oulakan, klis.

Porpoise, s'hmahens.

Salmon (See salmon).

Sculpin, swanitl.

Shark, klykatts'n.

Sturgeon, kw'titsin.

Toad fish, s'chemkh.

FISH GIG, stihu.

FISHING LINEof kelp, schats.

FISHwith a line,to, tltiis.

FISH WEIR, sutat'hl. FIVE, klkatcht, klktshiya, klktshit'hu.

FLESH, slikw.

FLOUNDER,flatfish, hwaukwn.

FLY,the insect, klikiahnna.

FOOT, kltsn.

FOUR, ngos, nisaiya, nusithu.

FORMERLY,a long time ago, h[=e]ts.

FROM, tk[=u]ts'n.

FULL, essitst'l.


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LOW TIDE, sng[=o]tsen.

LYNX (L. fasciata), tstsats.

M.

MALLARD,duck, tnksen.

MAMMALS:

Bat, klatlipihn. Bear, black, s'chikwitsh.

Bear, grizzly, kwiitshin.

Beaver, skyau.

Buffalo, kwisp.

Cougar, kanetsap.

Deer, h[=o]pt, smyis.

Dog, skha.

Elk, kaiytsh.

Goat, mountain, swtle.

Hare, rabbit, kakitse.

Lynx, tsatsats.

Mink, mistcho.

Mouse, skwatn.

Musk rat, sklkhkt'lkh.

Land otter, skaatl.

Sea otter, tmms.

Seal, sshu.

Skunk, smats'n.

Squirrel (sciurus), spsiy[=u]ts'n;

(tamias), hahiyuwetsh.

Wolf, staching.

Whale, chwhyu.

MAN, swka;plur.swyika;young man, sww[=u]s;

old man, kwiltchk.

MANY, ng'_nn;

many men, ng' ngt' swyika.

MAT,of round rushes(tul), takslatshu;

flat do.(cat's tail), suyatsh, kainim;

cedar bark, tsmmt.

MAT NEEDLE, hok'h__n.

MEDICINE, s'tiinghu.

MEDICINE MAN,magician or doctor, s'hun[=a]m.

MIDDLE, etstngen. MILK, skb.

MINK, mistcho.

MISSa mark,to, tangn;

miss the road,to, titkh.

MISTAKE,to,in speech, titakh.

MOCCASINS, klkshin.

MOLLUSCS, ETC.:

Barnacle, ts[=o]ngt.

Clams, quahog (Venus), skiheyu;

large (Lutraria), swahm;


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blue striated, skkhli.

Cockle (cardium), skly[=o]m.

Haikwa (Dentalium), kletschin.

Mussel, toyk.

Oyster, klokhklokh.

Scallop (pecten), nana.

Sea egg (echinus), skwtsi. MOON, klkitsh.

MORNING, kwtchi.

MOSQUITO, pwiksen.

MOTHER, t[=a]n.

MOUNTAIN, h'kwitsh.

MOUSE, skwtn.

MOUTH, tsuts'n.

MUSK RAT, sklkhkt'lkh.

MUSSEL,the small blue, toyk.

MY SISTER, na ais;

my house, na aiyng;

my things, n'skwnaakw.

MYTHOLOGY:

Nkwem[)a]tlorDkweb[)a]tl,the principal supernatural being,

corresponding toIkniof the Chinooks.

S'huib,the primal or demon race.

S'hun[=a]m,magic or medicine.

Tey[=u]tlma,the genius of good fortune.

Hunhanti,a performance of conjuring or tamnous (Chinook), known

to the Nisquallies ass'hna,in which it is pretended that the

person initiated is killed and then restored to life.

N. NAME, s'd.

NAILS, tssh[=u]ts.

NEAR, klatlake.

NEEDLE, chtsn.

NECK, h[=o]ngen.

NEW, huus, k'haus.

NIGHT, s'nat.

NINE, t[=o]kw, t'kwiya, t'kwithu.

NONE, wnna, auwtsan.

NOON, k'yit.

NOSE, nk'sn. NOW, tino.

NUMERALS:

Simple Cardinals

1, nitzo.

2, chissa.

3, klekhw.

4, ngos.

5, klkatcht

6, t'hung.

7, ts[=o]ks.


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8, tats.

9, t[=o]kw.

10, pen.

Personal Cardinals

1, ntso.

2, chsa.

3, klwhiya. 4, nisiya.

5, klktshiya.

6, tkhngiya.

7, tsakwtsiya.

8, tatssiya.

9, t'kwiya.

10, openi.

Cardinals of Valuation

1, n'sakthu.

2, n'shithu.

3, klwhithu.

4, nusithu.

5, klktshithu.

6, tkhhngithu.

7, tsaksithu.

8, tatshithu.

9, tkwithu.

10, openithu.

11, open it nitzo.

12, open i'tchssa.

20, t'skwss.

30, h'll[=u]tlsha.

100, natchowtsh. 1000, p'nitsh.

O.

OLD, snkai.

OLD MAN, kwiltchk;

old woman, kwiltchk slni.

ONE, nitzo, natso, n'skthu.

OTTER,land, skatl;

sea, tmmus.

OULAKAN,a small fish, klais.

OUT DOORS, assaktl. OYSTER, klkhklokh.

OFF SHORE, tstso.

P.

PADDLE,a, h[=o]ngt.

PADDLE,to, ist.

PEOPLE, tlstiinghu, atsiltiinghu.

PENIS, shella.

PIGEON, hmkh.

PIPE, pakw.


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PITCH, tchk.

PLANK, sy'thu.

PLANTS, ETC.:

Barberry (berberis), shtchin.

Berries (generic), s'chykw'tl.

Bilberry, yhun.

Grass, s'hatsi. used for mat thread, kltl.

Kamass (squilla), k'whli.

Rush, cattail, kwo[=o]t.

Sallal (Gualtheria), taka.

Salmon berry, alelo.

Strawberry, tykw.

Tobacco, smnash.

POINTor end, elk'hs.

POUND,to,as grain, tst.

POUR,to, kwiyet.

PORPOISE, s'h[=u]mahns.

PRAIRIE, spelhhan.

PREGNANT, askwkwai.

PRESENTLY, kwakwthu.

PRONOUNS:

I,absolute, tza;

copulative, prefixed to a verb, ats;

suffixed to do., sn, sen, sin.

My, na, n's, n, n'skwai.

Thou, nkw;

copulative prefixed, chin;

suffixed, hu;

or in the imperative, chi. He,if present, tsankw;

absent, netl.

We, nng'l, klningtl.

Ye, nkw, klnkw.

They, kwassa, tsta.

PRONGS OF FISH GIG, stawhits.

PUSH,to, ch[=o]ngt.

Q.

QUICK,come quick!atl.

R.

