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Chapter 1a - Hebrew Alphabet twenty-three consonants Letter Name Pronunciation Transliteration ืAlef silent < ื‘Bet b as in boy b ื’Gimel g as in God g ื“Dalet d as in day d ื”He h as in hay h ื•Waw w as in way w ื–Zayin z as in Zion z ื—ร“et ch as in Bach ห™ ื˜Tet t as in toy โ€  ื™Yod y as in yes y ื›Kaf k as in king k ืœLamed l as in lion l ืžMem m as in mother m ื Nun n as in now n ืกSamek s as in sin s ืขAyin silent > ืคPe p as in pastor p ืฆTsade ts as in boots รŸ ืงQof k as in king q ืจResh r as in run r ๏ฌซSin s as in sin โˆž ๏ฌชShin sh as in ship ยก ืชTaw t as in toy t

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Page 1: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 1a - Hebrew Alphabettwenty-three consonants

Letter Name Pronunciation Transliteration

ื Alef silent <ื‘ Bet b as in boy bื’ Gimel g as in God gื“ Dalet d as in day dื” He h as in hay hื• Waw w as in way wื– Zayin z as in Zion zื— ร“et ch as in Bach ห™ื˜ Tet t as in toy โ€ ื™ Yod y as in yes yื› Kaf k as in king kืœ Lamed l as in lion lืž Mem m as in mother mื  Nun n as in now nืก Samek s as in sin sืข Ayin silent >ืค Pe p as in pastor pืฆ Tsade ts as in boots รŸืง Qof k as in king qืจ Resh r as in run rืฉ Sin s as in sin โˆžืฉ Shin sh as in ship ยกืช Taw t as in toy t

Page 2: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 1b - Hebrew Alphabetfive final forms

Five Hebrew letters have โ€œfinalโ€ forms. When one of theseletters occurs at the end of a word, it is written differentlythan when it appears at the beginning or in the middle of

a word. The changing of a letterโ€™s form, however, does notchange its pronunciation or transliteration.

Regular Final Example Translit. TranslationForm Form

ื› ืš ื“ืจืš drk road, way

ืž ื ืขื >m nation, people

ื  ืŸ ื–ืงืŸ zqn old man, elder

ืค ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ ksp money, silver

ืฆ ืฅ ืืจืฅ <rรŸ earth, land

Basics of Biblical Hebrewื

Page 3: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 1c - Hebrew Alphabetsix begadkephat consonants

Six consonants have two possible pronunciations and are known asbegadkephat consonants. To distinguish between the two pronunciations, adot called Daghesh Lene was inserted into the consonant. The presence of

Daghesh Lene indicates a hard pronunciation and its absence denotes a softpronunciation.

Begadkephat Pronunciation TransliterationLetter

ื‘ b as in boy bื‘ v as in vine โˆซ

ื’ g as in God gื’ gh as in aghast ยฉ

ื“ d as in day dื“ dh as in the ฦ’

ื› k as in king kื› ch as in Bach ยฌ

ืค p as in pastor pืค ph as in alphabet ยบ

ืช t as in toy tืช th as in thin ยฎ

Basics of Biblical Hebrewื

Page 4: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 1d - Hebrew Alphabeteasily confused letters

Hebrew consonants that look alike

1. ื‘ (Bet) ื› (Kaf)

2. ื’ (Gimel) ื  (Nun)

3. ื” (He) ื— (ร“et) (Taw) ืช

4. ืฉ (Sin) ืฉ (Shin)

5. ื (final Mem) ืก (Samek)

6. ื“ (Dalet) ืจ (Resh)

7. ืฆ (Tsade) ืข (Ayin)

8. ื• (Waw) ื– (Zayin)

9. ื• (Waw) ืŸ (final Nun)

10. ืš (final Kaf) ืŸ (final Nun)

Hebrew consonants that sound alike

1. ื˜ (Tet) ืช (Taw with Daghesh Lene)

2. ืง (Qof) ื› (Kaf with Daghesh Lene)

3. ืก (Samek) ืฉ (Sin)

Basics of Biblical Hebrewื

Page 5: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 1e - Hebrew Alphabetmodern pronunciation

The pronunciation of modern Hebrew differs in a numberof ways from ancient pronunciation. With the three

begadkephat consonants listed below, the forms withoutDaghesh Lene are pronounced like the forms with

Daghesh Lene in modern Hebrew.