RAIN,to, s'lemhu.

RAKE,v.,to take small fish with a rake, tltamen.

RAVEN, skut.

RED, ntskw, annutsko.

RELATIONS, nischcha.

RELATIONSHIPS:

Father, iiin.

Mother, tan.

Grandfather, sya, tcht.


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Grandmother, sya.

Son, my, nngnna.

Daughter, my, nngnna.

Husband, my, n'swyika.

Wife, my, n'slni.

Brother, elder, s[=u]thnk.

younger, sitchin. Sister, elder, s[=u]thnk.

younger, ais.

RETURN,to, howyng.

RHODODENDRON, kwalthltsh.

RIVER, stawi.

ROAST,by the fire, chk[=o]ts.

ROPE, hwlm.

ROTTEN,as wood, tskong;

as fruit, skwngtst.

RUSH,cattail, kwo[=o]t.

RUN,I, skwnngtsen.

S.

SALLAL BERRIES, tka.

SALMON:

S. quinnat, kwitshin.

S. truncatus, kltshin.

S. Scouleri, ktchks.

S. proteus, hnnn.

S. (undetermined), mthlets.

S. canis, kl'whi.

S. Campbelli, kwatcht.

SALMON ROE, kaiykh. SALMON BERRIES, allo.

SALT, klatl.

SAND, pekwtchin.

SAND PIPER (tringa), skuks.

SCALLOP (pecten), nna.

SCULPIN, swanitl.

SEA, kllalts.

SEA FOWL, m[=o]k.

SEAL, sshu.

SEAL'S BLADDER, tss.

SEASONS: Spring, tclineshwas.

Summer, klatkm, tchinsi.

Autumn, tchinsle.

Winter, kltchi.

SEAT,the, klwk.

SEE,to, kwn't.

SEVEN, ts[=o]ks, tskwtsiya, tsksithu.

SEW,to, chitsengtsen.

SEINE, soyk.

SHADOW, nukwkunosing, kkatl.


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SHARK, klykatts'n.

SHARP, iy[=u]ts.

SHIRT, slipikt;

woollen do., snowks.

SHOES, kwtlshin.

SHOULDER, tsakwn.

SHORT, chiyetl. SICK, ashtl'h;

I am sick, ashtl'hsen.

SING,to, teymtsen.

SISTER,elder, s[=u]thnk;

do. younger, ais.

SIT,to, mt.

SIX, t'hng, tkhhngiya, tkhhngithu.

SKATE,fish, kkaukh.

SKUNK, smts'n.

SKY, tsitsl.

SKIN, kwi.

SLAVE, skwits.

SLEEP,to, etttsen.

SMALL, kl[=o]tla, mammin.

SMOKE, spk[=o]ng.

SNAKE, swahtsi.

SNEEZE,to, hsng.

SQUIRREL (Sciurus), sp'siyutsen;

(Tamias), hahiyuwetsh.

SPEAK,to, kwiitsen.

SPEAR FISH,to, techut.

SPEAR,pronged, for birds, tskwn, s'h[=o]m.

SPLIT, chy[=u]ts. SPOON, klmks.

SPRING, chineshwas.

STAND,to, tsitlng.

STAR, tetsena.

STEAL,to, kan.

STONE, s'nangt.

STOP, hi;

stop talking(imp.), smm'htchi.

STORY, ytsm.

STRANGER, natsh.

STRAWBERRIES, tykw. STRIKE,to, kcht.

STRONG, kmkm.

STURGEON, kw'titsin.

SUN, s[=u]sht'sht.

SUMMER, klatkm, tchinsi.

SURF, skwlaiykan.

SWIM,to, tng[=o]ng.

T.

TAKE,to, klkwt.


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TEETH, tchinnis.

TELL THE TRUTH,to(1st pers.), askl'wchin skwai.

TEN, pen, penai, penithu.

TESTICLES, ng'tsn.

THAT THING (the there), tasiya.

THERE, tasiya;

I go there, [=o]tsna tasiya. THEY, kwassa, tsta.

THICK,as a plank, ch'hlt.

THIN,as paper, chchm.

THIRSTY,I am, kwakwiingsen.

THOU, nkw.

THOUSAND, p'neitsh.

THREE, klekhw, klhwiya, klhwithu.

THROW AWAY,to, kwns.

THUNDER, tsakwtl.

TIDE,high, tng;

low, sng[=o]tsen.

TIE,to, kakt.

TOAD FISH (cottus), s'chem[=u]k'h.

TOBACCO, smnash.

TODAY, teaskwtchi, aink.

TOES, klts'n.

TOGETHER,two, chsa.

TOMORROW, kwtchi.

TONIGHT, asnat.

TONGUE, tikhhw'lts.

TOWARDS SHORE, chiykw.

TRAILor road, so'tl.

TREE, skikaiiyu. TRENCHERor wooden dish, klot.

TROUT, k'hummn.

TROWSERS, nosnten.

TRUE, asklwtl.

TWO, chissa, chsa, n'shithu.

U.

UNDER, kitchwtl.

UNDERSTAND,do you?htchit[=u]tshu.

UP, tyit.

UPSET, kwikwi.

W.

WALK,to, shtng.

WANT,to, n[=u]skl.

WARM, klatkn.

WARRIOR, ns'chngkn.

WASHthe face,to, n[=u]tskosen;

wash the clothes,to, tsakwngtl.

WATER, ko.

WATERFALL, tstsilstawi.


19


22/48

WAVES, n'kinkh, s'chilts.

WE, klningtl.

WEIR,for fish, sw'kltl.

WHALE, ch'whyu.

WHAT? stang;

what do you want?stang chinskl;

what are you doing?stang chinchi;what is your name?stang chinsn;

what is that?stang tasiya.

WHERE? tahn;

where do you come from?chahntin stchi;

where do you go?twntshu.

WHISTLE,to, n[=u]skwisng.

WHITE, pk'h.

WHITE MEN, hwantm.

WHO? tsan;

who is that?tsan tasiya.

WIND, s't'ch[=u]ng;

North wind, kaishwu;

South wind, skangt, skangt.

WIFE,my, nslani.

WINGS, sklkiai.

WINTER, klchi.

WITHIN,inside, eschyu.

WOLF, stching.

WOMAN, slani.

WOOD,dead, kwtli.

WORK OR DO,to, chai;

I work, ats chiorchitsen;

thou workest, nk'w chiorchitshu;he works, kw's chai;

we work, nng'l tschi;

ye work, nk'w'tsa iachi;

they work, tstsa chichai.

WORTHLESS, tlwhos.

WRIST, s'h[=o]tskwats.

WRITE, s'hikh.

Y.

YAWN,to, wuks.

YE, klnkw;all ye, nkw hnna.

YELLOW, annukwikwai.

YES, ah.