Traditional ModernConsonant Pronunciation Pronunciation

ื’ gh as in aghast g as in God

ื“ dh as in the d as in day

ืช th as in thin t as in toy

ื• w as in way v as in vine

Basics of Biblical Hebrewื

Page 6: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 2a - Hebrew Vowelsvowels with consonants

Deuteronomy 6:5

no vowel pointing

ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืœื”ื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš

ื‘ืš ื‘ ื” ืืœื”ื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืœ ื”ื• ื‘ืช ืืช ื™ ืื” ื•

with vowel pointing

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 7: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 2b - Hebrew Vowelsshort vowels

2.3 Vowel Chart 1: Short Vowels.

Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration

a-type ื‘ Pathach a as in bat a

e-type ื‘ Seghol e as in better e

i-type ื‘ Hireq i as in bitter i

o-type ื‘ Qamets Hatuf o as in bottle o

u-type ื‘ Qibbuts u as in ruler u

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 8: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 2c - Hebrew Vowelschangable long vowels

2.4 Vowel Chart 2: Changeable Long Vowels

Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration

a-type ื‘ Qamets a as in father รฅ

e-type ื‘ Tsere e as in they โˆ‘

o-type ื‘ Holem o as in role รธ

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 9: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 2d - Hebrew Vowelsunchangable long vowels

2.5 Vowel Chart 3: Unchangeable Long Vowels

Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration

a-type ื‘ื™ Qamets Yod ou as in bought รข

e-type ื‘ื™ Tsere Yod e as in they รช

ื‘ื™ Seghol Yod e as in better รช

i-type ื‘ื™ Hireq Yod i as in machine ยช

o-type ื‘ื• Holem Waw o as in role รด

u-type ื‘ื• Shureq u as in ruler รป

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 10: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 2e - Hebrew Vowelsreduced (hateph) vowels

2.6 Vowel Chart 4: Reduced (Hateph) Vowels

Vowel Name Pronunciation Transliteration

a-type ื‘ Hateph Pathach a as in amuse รก

e-type ื‘ Hateph Seghol a as in amuse รฉ

o-type ื‘ Hateph Qamets a as in amuse รณ

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 11: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 2f - Hebrew Vowelssummary vowel chart

a e i o u

Short ื‘ ื‘ ื‘ ื‘ ื‘Pathach Seghol Hireq Qamets Qibbuts

Hatuf

Changeable ื‘ ื‘ ื‘Long Qamets Tsere Holem

Unchangeable ื‘ื™ ื™/ื‘ื™ ื‘ ื‘ื™ ื‘ื• ื‘ื•Long Qamets Tsere Yod/ Hireq Holem Shureq

Yod Seghol Yod Yod Waw

Reduced ื‘ ื‘ ื‘Hateph Hateph HatephPathach Seghol Qamets

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 12: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 2g - Hebrew Vowelsshewa

ื‘This vowel symbol is called Shewa.

It is not listed in the vowel charts because it is not like anyother vowel. It does not belong to any phonetic class.

There are two types of Shewa in Hebrew:Silent Shewa and Vocal Shewa.

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 13: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 2h - Hebrew Vowelsdaghesh forte

ื‘This pointing symbol is called Daghesh Forte.

It looks exactly like the Daghesh Lene but it is used todouble the consonant in which it occurs. For example, theHebrew word ื”ืฉืžื™ื (the heavens) has a Daghesh Forte in

the Shin (ืฉ). It should be rendered, therefore, with twoShins (ืฉืฉ), haยกยกรฅmayim. The Daghesh Forte can occur in

any consonant except the gutturals (ื— ,ื” ,ืข ,ื) and ืจ.

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 14: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 2i - Hebrew Vowelsdefective writing

Full DefectiveWriting Writing

ื‘ื• โžฃ ื‘ Holem Waw to Holem

Example ืฉื•ืคืจ โžฃ ืฉืคืจ ramโ€™s horn

ื‘ื• โžฃ ื‘ Shureq to Qibbuts

Example ืžื“ื•ืข โžฃ ืžื“ืข why?

ื‘ื™ โžฃ ื‘ Hireq Yod to Hireq

Example ื“ื•ื™ื“ โžฃ ื“ื•ื“ David

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 15: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 3a - Syllabificationtwo rules

1. Every syllable must begin with one consonantand have only one vowel. The followingexample has two syllables, each beginningwith a consonant and each having only onevowel.

ื“ื‘ืจ โžฃ ื“|ื‘ืจ dรฅ-โˆซรฅr

2. There are only two types of syllables: open andclosed. Open syllables end with a vowel andclosed syllables end with a consonant. Inthe above example, ื“ (dรฅ), is open becauseit ends in a vowel and ื‘ืจ (โˆซรฅr), is closedbecause it ends in a consonant.

ื‘ืจ|ื“

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

ClosedSyllable

OpenSyllable

Page 16: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 3b - Syllabificationhebrew accent

Most Hebrew words are accented or stressedon the last syllable. Some are not. The stress

in words not accented on the last syllablewill be indicated by an accent mark

over the stressed syllable asin the following example.

ืก.ืคืจ

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 17: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 3c - Syllabificationsyllable classification

syllables may be classified according totheir proximity to the accent

|ื‘|ืจื™ื ื“

syllables may be classified withoutreference to accent

|ื‘|ืจื™ื ื“

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

tonic pretonic propretonic

ultima penultima antepenultima

Page 18: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 4a - Hebrew Nounsinflectional endings

4.2 Endings on Masculine and Feminine Nouns.

Masculine Feminine

Singular ืกื•ืก horse ืชื•ืจื” law

Plural ืกื•ืกื™ื horses ืชื•ืจื•ืช laws

Dual ืกื•ืก.ื™ื two horses ืชื•ืจืช.ื™ื two laws

4.4 Summary of Noun Endings.

Masculine Feminine

Singular endingless ื‘ืช/ื‘ืช/ื‘ื”Plural ื‘ื™ื ื•ืชDual ื‘.ื™ื ื™ื /ืจืช.ื™ื ื‘.

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 19: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 4b- Hebrew Nounsexceptions to rules

1. Endingless Feminine Nouns. Not all endingless nounsare masculine singular. In a few instances, femininesingular nouns are also endingless as in ื.ืจืฅ (land), ืขื™ืจ(city) and ื.ื‘ืŸ (stone).

2. Exception to Normal Pluralization. Some singularnouns of one gender take the plural endings of the othergender. For example, the masculine singular noun ืื‘(father) takes the feminine plural ending ื•ืช as in ืื‘ื•ืช.

3. Special Dual Nouns. There are three special Hebrewwords that are always dual in form but normally singularin translation: ื™ื ื™ื ,(heaven, heavens) ืฉืž. (Egypt) ืžืฆืจ.and ื™ื .(water) ืž.

4. Irregular Stem Change. Some Hebrew nouns will altertheir actual (consonantal) stem when they add theirplural endings. For example, the plural of ื™ื•ื (day) isand (men) ืื ืฉื™ื is (man) ืื™ืฉ the plural of ,(days) ื™ืžื™ืthe plural of ืืฉื” (woman) is ื ืฉื™ื (women).

5. Defective Spelling of ื•ืช. Occasionally, the feminineplural ending ื•ืช will be spelled ืช (with Holem ratherthan Holem Waw). For example, the plural of ืขื“ื”(congregation) may appear either as ืขื“ื•ืช or ืขื“ืช. Theshorter spelling is called โ€œdefective spellingโ€ and thelonger spelling is called โ€œfull spelling.โ€

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 20: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 4c - Hebrew Nounspatterns of noun pluralization

1. Pluralization with No Change

ืฉื™ืจ song โžฃ ืฉื™ืจื™ื songs

ื—ืœื•ื dream โžฃ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช dreams

2. Pluralization with Propretonic Reduction

ื“ื‘ืจ word โžฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื words

ืขื ืŸ cloud โžฃ ืขื ื ื™ื clouds

3. Pluralization of Segholate Nouns

ืž.ืœืš king โžฃ ืžืœื›ื™ื kings

ืก.ืคืจ book โžฃ ืกืคืจื™ื books

4. Pluralization of Geminate Nouns

ืขื people โžฃ ืขืžื™ื peoples

ื—ืง statute โžฃ ื—ืงื™ื

5. Irregular Pluralization

ื‘ืŸ son โžฃ ื‘ื ื™ื sons

ืื™ืฉ man โžฃ ืื ืฉื™ื men

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 21: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 5a - Introductionchapter summary

1. DEFINITE ARTICLE

Basic form ื”ื‘Translation โ€œtheโ€

2. CONJUNCTION WAW

Basic form ื• Translation โ€œandโ€

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 22: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 5b - Introductiondistributional significance

Total Verses 23,213Total Words 471,096

Article 24,058

5.1%1.04 per verse

Conjunction 50,524

10.7%2.2 per verse

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 23: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 5c - Definite Articlebasic form

In Hebrew, a noun is made definiteby prefixing the definite article which consists of ื” plus a

Daghesh Forte in the first consonant of the noun.

ืœืš.ืœืš = ื”ืž.+ ืžื‘ื”

Definite Article

ืœืš ื”ืž.

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 24: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 5d - Definite Articlebasic form: top 10 examples

1. .ืœืš ืž

2. ื™ื•ื

3. ืฉืž.ื™ื

4. ื ื‘ื™ื

5. ืžื–ื‘ื—

6. ื™ื

7. ืงื“ืฉ

8. ืžืงื•ื

9. ืฉื“ื”

10. ืž.ื™ื

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 25: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 5e - Definite Articlewith begadkephat consonants

When adding the definite article to wordswith an initial begadkephat consonant,

the Daghesh Lene is replaced by a Daghesh Forte.

Indefinite Noun Definite Noun

ื‘.ื™ืช a house โžฃ ื”ื‘.ื™ืช the house

ื“.ืจืš a road โžฃ ื“.ืจืš ื” the road

ื’ื‘ื•ืจ a warrior โžฃ ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ the warrior

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 26: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 5f - Definite Articlewith guttural consonants

Compensatory LengtheningWith initial ืจ ,ื and ืข, the guttural rejects the Dagesh

Forte and Pathach lengthens to Qamets.

ืื™ืฉ a man โžฃ ื”ืื™ืฉ the man

Virtual DoublingWith initial ื” or ื—, the guttural rejects the Daghesh Forte

but the Pathach does not lengthen to Qamets.

ื”ื™ื›ืœ a palace โžฃ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ the palace

Irregular SegholBefore unnaccented ื” ,ืข or ื— (ื— may also be accented), the definite article

appears with the Seghol vowel and without the Daghesh Forte.