YESTERDAY, chakkl.

YOUNG MAN, swwus.

YOUR, n'skwa;

your house, n'skwa n'iyng.


20


23/48

LOCAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE CLALLAM TRIBE.

S'ngo. A river running into the Strait of Fuca, above Neah Bay.

Okho. Another river near the last.

Klatlwas. A village on the Strait. Pisht'st. Village at Canel River, Pillar Point.

Kwahmish. Fishing Station at Lyre River.

Elwha. The village at the mouth of the Elkwa, west of Port Angeles.

Tsiwhitzen, Yinnis. Villages at Port Angeles.

Sttlum. Village at New Dungeness.

Shkwin. Village at Sequim Bay.

Kkaitl or Skwkwel. Village at Port Discovery.

Ktai. Lower village on Port Townshend.

Chemakum. Village site at head of do.


21


24/48


25/48

BELOW, klkhl.

BIRD,water fowl, mo[=o]k;

small birds, tstsatsm.

BIRDS:

Eagles, golden eagle, kwllngsen;

bald eagle, ykhwlla.

Hawks, pals, tsekhwtskhw, tlkwemitl, tsihalitsh; sparrow hawk, sssowakchilla.

Owls, great horned owl, chetnghu;

small owl, kwaielhu.

Woodpeckers, logcock, skwllttn;

flicker (P. Mexic.) tseak't;

small woodpeckers, tsttng.

Swift (Cypselus), kukstch.

Kingfisher, ssshela.

Robins (T. Naevius), kwskk'h;

(T. Migrat.), tseltcha.

Warblers, huhwllsh.

Chickadee (Parus), tskayis.

Finches (generic), tchkwakwa;

ground robin, tltlksinn;

snow finch, tchisawtsh.

Wren, tetitm.

Raven, skutakh.

Fish Crow, skukwata.

Blue Jay, chiya.

Magpie, s'hnnn.

Pigeon, hmkh.

Ruffed Grouse, skwts, skwtsha.

Dusky Grouse, ng'eet. Sandhill Crane, slem.

Plover, chithnnatsh.

Oyster Catcher (hematopus), swkk.

Yellowshank Snipe, skkkaye.

Beach Birds, small snipe (?generic), pellatsh, skeks.

Curlew, mkmkkwa.

Swan, hohahan.

Snow Goose, klawkhhan, klahwahan.

Canada Goose, khha.

Brant (Bernicla), hlhltsh, hlhlcha.

Mallard (a. Boschas), tinksen. Teal (Nettion), hsnatch, chilsiset.

Shoveller (Spatula), klellktksen.

Gadwal (Chaulelasmus), shessnna.

Sea Ducks (generic), kwalhu.

Golden eye (Clangula), hlhlllowitl.

Canvass back (Aythya), hkhkonitsh.

Spirit Duck (Albeola), hekhknn, k'khnna.

Merganser (Mergus Am.), kwa[=o]kw;

(Mergus Serrator), skmmtsh.

Cormorant, mssitch.


23


26/48

Gulls, large kinds, kwnn;

small kinds, skkhkwa.

Loons (Colymbus), swakwn, hwekhwkws.

Grebes (Podiceps), sk[=u]lkls, hwanitsh, hwttis.

Guillemot (Uria), skokwakwts, kok[=o]khkts.

BIRDS,parts of:

Beak, nksnsh (v.nose). Wing, kikaal, skkal.

Feathers, stliplkan, stakw.

Quills, stlikl.

Down, skius.

Tail, klapisinitsh.

Gall, mssuns.

Entrails, kkhes.

Gizzard, s'heakwns.

Liver, t'kas.

Heart, tsli.

BITE,to, tsinguttng.

BLACK, nkkikh.

BLANKET,feather blanket(a native manufacture), stmmowhitl;

woollen do., swkwatl;

white blanket, peklkwt;

figured do., ntsalowt;

red do., nukwim;

green do., nkchalkwt;

blue do., chialkt;

large dark blue do., chiltlkwt.

BLAZE,to, hutku.

BLIND, kllitsh.

BLOOD, sstchin. BLOWwith the breath,to, pahwt;

blow the nose,to, nklngsinna.

BLUE, chilis;

pale, nihwkw.

BOARD,planks, slto.

BOIL,to, kwlls.

BONE, s[=o]m, s'ham.

BORE,to,as with a gimlet, slkwt, nkslkwt.

BOSOM (female), skmma.

BOW, tschasen.

BOWSMAN,of canoe, heu. BOXor chest, klayks.

BOY, s'chchilkh, schiatl, stetltkl.

BRACELETS,of brass wire, tsametchin.

BREAD,baked, taukh.

BREAK,to, (broken), tikwttng.

BREAST (chest), tsngtl.

BRING,to, ankhhu.

BROAD, nkhhwikw'tl.

BROTHER,elder, shiitlkh;

younger, sitchin, niwhka.


24


27/48

BURN,I, chkw sin;

it is burning, ch'ykw.

BURY,to, (to cache), aschntl.

BUY,to, (to trade or barter), hwim;

I want to buy, nuswhiym, nusklakng slklla (nuskl,

I wish).

BYE AND BYE, owshs.

C.

CANOE (generic), skwlkh;

Chinook and Makah pattern, ths, [=o]ths;

small do., kkhotl;

large Kawitchen canoe, shwatl;

small fishing canoe, snowh'tl;

shovelnosed or burden canoe, klai.

CARRY,to, sngat;

to carry on the back, sngng;

on the shoulder, anguttn;

in the hand, wikwonat.

CEDAR, (Thuja), h'pai.

CERTAINLY,of course, hows.

CHALK (properly a white diatomaceous earth used for cleaning skins),

stauokw.

CHIEF, sim.

CHISEL,of stone, shwekh.

CHOP WOOD,to, kmmt.

CLEAR SKY, shuewk'hhu.

CLEAR OFF,to, (of the weather), s'aiyttung;

it is clearing off, tachil shuaukhu (clear it comes).

CLOTH,calico, ashlkh (i.e. figured);domestics, pk'h; (white);

baize, tsatsawhn;

flannel, tslwhm.

CLOUDS, spahu;

it is clouding over, tachil nkhnows.

COALSof fire, chtist.

COAL,stone coal, pechit.

COAT, snuks.

COLORS:

White, pkh.

Black, nkkikh. Red, n'sk'h, n'skw.

Blue, chilis;

pale do., nihwekw.

Yellow, n'skwllawn, nkwi.

Green, nitlut'h, nkwi.

COME,to, n'a, en;

I come from Simiamoo, sitsin Simiamu;

come with me, nkwshinnus;

come into the house, anla welng,oranushta no lng (alng,

a house);


25


28/48

come near(imp.), n'atla.

COOK,to cook on hot stones, k'k'pak.

COOKED,it is cooked(done), kwl.

COPULATE,to, snnkh.

COUGH,to, takwn.

CRADLE, patsts.

CRUSTACEANS: Crab, beskwu, chkh.

Spider Crab, kukwtlshin.

Stone Crab, kukwinnwa.

CRY,I, hoangsn.

COVER,to, klehwstng.

CUP, memtk'h.

CUTwith a knife,to, shipt.

D.

DANCE,to, koiellish, kwilish.

DARK, klatch.

DAUGHTER, ngnna.

DAY, skwchil.

DEAD, kwii, koikh.

DEEP, kltsh.

DEER, smis, smis, h[=o]pt;

a buck, sestn (horned);

in Kawitchen, haupa;

amongst the forest or Stick Indians, klalktenna.

DIG,to,roots in general, pnkhw, pnhu;

potatoes, siakwls;

fern roots, tlaikw;

clams, kkhhlla. DIRTY, tnghws.

DISHES, nuwh'tshkwla.

DOG, skomi, skha.

DON'T, kwet.

DOOR,also road, satl.

DREAM,to, klkllasin.

DRESSa skin,to, ekh.

DRINK,to, kko, nuskkh;

I drink, kwakwasn.

DRUM,to,as in conjuring or at dances, kautng.

DRUNK,foolish, ashwkw, shwkwtn. DRY, selp.

DUCK, splhntl;

mallard, tinksen;

(vide birds.)

DULL,as a tool, klls.

E.

EAR, kwlln.

EAR RINGS, sklaun.

EARTH,the,land, s'chetungawhn, s'chetngahng;


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29/48

earth,dirt, syk.

EAT,to, itln, itl'nkh;

I eat, nitstlin, itlnsn.

ECHO, sngn.

EGG, sn'lng_nt, kwnkwnn.

EIGHT, tas, tussla, tusslthu.

ELBOW,or kneejoint, klytstn. ELK, kwuwatsh, kyytsh, kaiyts.

END,the end of anything, sans.

EVENING, t'tangen.

EVERY^1 THING^2, mkw^1 stang^2.

EXCHANGE,to, iyakt.

EYE, kllng.

EYEBROW, sngn;

oneeyed, astakws.

F.

FACE, sas.

FAR, chakw, ch[=o]kw.

FART, tksnitch.It is the common expression of disgust at anything,

or any one.

FAT,adj., tletlk.

FATHER, mn.

FEATHERS, stkw, sl'palkan.

FEMALE, slne.

FETCH,to, ankhw.

FILE,a, clkhn;

to file, chkks.

FIND,to, kwnnng.

FINGERS, chihals. FINGER RINGS, hialmchis.

FIR TREE, chlliltsh, chlchils;

fir bark, chlli.

FIRE, chkhs;

bring fire, kwntatsh.

FIRST, ilchla.

FISH, ETC.:

Cod, ait.

Flounder, owe.

Herring, slangt.

Calorhynchus, skwma. Large cottus, sknnkhw.

Skate, kkhk[=o]kh.

Oulakan (thalechthys), tiakowa.

Pencil fish,a small fish that comes in schools, katl.

Salmon,vide infra.

FISH,parts of:

Scales, sls.

Fins, ktings.

Tail, s'hpshin.

Roe, heahetl;


27


30/48

herring roe, chmsh.

FISH WEIR,large, s'chiyk;

small do., tik__p.

FIVE, klkats, klktchsla, ktchslthu.

FLEA, ttatlm.

FLESH,meat, slkw.

FLY,a, ikwllng, kwillng. FOG, spihwn.

FOOD, setln, swn.

FOOLISH, ashwkw.

FOOT, s'hnna.

FOOTPRINT, hnnugen.

FOREHEAD, skwangus.

FORMERLY, kwtli silla.

FOUR, ngoss, nis_la, slthu.

FRIEND, klnkwil;

my friend, n'skl; (literally, I like him.)

FULL, h[=e]ts.

FUNDAMENT, klawkh.

G.

GAME (beaver teeth dice), smilali.

GET,to, kwnnt;

I want^1 to get^2 pantaloons^3, nusklk^1 kwnnt^2 skks^3;

get something to eat,fetch^1 food^2,imp., kwnnassng^1

s'itln^2;

get into the canoe, lti kwtlatsi ti shwatl; iba kn

slangt; (ltsiseems to be at or into; vide at and

live;)

get fire wood,to, tkktsh. GIRL, sthlni, slnchatl.

GIVE,to, (to give as a present), ngus;

(in the sense of to help or to hand to,) kltch;

give it me, ankhw, (i.e. bring it.)

GLOVES, ts'kwlitcha, nossin.

GNAT, chetsks.

GO,to, h'ya;

I go, kwlh'yasn, yassinsa;

I am going to Lummi, ysinkin N[=u]khlmmi;

presently I will go, wiasinsa;

let us go, ist;go you,imp., honichitl'h;

go out,imp., sklng, honesklng (alung,house);

go there, a little further off, yihwltll.

GOOD, aikh.

GRAVE,serious, [=o]kwhm.

GRASS, s'hssi.

GREAT, haiyikh, keyikh.

GREEN, nitlth, nkwai.

GREY HAIRED, stsmmkhw.

GUM,resin,light wood, smnitsh.


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31/48

GUN,north west musket, pyk (pu,the sound of a gun);

regulation musket, ymk'sn;

rifle, haichoiiktl;

doublebarrelled gun, nuchsakun (chssa,two);

pistol, chichaietl pyk (s'chichaian,an infant);

revolver, nnhknkn;

to load a gun, h'nuwllssn;to ram down the load, sakn;

to fire a gun, kwlshlla, (Simiahmoo) klmkwlla.

GUNPOWDER, kwlkh;

flints or caps, kwlln.

H.

HAIL, klmwhila.

HAIR, siattn.

HALF, klchkh.

HAMMER,to, h'kwschis;

hammer,a, s'kwschis.

HAND, sals.

HANDLE, kltshnn.

HE, nekhl, nitlkh.

HEAD, skwngi, skwngi.

HEAR,to, chisalan.

HEART, stsla, tsla.

In the sense of the mind, h'chinging.

HEAVY, hm.

HERE, tikwu.

HIGH, ses'l.

HONE,or whetstone, shutks.

HOUSE, lng;the posts that support the roof, k_kan;

the ridge pole, s'klmsmelthu;

side plates, hametsin.

HOW,how shall I do it?swnnngset ti?

HUNCHBACKED, skomsin.

HUNDRED, natsoitch, natsowtsh.

HUNGRY, kwkwi.

HUNTER, tsmmnsa;

seal hunter, nuslmkh.

HUNTING BAG, shitt_la.

HUSBAND, n'stlush.

I.