ื—ื›ื a wise man โžฃ ื”ื—ื›ื the wise man

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 27: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 5g - Definite Articlewith initial ื™ and ืž

Words that begin with ื™ or ืž usually give upthe Daghesh Forte that is associated

with the definite article.

ื™ืœื“ื™ื boys โžฃ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื the boys

ืžืจื’ืœื™ื spies โžฃ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื the spies

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 5h - Definite Articlealternate forms: top examples

ื‘ื’ื“ื›ืคืช ื/ืข/ืจ ื”/ื— ื™/ืž

1. ื›ื”ืŸ ืขื™ืจ ื—ื•ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื

2. ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื˜ืืช ื™ืชืจื™ื

3. ื‘.ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื ื—ืœื‘ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื

4. ื’ื•ื™ ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจืชื™ื

5. ื›<ืกืฃ ืจืืฉ ื”ืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื

ืขื ืŸ ื—ืฆืจ

ืขืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 5i - Definite Articlesummary of forms

Basic Form ื”ื‘ ืœืš ื”ืž.

Begadkephat ื”ื‘ ื”ื‘.ื™ืช

Gutturals ื/ืข/ืจ ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ

Gutturals ื”/ื— ื” ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ

Gutturals ื”/ื—/ืข ื” ื”ืขื ืŸ

Miscellaneous ื™/ืž ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 30: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 5j - Conjunction ื•basic form

Before most consonants

the conjunction will appear as ื•โ€“Waw with Vocal Shewaโ€“

ื•ืข.ื‘ื“ and a servant

ื•ืืฉื” and a woman

ื•ื”ืืฉื” and the woman

ื•ืื™ืฉ and a man

ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ and the man

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 5k - Conjunction ื•basic form: top 10 examples

1. ืื™ืฉ

2. ืฉื

3. ื™ืฉืจืืœ

4. ื™<ืชืจ

5. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ

6. ื™<ื™ืŸ

7. ื–ื”ื‘

8. ืื™ืฉื”

9. ื›ืœ

10. ื›ื‘ื•ื“

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Page 32: Alphabet Chapter 1a - Hebrew - Online Christian Library - Virtual

Chapter 5l - Conjunction ื•spelled with shureq

Before ืž ,ื‘ or ืค it is spelled with Shureq

ื• + ืž.ืœืš โžฃ ื•ืž.ืœืš and a king

ื• + ืคืจืขื” โžฃ ื•ืคืจืขื” and Pharaoh

Before Vocal Shewa it is spelled with Shureq

ื• + ืกืคืจื™ื โžฃ ื•ืกืคืจื™ื and books

ื• + ืฉืžื•ืืœ โžฃ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ and Samuel

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Chapter 5m - Conjunction ื•with short vowels and qamets

Before Hateph vowels it is spelled withthe corresponding short vowel

ื• + ืื ืฉื™ื โžฃ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื and men

ื• + ืืžืช โžฃ ื•ืืžืช and truth

Before some monosyllabic words or words withinitial accent it may be spelled with Qamets

ื• + ืฆืืŸ โžฃ ื•ืฆืืŸ and sheep

ื• + ืœ.ื—ื โžฃ ื•ืœ.ื—ื and bread

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Chapter 5n - Conjunction ื•alternate forms: examples

ื‘/ืž/ืค Vocal Shewa Hateph Vowels Monosyllabic/Initial Accent

1. ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื

2. ื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ืชืจื™ื

3. ืž.ืœืš ื“ื‘ืฉ ืื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืœื™ื

4. ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœืžื™ื ืื•ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื

5. ืคื™ ืœื‘ื‘ ืืžืช ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื

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Chapter 5o - Conjunction ื•summary of forms

Basic Form ื• ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ

Before ื‘/ืž/ืค ื• ื•ืž.ืœืš

Before Vocal Shewa ื• ื•ืกืคืจื™ื

Before Hateph Vowels ื•/ื• ื•ืื ืฉื™ื

Before Monosyllabic ื• ื•ืฆืืŸInitinal Accent

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Chapter 6a - Prepositionsthree types

Independent PrepositionsThese prepositions stand alone.

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืž.ืœืš before the king

ื—ืช ื”ืขืฅ ืช. under the tree

Maqqef PrepositionsThese prepositions are joined to their objects by Maqqef.

ืืœโ€“ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ to the temple

ืžืŸโ€“ื”ื.ืจืฅ from the land

Inseparable PrepositionsThese prepositions are prefixed directly to their objects.