I, us.

ICE, s'lellokh, sma.

IN,into, nus;

put in,imp., nuas atschessk;

to be at or in, laksi;vide live;

it is in the house, lksi lng.

INDIANS,people, atltlinghu.

INFANT, s'chichian, kkk, n'schiin.


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32/48

IRON, kmtm.

ISLAND, klchas, s'kwss, sk'sas.

J.

JEALOUS, s[=a]sisi.

K. KICK,to, lmmat.

KILL,to, k'chtkh, kuchella.

KISS,to, nkhwh'mkwst.

KNIFE, shpltin;

do. with one edge, ilkkhhan;

twoedged, watchhan.

KETTLE,iron, skllup;

wooden, skoten.

KNOW,to, Do you know Skkl? (a man of that name?) htchtshu

Skkl?

L.

LAKE, s'weltsh.

LANCE, stkwiitch.

LARGE, mokw.

LAUGH,I, nnniyngsen.

LAZY, shng, sakhw;

I am lazy, sawhngsin.

LEAF, s'chsn.

LEAP,to, hwtng.

LEG, slhtsh, skkn;

calf of leg, ktlsn.

LEND,to, yil. LIAR, kaiykan.

LIE,I, hukhkiyakn.

LIGHT,adj., sttu.

LIGHTNING, chakwachk, chaktsokikh.

LIKE, shnngs.

LISTEN,imp., nihwiyan.

LIVE AT,to, lksi; (this word appears to be the equivalent of the

Nisquallyatsuts,and to be really an adverb signifying presence

or existence);

I live there, lksi tell.

LONG,in dimension, klkut. LOOK OUT! kwla.

LOOKING GLASS, skwonsng, skukonsng, hukunsing;

the image or reflection in the glass, kukh'ktl.

LOSE,to, ekkwa.

LOUSE, nssn.

LOVE,to, n[=u]stl, niskl.

M.

MAGIC,conjuring, ch'siwn;

for medicine, shinm.


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33/48

MAKE,to, chai;

what are you making?stang n's chai?

I am making a canoe, chai its snohwtl;

make fire,imp., chkks.

MAMMALS:

Horse, stkku.

Elk, kwwatsh, kaiyts. buck, sistn,i.e.horned.

Deer, smyis.

buck, sistn.

fawn, stlla.

Bear, black, sps.

grizzly, kwietchin.

Big horn (ovis montana), kwekwtchen.

Mountain goat (aploceras), swtle, piklkhkan.

Racoon, bl[=o]ps.

Dog, skmai.

Wolf, st'kiya.

Cougar, shwowa.

Lynx, sktsams.

Beaver, skllu.

Sea otter, tmms.

Land otter, s'katl.

Seal,_sshu.

Mink, kaiyakh, s'chakn.

Weasel, klkla.

Skunk, sppk.

Squirrel (sciurus), tsipsisn.

Striped squirrel (tamias), hwpechin.

Kamass rat (neotoma), nwit. Mouse, kwatn.

Mole, spilwn.

Hare, skkawas.

MAMMALS,parts of:

Neck, tatshsns.

Atlas joint, kkkakw'chis.

Ribs, lkh'ws.

Marrow of legs, ttsshshins.

Brain, smetks.

Gristle of vertebr, kwals.

Liver, stkchng. Lights, splhu.

Paunch, spukh.

Windpipe, hwangn.

Tail, klowaks.

Skin, kwllos.

A dressed skin, hllakan.

Hair, s'chais.

Hoofs, kwnngs.

Kidneys, snsns.

Sinews of legs, klimins.


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34/48

Sinews of back, tngsens.

Horns, tsestn.

Heart, tsla.

Os calcis, ktlinsns.

Thighs, katchatchs.

Saddle or hind quarters, assatchchatsh (chussa,two).

Leg, skushmshins. Lower joint of do., s'hnns.

Fore quarter, tlos.

Both do., skllahans.

Fat, nas.

Meat, slk.

MAN, swyika.

MANY, n'gann, n'gn;

many people, n'gnhltlinghu;

I have many people, n'gan altlinghu tius.

MAT, slwn;

the large mat used for making temporary lodges, sletch;

cedar bark mat, tsmmt, lokwai.

MEND,to, chtslkwttn.

MERRY, nksnni.

MIDDLE (of length), nowls.

MISTAKE,to,either in speech or on the road, mlmin.

MOLLUSCS, RADIATES, ETC.:

Small round clam (Venus), skthlai;

quahog (Saxidomus), skhhwa;

large clam (Lutraria), swm.

Cockle (cardium), sklm.

Mussel (Mytilus), klkm.

Oyster, klokhklokh. Whelk, skkwiykh.

Barnacle, smmaiya.

Chiton, hllng.

Land snail (helix), wkkk'h.

Slug (limax), kaiyatlin.

Sea egg (Echinus), skwtsi.

Sea slug (holothuria), sekt.

Star fish, kwllchi, kllsis.

Cuttle fish, skm[=u]k.

Shells, kyamen.

MOON, klkltsh. MORNING, skwchi.

MOSQUITO, kwan.

MOTHER, t[=a]n.

MOUNTAIN (same as rock), sngnt.

MOUTH, ssn.

MOVE FARTHER, yihwl tll;

go there, tkwhist.

MUCH, n'gun;

much food, n'gn stln.

MYTHOLOGY:


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Hals,the principal super natural being, equivalent toHunnof

the Nisquallies, Nokwmakhlof the Clallams and Skagits, and

Ikniof the Chinooks.

S'huib,orS'huim,the prehuman demon race.

Y[=u]tlma,orShwmatwun,the spirit that presides over good

fortune.

Ch'siown,a particular gift or capacity acquired by fasting, etc., or by incantation, similar to the Chinook tamnowas.

Shinm,magic or medicine.

N.

NAILS, t'sls, chislis.

NAKED, kltsng.

NAME, s'n;

my name, sn.Vide who.

NAVEL, mkhhwoiye.

NEAR, klkake, ttlkai, stitalst.

NEEDLE, chtsn.

NET,for catching ducks, etc., tkhm;

seine, aukhwhiyen.

NEW, huws.

NIGHT, snat.

NINE, tk'hw, tkwhla, tkwhalthu.

NO, aw, awkh, khwa.

NONE,there is none, awnna;

are you not ashamed?awnna s'htsil? (literally no shame?)

NOSE, nksn.

NOSTRILS, skwlksen.

NOW, tia, tiank'h.

NUMERALS:Simple Cardinals

1, ntsa.

2, chssa.

3, klikhw.

4, ngoss.

5, klkats.

6, t'hnkh.

7, tskws.

8, tats.

9, tk'hw.

10, opn. 11, pn it ntsa.

12, pn it chssa.

20, tskks, tskws.

30, klwhlsh.

40, nslsh.

50, kts'hlsh.

60, tkhhmsh.

70, skwlsh.

80, tslsh.

90, towolsh.


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100, natsawtsh.

1000, opntsh.

Personal Cardinals

1, natsa.

2, chsa.

3, klwhila.

4, nisla. 5, hl'katchsla.

6, tkhhngla.

7, tsksla.

8, tssla.

9, tkhwla.

10, opnla.

20, ntsukusla.

Cardinals of Valuation

1, tsakwthu.

2, tch'sslthu.

3, klwhlthu.

4, slthu.

5, ktchslthu.

6, tkhhnglthu.

7, skslthu.

8, tsslthu.

9, tkwhlthu.

10, opnlthu.

20, ts[=u]kwslthu.

O.

OAK, s'chngaltsh.

OFF SHORE, tl. OLD, tsakng, snkki;

an old man, aslokh, asmessn.

ONE, ntsa, natsa, tsakwthu.

OUT DOORS, stlng (alng,a house).

P.

PADDLE,to, ist.

PAN,or plate, lsn.

PANTALOONS, skkus.

PENIS, shell_.

PEOPLE,i.e. Indians, atltlinghu;people inhabiting the woods, Stick Indians, mshwi (whence the

name of a tribe on Fraser River, generally known as Maskwies);

people living on the salt water, s'chitlalsha (klals,the sea);

River Indians, chistlo, stltlo (stlo,a river);

white men, hwanitum.

PERHAPS, ykhwh.

PIGEON, h'mo, hmo'h.

PIN,a, hmmn;

large blanket pin, kwnnsing.

PIPE, pkw.


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PLANE,to(boards), shshb; (probably by onomatop[oe]ia).

PLANTS, ETC.: (See also Trees.)

Salmon berry, alla.

Barberry, skwchasitsh.

Red raspberry, tkwm.

Gooseberry, kmkwltsh.

Dewberry, sklnuwhlsh Rose bush, klkl.

Berries of do., kllk.

Snowberry bush, patsaltsh.

Berries of do., p'pikiyas.

Honeysuckle, katkatltsh, saltsh; (the leaves are chewed as a

medicine.)

Spira, kadssulch.

Wild pea, hmkwaisin.

Wild rye, pshai.

Yarrow (Achillia multifolia), pllakwtsh; (it is used to

expedite delivery.)

Prickly pear (cactus), tsta.

Thorns, chittmms.

Equisetum, mkhw, iskd.

Root of do., komalokh.

Cattail rush, s_kn.

Tule or round rush, skwlll.

Wild onion, swlnitsh.

Brake fern, skkaan.

Roots of do. (eaten), skwiyu.

Small brake, tskkwa.

Wood fern, s'hlm.

Liquorice fern (an expectorant), klssp. Lichens, ktche.

Spanish moss, stlhiis.

Liverworts, mkhtlls;

a species of moss with a peppery taste, used in medicine, ktsi.

Sea weeds, chillm.

Kelp (fucus gigantia), kwang.

PLANT,to, chinengtl.

PLENTY, n'gn.

POINTof anything, isksin.

POOR,wretched, sllwa.

PORCUPINE QUILLS, tstslkan. PORPOISE, kwnat.

POSTSfor supporting the roof of a house, kkan.

POUND,to(as seeds, grain), kliakwngtl.

PRAIRIE, spelkhhan.

PREGNANT, skkwi.

PRESENTLY, hwasinganga;

in a little while, h'westal, huastaal.

PRONOUNS:

I, us;

suffixed to a verb(copulative), sn.


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My, tius;

prefixed to noun(possessive), n's, n[=u]s.

Thou, nkw.

Thy, tinkwa.

Thyself, tintsila.

He (that one), nel, nitlh.

We, minglkt, klminglkh. Ye, nkkwlie.

They, nanetlya, kwsiahaltn.

My canoe, nuskw n'shwatl.

Thy knife, snskwn'spltn.

His gun, tska poyk.

Our country, tskwn tnghu.

Your house, tsng anng hla.

Their father, k'sn mn.

PULL THE HAIR,to, hengkwtn.

PUT ON,to,pantaloons, hkwsing;

a coat, hutchtng.

PUT INTO,to,imp., nus atschessk.

PUT DOWN,to, skws.

R.

RAIN, slmm[=o]kh.

RAISE UP,to, sat.

RAKE,for taking herring and other small fish, tlethamen.

RAPID,in a river, kwetchm.

RAW, hets.

RED, n'sk'h, n'skw.

RELATIONSHIPS:

Father, mn. Mother, tn.

Husband, my, n'stlsh.

Wife,idem.

Son or daughter, ng'nna.

Brother,if older than the speaker, shitlh;

if younger, sitchin.

Elder sister, lish;

younger do., sitchin.

Grandfather, chamok.

Grandmother, sla.

Uncle, latl, hai'tch; (as the nephew grows older, the uncle becomes an elder brother.)

Aunt, shilsh.

Fatherinlaw, sltl.

Motherinlaw,idem.

Brotherinlaw,idem (?).

Sisterinlaw, s'ngathwun.

Sister's husband, idem.

Step father, n'sgnn.

Step mother, idem.

Daughterinlaw, skwlowis.


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Husband's other wives, siya.

RIVER, stlo;

small stream, sttalo.

ROAD, satl.

ROAST,to,in ashes, tllk;

on a stick, s'kwllng.

ROCK, sngnt. ROPE, hwlm.

RUN,to, kwnngt, kwnngit.

S.

SAD, htltin, htchingn.

SAIL,make sail,imp., chaiakwn pakwn;

take in sail,imp., klngs.

SALAMANDER, pth'yil.

SALMON,generic, s'chnhu.

Various species:

ktchksSalmo scouler, RICHARDSON;

hnnn,the humpbacked salmon(S. Proteus);

skk (not ascertained);

ymutsh,S. quinnat, RICH.;

kwalhu,S. canis, SUCKLEY (this name, it will be noticed, is

also applied to sea ducks);

kkh,S. truncatus?

kwlyauk,salmon when exhausted by spawning;

tghs,salmon trout(S. Campbelli, SUCKLEY);

sukwi,brook trout(S. stellatus, GRD.);

humni,salmon fry.(This last word suggests the Spokane word

for the brook trout, humna.)

SALT, klatln. SAND BEACH, s'het (Lummi), sietsm (Kwantlen).

SAND SPIT, nawaltsh.

SCOOP,for bailing a canoe, tsangtn.

SCRAPE,to, ekht.

SCRATCH,a, sihks.

SCRATCH,to, htchtng;

I scratch, hikksn.

SEA, klals, kt'hlals.

SEASONS:

Spring, tchinkwlis, tchinkwailus.