ื‘ืฉื“ื” in a field

ื›ืž.ืœืš like a king

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Chapter 6b - Prepositionsthree inseparable prepositions

ื‘ in, by, with (15,559)

ืœ to, for (20,320)

ื› like, as, according to (3,053)

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Chapter 6c - Prepositionsspelling inseparable prepositions

Before most consonants: Shewa

ื‘ืฉื“ื” in a field

ืœื <ืขืจ for a young man

Before Hateph vowels: corresponding short vowel

ื›ืื ืฉื™ื like men

ื‘ืืžืช in truth

Before consonants with Vocal Shewa: Hireq

ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ื for prophets

ืœื‘ืจื™ืช for a covenant

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Chapter 6d - Prepositionsinseparable prepositionswith the definite article

The vowel and Daghesh Forte of the definite article isretained but the consonant of the preposition replaces the

.of the definite article ื”

ื“ื” ื”ืฉ the field โžฃ ื“ื” ื‘ืฉ in the field

ืœืš ื”ืž. the king โžฃ ืœืš ื›ืž. like the king

ื”ืืฉ the fire โžฃ ื‘ืืฉ in the fire

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Chapter 6e - Prepositionsthe preposition ืžืŸ

The preposition ืžืŸ occurs both as a Maqqef prepositionand as an inseparable preposition.

Maqqef Preposition

ืžืŸโ€“ืž.ืœืš from a king

Inseparable Preposition

ืžืŸโ€“ืž.ืœืš โžฃ ืœืš ืžืž. (assimilated ื )

ืžืŸโ€“ื‘.ื™ืช โžฃ ืžื‘.ื™ืช (assimilated ื )

ืžืŸโ€“ืื™ืฉ โžฃ ืžืื™ืฉ (compensatory lengthening)

ืžืŸโ€“ื”ื.ืจืฅ โžฃ ืžื”ื.ืจืฅ (compensatory lengthening)

ืžืŸโ€“ื—ื•ืฅ โžฃ ืžื—ื•ืฅ (virtual doubling)

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Chapter 6f - Prepositionsdefinite direct object marker

In Hebrew prose, definite direct objectsare usually marked with โ€“ืืช/ืืช.

ื‘ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืž.ื™ื

ืคืจ ืœืž.ืœืš ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืชโ€“ื”ืก.

ืื”ื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืืชโ€“ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ

ื ืชืŸ ื”ืž.ืœืš ืืชโ€“ืชื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืขื

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Chapter 7a - Hebrew Adjectivesinflection (form)

Inflected Adjective

Masculine Feminine

Singular ื˜ื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”Plural ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช

Inflectional Endings

Masculine Feminine

Singular ื‘ื”Plural ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช

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Chapter 7b - Hebrew Adjectivesthe use of adjectives

1. Attributive Use. Directly modifies a noun and agreeswith that noun in gender, number and definiteness.

ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ good man or a good man

ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ the good man

2. Predicative Use. Asserts something about the nounand agrees with that noun in gender and number, butnot definiteness. A predicate adjective will never takethe definite article.

ื”ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ The man is good.

ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืฉื” The woman is good.

3. Substantival Use. Adjectives may be usedindependently as nouns with no noun for the adjectiveto modify.

ื”ื—ื›ื the wise man.

ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช the good women

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Chapter 7c - Hebrew Adjectivesthe directional ending

In Hebrew, a special ending may be added to aword in order to express the idea of motion towardsomeone or something. This special ending is thedirectional ending ื‘ื”(it is always unaccented).

ื‘.ื™ืช house โžฃ ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘. to the house

ืขื™ืจ city โžฃ ื™ืจื” ื”ืข. toward the city

ืฉืž.ื™ื heaven โžฃ ื™ืžื” heavenward ื”ืฉืž.

ืžืฆืจ.ื™ื Egypt โžฃ ื™ืžื” ืžืฆืจ. to Egypt

ืฉื there โžฃ ืžื” ืฉ. to there

ื™ื sea โžฃ ืžื” ื™< toward the sea

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Chapter 7d - Hebrew Adjectivesbasic patterns of inflection

1. Inflection with No Change

ื˜ื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”

ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช

2. Inflection with Propretonic Reduction

ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช

3. Inflection of Adjectives Ending in ื‘ื”

ืงืฉื” ืงืฉื”

ืงืฉื™ื ืงืฉื•ืช

4. Inflection of Geminate Adjectives

ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื”

ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช

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Chapter 8a - Hebrew Pronounsindependent personal pronouns

Singular Plural

1 com ืื ื™ ,ืื ื›ื™ I ื—ื ื• ืื < we

2 masc ืืชื” you ืืชื you

2 fem ืืช you ืืช.ื ื” you

3 masc ื”ื•ื he/it ื”ื ,ื”.ืžื” they

3 fem ื”ื™ื ,ื”ื•ื she/it ื”ืŸ ,ื”.ื ื” they

Notes

1. The independent personal pronoun is labelledindependent because it stands alone and is notprefixed or suffixed to another word.

2. Independent personal pronouns are subjective,meaning they are used as the subject of a verb, neveras the object of the verb.

3. Independent personal pronouns may also appear asthe subject of a verbless clause. For this reason, theyare sometimes called subject pronouns.

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Chapter 8b - Hebrew Pronounsindependent personal pronouns

The following examples illustrate how independentpersonal pronouns are used with other nouns or adjectivesin a predicative relationship. The pronoun may precede

or follow the noun or adjective. A form of the verb โ€œto beโ€is required in translation.

ืื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื” I am Yahweh (the Lord).

ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื ืฆื“ื™ืง He is a righteous prophet.

ืืชื” ืž.ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘ You (2ms) are a good king.

ืื—ื™ื ืื <ื—ื ื• We are brothers

ื”ื™ื ืืฉื” ื—ื›ืžื” She is a wise woman.

ืืชื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” You (2mp) are in the great city.

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Chapter 8c - Hebrew Pronounsdemonstratives

Singular Plural

Masc ื–ื” this ื.ืœื” these

Fem ื–ืืช this ื.ืœื” these

Masc ื”ื•ื that ื”ื ,ื”.ืžื” those

Fem ื”ื™ื that ื”ืŸ ,ื”.ื ื” those

Notes

1. They may be used either as adjectives (this man,those women) or as pronouns (this is the man, thoseare the women).

2. The masculine and feminine singular forms, ื”ื•ื andare identical to the third person masculine and ,ื”ื™ืfeminine independent personal pronouns.

3. The demonstrative ื.ืœื” (these) is both masculine andfeminine plural. Remember that the designation forthis phenomenon is โ€œcommon,โ€ meaning not inflectedfor gender.

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Chapter 8d - Hebrew Pronounsdemonstratives

Hebrew demonstratives may be usedeither as adjectives or as pronouns.

Demonstrative Adjectivesfollow the noun and agree in gender, number and definiteness.

ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” this man

ื”ืืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช this woman

ืœื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื. these good men

ืœื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื. these good women

Demonstrative Pronounsprecede the noun and agree in gender and number but not definiteness.

ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉ That is the man.

ื”ื™ื ื”ืืฉื” That is the woman.

ืœื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื. These are the good men.

ื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”. Those are the good women.

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Chapter 8e - Hebrew Pronounsthe relative pronoun

ืืฉืจ(who, which, that)

The form of this word does not change in order to indicatethe gender or number of its antecedent. It may appear

with or without Maqqef. When functioning as a relativepronoun introducing a relative clause, it immediately

follows the noun it is modifying.

ื”ืขืฅ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ืšโ€“ื”ื’ืŸ the tree that (is) in the middleof the garden

ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืืฉืจโ€“ืช.ื—ืช ื”ืฉืž.ื™ื the mountains that (are) underthe heavens

ื”ืž.ืœืš ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจืชื the king whom you chose

ื“ื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื” David, who (is) in the house ofthe Lord

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Chapter 8f - Hebrew Pronounsinterrogative pronouns

?Who ืžื™

?What ืžื”

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. Thesepronouns do not inflect and can appear with or withoutthe Maqqef. The vocalization of ืžื” may change slightly

a Daghesh Forte will usually ,ืžื” When spelled .(ืžื” or ืžื”)appear in the first consonant of the following word.

ืžื”โ€“ืฉืžื• What (is) his name?

ืžื”โ€“ืขืฉ.ื™ืช What have you done?

ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื” What (is) this dream?

ืžื™โ€“ืืชื” Who (are) you?

ืžื™โ€“ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” Who (is) this man?

ืžื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื.ืœื” Who (are) these men?

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Chapter 8g - Hebrew Pronounsthe interrogative particle

ื”The interrogative particle is prefixed to the first word ofthe sentence. Compare the following examples. The firstexample is a statement. The second example is a questionbecause the interrogative particle has been prefixed to thefirst word of the sentence.

ืฉืœื— ื”ืž.ืœืš ืืชโ€“ื”ื ื‘ื™ื The king sent the prophet.

ื”ืฉืœื— ื”ืž.ืœืš ืืชโ€“ื”ื ื‘ื™ื Did the king send the prophet?

The Spelling of the Particle

1. before most consonants as in the above example ื”

2. before gutturals or any consonant with Shewa ื”

3. before gutturals with Qamets ื”

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Chapter 9a - Pronominal Suffixesgrammar summary

โ€ข Pronominal suffixes are pronouns that can be eitherpossessive (his, her, our) or objective (him, her, us).

โ€ข These possessive and objective pronouns appear assuffixes on nouns, prepositions and the definite directobject marker.

โ€ข When appearing on nouns, they are possessive as inโ€œhis bookโ€ or โ€œher wisdom.โ€ When appearing onprepositions or the definite direct object marker, theyare objective as in โ€œto them,โ€ โ€œfor them,โ€ or โ€œthem.โ€

โ€ข All pronominal suffixes have person, gender andnumber.

โ€ข There are two sets of pronominal suffixes: Type 1 andType 2. Both types have the same possessive andobjective translation values.

โ€ข With few exceptions, Type 1 suffixes occur withsingular nouns and Type 2 suffixes occur with pluralnouns.