Summer, kwlus (kwlis,warm) tchinyi. Autumn, chitsatlin, tsawhngst.

Winter, chintshm, chinsttsh, stitsh.

SEE,to, langt, langit.

SELL,to, hwimla.

SEVEN, tskws, tsksla, skslthu.

SEW,to, chets.

SHAKE HANDS,to, kwnsest.

SHALLOW, shishm.

SHARP, iyas.

SHARPEN,to,to whet on a stone, t'kas.


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SHAWL, stsmsh.

SHIRT, ktslis;

hickory shirt, htlpwn.

SHOES,moccasins, s'klkashin.

SHOOT,to,with a bow, tsmn.

SHOT, hsmkw.

SICK, s'hatl. SICK,I am, s'hal'sn.

SING,to, t'elm, telim.

SISTER,elder, lish;

younger, sitchin.

SIT,to, mmt, mmit, tsmmno.

SIX, t'hnkh, tkhhngla, tkhhnglthu.

SKIN,dressed, hlkn;

undressed, kwllo.

SKY, sishl, skwiyil.

SLEEP,to, ttt, tttt, itit.

SLEEPY, attng.

SLOWLY, os'nang'h.

SMALL, mimmin.

SMELL,a, hkw.

SMELL,to, hkkwlla, hkkwli.

SMOKE,to,a pipe, smnistin (smnsh,tobacco);

as a fire, sptlng.

SNAKE, s'alkhka.

SNEEZE,to, hsing.

SNORE,to, hwnakng.

SNOW, nka.

SON, nguna.

SOUL,the, sll. SOUR, shan.

SOW,to,grain,&c., chiits (chai,to work).

SPEAK,to, kwal.

SPEAR,to,water fowl, t'kwanm;

seals, siymmn;

fish, t'shngn.

SPLIT WOOD,to, skt.

STAB,to, mettngkwa;

Simiamoo, tichetngkwa.

STAND,to, stln.

STAR, ks'n, ks'n. STAY,I will stay, awssin.

STEAL,I stole, askwakan;

you stole, nkwa kwakan;

he stole, nikhlkwakan.

STEER,to, chnnset; chkkenng.

STEERSMAN,of canoe, askwat.

STOCKADE,fence, kllkhhan.

STONE, chethlkh;

rock, sngnt.

STOP,I will stop here, oatlasn (perhaps I have arrived);


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stop,imp.,i.e. stop doing any thing, unnkhw kwtn s'chai;

stop(when one is helped sufficiently to food), hi;

stop(talking), smmukh.

STRIKE,to,with the fist, ntsstng.

STRIPED, ashtsh.

STRONG, kmkm, kwmkwm.

STURGEON, skwwtsh. SUN, skukl.

SWEET, sakkng (aikh,good).

SWIM,to, tngang.

T.

TAKE,to, kwnnut (same as to get).

TAKE OFF,to, kl_lis, kltsang.

TALE,story, skwlkwl.

TALL, kl'ktkhl.

TEETH, chinnis.

TEN, opn, opnla, opnlthu.

TESTICLES, mtchin.

THANK YOU, hekh.

THAT, tll, tal;

that is Lucy's, la Lucy til.

THERE, tal;

there it is, eititi, tlati.

THEY, nantlya, kw'siahltn.

THING,things, stang;

every thing, nkwstang.

It is noticeable that in this language, as well as in the Nisqually,

Chinook, and probably in others, the word for thing is the same

as that for what. THIEF, knkan.

THIS, tiethla.

THOU, nkw;

thyself, tintsila;

you are a Kanaka yourself, Kanaka tintsila.

THOUSAND, opntsh.

THREAD,twine, hwlum.

THREE, klikhw, klwhila, klwhlthu.

THROAT, haungen.

THROW,to,as a stone, tsilakh;

to throw away, hwlthu. (In the Simiamoo dialect, kwt;to throw away with violence,

timmt.)

THUMB, sstls.

THUNDER, s'hhwas.

TIDES:

Flood tide, kmml.

Ebb tide, hiklatl'h.

High tide, kmkmml.

Low tide, shamshm.

TOBACCO, smnsh.


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TOBACCO POUCH, smnashla.

TODAY, tiakis, tioskwchil.

TOES, s'chs'sn, snhwlshin.

TOMORROW, kwchil, kwiikhl.

TONGUE, twhls.

TRADING HOUSEor store, shwuiml (hwimla,to sell).

TREES,forest, s'killnghu. TREES, ETC.:

Red pine (P. ponderosa), kwakwaylahilp.

Dwarf pine (P. contorta), kwkhwlch.

Spruce fir (Abies Menzesii), chikwtlp.

White fir (A. grandis), skomeyks.

Hemlock spruce (Abies ), s'keltch.

Yew, tlngklsh.

Cedar (Thuja), h'chchiltsh.

Red cedar (Juniperus), pitsiniilp.

Arbutus (A. Menzesii), k[=o]kwltsh.

Trailing arbutus (A. uvaursi), kwnneltsh;the leaves of this

vine are used for smoking.

Birch, katsltch.

Maple (A. macrophylla), km anilp.

Vine maple (A. circinata), shchlp.

Alder, s'kwngltsh.

Crab apple tree, kkhwhtsh.

Fruit of do., kakhw.

Elder, tswkh.

Willow, swlltsh.

TREES,parts of:

Roots, komellokh.

Fir cones, tamkukns. Pitch or rosin, smnitsh.

Leaves, satstl.

Fir bark, t'chlle.

Cedar bark, shlk[=o]m.

Inner bark of do., skwekhw.

Willow bark (used for making seines), swlakh.

Rotten wood, pikwi.

TWO, chussa, chsa, tch'sslthu.

U.

UNCOVER,to, ktlst. UNDERSTAND,

I understand that, htchetu tiats;

I don't understand, on kwinshuchet;

Do you understand Clallam?htchett kwssa N[=u]skliy[=u]m?

URINATE, chwa. (This applies to either sex, there not being a

distinction made, as in the Nisqually.)

W.

WALK,to, stng, shtng.

WANT,to, skl;


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I want, n'skl;

I don't want, wa sinskle.

WARM, kwass, kwls.

WARRIOR, nuschangkn, michkllowtl.

WASH,to, (the hands), tskssmg;

(the face), tskwsng;

(clothes), tsklkwotng;I wash, sakwmsn.

WATER, kaukh.

WAVES, skwtlalkn.

WE, ninglkh, klninglkh.

WET, klkst, tsamng.

WHAT, stng, stngwt;

what is that?stang ti?

what are you doing?stang nischai?

what food do you buy?stang kwa chats swun?

what?(in answer to a call), stang?

what is the matter with you?estang hatsu?

what do you want?stang sinskle tinkwa;

what is your name?(vide who.)