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Chapter 9b - Pronominal Suffixessummary paradigm

Type 1 Type 1 Type 2 TranslationSuffixes Alternate Suffixes

1cs ื™ ื ื™ ื™ my/me

2ms ืš .ื™ืš your/you

2fs ืš .ื™ืš your/you

3ms ื• ื”ื• ื™ื• his/him

3fs ื‘ื” ื” .ื™ื” her/her

1cp ื ื• .ื™ื ื• our/us

2mp ื›ื ื™ื›ื your/you

2fp ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ืŸ your/you

3mp ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื their/them

3fp ื”ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ืŸ their/them

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Chapter 9c - Pronominal Suffixeson masculine nouns

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun ms Noun mp

1cs ืกื•ืกื™ my horse ืกื•ืกื™ my horses

2ms ืกื•ืกืš your horse ืกื•ืก.ื™ืš your horses

2fs ืกื•ืกืš your horse ืกื•ืก.ื™ืš your horses

3ms ืกื•ืกื• his horse ืกื•ืกื™ื• his horses

3fs ืกื•ืกื” her horse ืกื•ืก.ื™ื” her horses

1cp ืกื•ืก.ื ื• our horse ืกื•ืก.ื™ื ื• our horses

2mp ืกื•ืกื›ื your horse ืกื•ืกื™ื›ื your horses

2fp ืกื•ืกื›ืŸ your horse ืกื•ืกื™ื›ืŸ your horses

3mp ืกื•ืกื their horse ืกื•ืกื™ื”ื their horses

3fp ืกื•ืกืŸ their horse ืกื•ืกื™ื”ืŸ their horses

Note: When pronominal suffixes are added to masculineplural nouns, the masculine plural ending (ื–ื™ื) isdropped. With the absence of this ending, a masculinenoun is recognizable as plural only by the use of Type 2pronominal suffixes.

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Chapter 9d - Pronominal Suffixeson feminine nouns

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun fs Noun fp

1cs ืชื•ืจืชื™ my law ืชื•ืจื•ืชื™ my laws

2ms ืชื•ืจ,ืชืš your law ืชื•ืจื•ืช.ื™ืš your laws

2fs ืชื•ืจืชืš your law ืชื•ืจื•ืช.ื™ืš your laws

3ms ืชื•ืจืชื• his law ืชื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• his laws

3fs ืชื•ืจืชื” her law ืชื•ืจื•ืช.ื™ื” her laws

1cp ืชื•ืจืช.ื ื• our law ืชื•ืจื•ืช.ื™ื ื• our laws

2mp ืชื•ืจืชื›ื your law ืชื•ืจื•ืชื™ื›ื your laws

2fp ืชื•ืจืชื›ืŸ your law ืชื•ืจื•ืชื™ื›ืŸ your laws

3mp ืชื•ืจืชื their law ืชื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื their laws

3fp ืชื•ืจืชืŸ their law ืชื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ their laws

Note: When a feminine singular noun ending in ื‘ื”(asin ืชื•ืจื”) receives a pronominal suffix, the ื” is replacedby ืช (ืชื•ืจื” becomes ืชื•ืจืช ).

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Chapter 9e - Pronominal Suffixeson monosyllabic nouns

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun ms Noun mp

1cs ืื—ื™ my brother ืื—ื™ my brothers

2ms ืื—.ื™ืš your brother ืื—.ื™ืš your brothers

2fs ืื—.ื™ืš your brother ืื—.ื™ืš your brothers

3ms ืื—ื™ื• his brother ืื—ื™ื• his brothers

3fs ืื—.ื™ื” her brother ืื—.ื™ื” her brothers

1cp ืื—.ื™ื ื• our brother ืื—.ื™ื ื• our brothers

2mp ืื—ื™ื›ื your brother ืื—ื™ื›ื your brothers

2fp ืื—ื™ื›ืŸ your brother ืื—ื™ื›ืŸ your brothers

3mp ืื—ื™ื”ื their brother ืื—ื™ื”ื their brothers

3fp ืื—ื™ื”ืŸ their brother ืื—ื™ื”ืŸ their brothers

Note: Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add ื™ totheir stem before a pronominal suffix. The addition ofthis ื™ to singular nouns with Type 1 suffixes may causethem to be confused with plural nouns having Type 2suffixes. The singular noun paradigm has Hireq Yodื™ืš) your brother). The plural noun paradigm varies ,ืื—.its vowel but it is never Hireq Yod (ืื—.ื™ืš, your brothers).

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Chapter 9f - Pronominal Suffixeson prepositions

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 Suffixes

1cs ืœื™ to me ืขืœื™ on me

2ms ืœืš to you ืขืœ.ื™ืš on you

2fs ืœืš to you ืขืœ.ื™ืš on you

3ms ืœื• to him ืขืœื™ื• on him

3fs ืœื” to her ืขืœ.ื™ื” on her

1cp ืœ.ื ื• to us ืขืœ.ื™ื ื• on us

2mp ืœื›ื to you ืขืœื™ื›ื on you

2fp ืœื›ืŸ to you ืขืœื™ื›ืŸ on you

3mp ืœื”ื to them ืขืœื™ื”ื on them

3fp ืœื”ืŸ to them ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ on them

Note: The prepositions ืœ (to, for), ื‘ (in, on), ืขื (with)and ืืช (with) all take Type 1 suffixes. Prepositions thattake Type 2 suffixes include: ืขืœ (on, upon), ืืœ (to, for),.(after) ืื—ืจื™ and (under) ืช.ื—ืช