WHERE, ahn;

where is my gun?t'hnku ken poyk?

I don't know where, kwhen ishtkka;

where do you come from (whence you?) tsahnshu, tsahntshu?

where are you going (whither you?) t'whnshu, twntsthu?

WHISTLE,to, shpils.

WHITE, pk'h.

WHO, wt, wat;

who did that?watla kwutschia tia?

what (literally who") is your name?wattunm? wat kud sna? WIFE, n'stlush (same as husband).

WIND, stchng.

WINDS:

West, stewt.

W. N. W., tentsalk.

N. W. and North, s'chym.

S. S. E., skangt.

S. W., s'chis.

WINGS, skkl.

WIPE,to, (the face), nuhwachsng;

(the hands), chkwsim. WOLF, stkikh.

WOMAN, slni.

WOOD, s'chtl;

a log, kwthli;

dry wood, sttachi.

WORK (do,make), chi.

WORTHLESS, klhlo_s.

WRESTLE,to, tsltng.

WRITE,to, hllt.


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Y.

YAWN,to, weaks.

YE, YOU, nkkwli.

YELLOW, n'skwllawn, nkwai.

YES, ah;

yes indeed, certainly, hows, hus, si[=e]t

YESTERDAY, chilak'hl. YOUNG, s'hwwils.


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LOCAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE LUMMI TRIBE.

Chiltnnm. Point Roberts.

Nokumekhil. A creek running into the bay.

Pikalps. The Indian village of Camp Simiamoo. Simiamu. The name of the band.

Kullahan. Stockade, the site of the old village.

Alala. Creek at the head of Drayton harbor.

Selitsh. The site on the sand spit of ditto. The name Tsihelis has

the same signification.

Kw[=u]dshd. Mount Baker.

H[=o]lh[=o]lok'h. Site between Drayton harbor and Birch bay.

Tsuwkh. Site on Birch bay.

Tutsints. Slieksen. Sandy point.

Chuks. North end Lummi island.

St'kwp. A site on eastern side of do. Skalekshn. Fishing on west side of do.

MamekorS'mmmk. The mountain on south end of do.

Klkwani. A rock off S. W. end of ditto. It is a s'huiyb or demon.

Towhtsh. Eliza island.

Kukwanng. Viti rocks.

Chchusen. Part of the Delta of Lummi river.

Sklhnetl, Slayks. Mouths of the river on Hale's passage.

Tomwhiksen. The winter village on the passage.

Tlapi. Another neighboring site.

Sw[=u]lsenorS'h[=u]lesen. The Portage.

N[=u]sklahm. The neck of Point Francis.

Sliss. Point Francis. (VideSlitsh,supra.)

Klikatnus. The small prairie at the military station, Fort Bellingham.

Kwalluh[=u]m (Squallicum). The small creek above Whatcom.

Whatcom. The outlet of the lake. The name refers to the noise of its

waters.

Sih[=o]m. The site of the Bellingham Bay Coal Mine.

Mamsi. Pattle's claim.

Sislitchm. Thomas's claim.

Taichmish. The cove at Cullum's claim.

Tchkants. The inner bight of Bellingham bay.

S'htsks. Point William, or Samish point.

Asakn. Samish village behind the island. Pen[=u]khhu. Vendovi island. The name is derived from that of a

bulbous root growing there.

T'chkwilla. N. W. point of Gueymes island.

T'kwwatchin. N. E. side of do.

Kwilshants. S. E. point of do.

N[=u]khwhaiimikhl. Samish village S. W. side of do.

Tllalokh, Nukwtlal. Localities on Fidalgo island.

Mkkk'hs. N. E. point of do.

Sktls. Sinclair island.


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Ttskh. Cypress island.

Ttlkitns. Strawberry harbor on do.

Shngtl'h. The peak on the N. end of do. It is the nest of the

thunder bird.

S'n[=u]knokhhw'tl. Site on western side of Blakely island.

N[=u]skwichennm. James's island.

Chissina. Bird rocks off Decatur island. Htttch'l. Site of Indian village on S. E. end of Orcas island.

Koptn. S. E. point of eastern bay in Orcas island.

M[=u]kkw[=u]lnitch. Small lake and cascade emptying into the eastern bay.

Iukhkan. The cove at M[=u]kkw[=u]lnitch.

Chinchintsl[=u]ng. A rock on the eastern shore of the bay. It was

another demona woman who committed adultery with every one. She

was turned into stone by Hals, but her spirit remains. She used to

live at that place in summer, but went up the bay in the winter.

N[=u]khwhiy[=u]m. Deadman's rock in the eastern bay. An old cemetery

of the Lummi Indians.

Tslwhsn. A site at the head of the bay.

Swlakh. Mount Constitution, on Orcas island. The name is also given to

the eastern bay itself, or rather to the country upon it.

S'komaang. A mountain on the peninsula between the eastern and middle

bays. The name refers to a berry calledt'kwama, and means like

that berry.

Alala, like a house, fromalung, a house. Another hill on

Orcas island. The name also applies to the land bordering on the

middle bay.

N[=u]skllings. The point at the entrance of the middle or Alala bay.

Skwksen. A rock on the eastern side of do. This was another demon.

Iyehn. The bald hill at the head of Alala bay.

T'kaiyetsh. The extreme S. W. point of Orcas island. Nukhlkwoi. A site on the W. side of do.

Kwins. N. point of Lopez island.

Skllnip. Sand point N. end of do.

Nuchadkwun. E. point of do.

S'whlltsh. The lagoon on the W. side of do. (Its Clallam name,

Palpiyu.)

K[=u]tlla. E. point of Shaw's island.

Hssltsh, Hwichsen. Localities on the S. side of do.

Klchang. Point on N. side do.

N[=u]kpkatsh. Rocky islet N. side do.

Klalkamish. Former inhabitants of the E. side of San Juan island; a band of Lummis now extinct.

Sialnghu. Hudson's Bay farm, San Juan island.

Wahlann. Hudson's Bay salmon house, San Juan do.

Klwhiten. Patos island.

Klakhwkm (mussels). Patos island.

Pen[=o]kh. Matia group. The name has the same signification as that of

Vendovi island.

Chushnng. Sucia group.

Silkamish. Spiedur island.

Kwnns. Stuart island.


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S'Hnne. Waldron island.

Lemltcha, Stshum. Former villages on Waldron island.

Elt'nlh. Point Disney, do.

Plhunk''sun. W. point, do.


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NAMES OF LUMMI CHIEFS.

Sah[=o]pkan, now dead.

Chillk, his son, also dead.

Chuitsh[=u]t, another son, and Chillk.

The last is Chief of the North Lummis, and Chuitsh[=u]t of the

southern band.

Hutsalk, at Simiamoo.


Documents

Alphabetical Vocabularies of the Clallum And