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Chapter 9g - Pronominal Suffixeson ื› and ืžืŸ

ื› ืžืŸ1cs ื›ืž.ื•ื ื™ like me ืžืž.ื ื™ from me

2ms ื›ืž.ื•ืš like you ืžืžืš from you

2fs ื›ืžื•ืš like you ืžืžืš from you

3ms ื›ืž.ื•ื”ื• like him ืžืž.ื ื• from him

3fs ื›ืž.ื•ื” like her ืžืž.ื ื” from her

1cp ื›ืž.ื•ื ื• like us ืžืž.ื ื• from us

2mp ื›ื›ื like you ืžื›ื from you

2fp ื›ื›ืŸ like you ืžื›ืŸ from you

3mp ื›ื”ื like them ืžื”ื from them

3fp ื›ื”ืŸ like them ืžื”ืŸ from them

Note: With the preposition ื›, forms with singular and1cp suffixes exhibit a longer, alternate spelling of thepreposition (ื• forms with ,ืžืŸ With the preposition .(ื›ืž.singular and 1cp suffixes also exhibit a longer, alternatespelling of the preposition.

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Chapter 9h - Pronominal Suffixeson โ€“ืืช/ืืช

Object Marker Preposition

1cs ืืชื™ me ืืชื™ with me

2ms ืืชืš you ืืชืš with you

2fs ืืชืš you ืืชืš with you

3ms ืืชื• him ืืชื• with him

3fs ืืชื” her ืืชื” with her

1cp ืืช.ื ื• us ืืช.ื ื• with us

2mp ืืชื›ื you ืืชื›ื with you

2fp ืืชื›ืŸ you ืืชื›ืŸ with you

3mp ืืชื them ืืชื with them

3fp ืืชืŸ them ืืชืŸ with them

Note: The object marker is distinguished by a Holemvowel over the initial consonant (ืืชื™). It is Seghol in the2mp and 2fp forms (ืืชื›ื). The preposition is distin-guished by Hireq under the initial consonant and DagheshForte in the (ืืชื™) ืช.

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Chapter 9i - Pronominal Suffixeson ืขื and ืขื

ืขื ืขื1cs ืขืžื™ with me ืขืžื™ my people

2ms ืขืžืš with you ืขืžืš your people

2fs ืขืžืš with you ืขืžืš your people

3ms ืขืžื• with him ืขืžื• his people

3fs ืขืžื” with her ืขืžื” her people

1cp ืขืž.ื ื• with us ืขืž.ื ื• our people

2mp ืขืžื›ื with you ืขืžื›ื your people

2fp ืขืžื›ืŸ with you ืขืžื›ืŸ your people

3mp ืขืžื with them ืขืžื their people

3fp ืขืžืŸ with them ืขืžืŸ their people

Note: The preposition has Hireq (ืขืžื™, with me) andthe noun has Pathach (ืขืžื™, my people). Both words takea Daghesh Forte in the ืž when pronominal suffixes areadded.

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Chapter 10a - Construct Chainconstruct and absolute

The first of the two nouns in the construct chainis called the construct noun and is said to be in theconstruct state. The second of the two nouns iscalled the absolute noun and is said to be in theabsolute state. The absolute form of a noun is alsoits lexical form.

ื‘ื“ ื”ืž.ืœืš ืข.Absolute Noun Construct Noun

โ€œthe servant of the kingโ€

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Chapter 10b - Construct Chainwith attributive adjectives

When an adjective modifies either the construct orabsolute noun, it must follow the entire chain. It must

agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number anddefiniteness.

ืจืฅ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืš ื”ื. ืž.the good king of the land

ืจืฅ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืž.ืœืš ื”ื.the king of the good land

ืœืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืž.the word of the good king

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Chapter 10c - Construct Chainwith demonstrative adjectives

Just like attributive adjectives,demonstrative adjectives must also

follow the construct chain.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื.ืœื”these words of the prophet

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ื”the words of this prophet

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”the words of this good prophet

ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ื”the word of this prophet or

this word of the prophet

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Chapter 10d - Construct Chainvowel reduction (spelling)

A construct noun surrenders itsprimary accent and โ€ฆ

a. Qamets (and sometimes Tsere) changes to Pathachin a final closed syllable.

ืžืฉืคื˜ judgement โžฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ judgement of

ืžื–ื‘ื— altar โžฃ ืžื–ื‘ื— altar of

b. Qamets or Tsere changes to Vocal Shewa in an open,unaccented syllable.

ืฉืœื•ื peace โžฃ ืฉืœื•ื peace of

ืžืงื•ื place โžฃ ืžืงื•ื place of

c. Both rules a and b may apply to the formation of anoun in the construct state.

ื“ื‘ืจ word โžฃ ื“ื‘ืจ word of

ืœื‘ื‘ heart โžฃ ืœื‘ื‘ heart of

d. Monosyllabic nouns with changeable long vowelsreduce to the corresponding short vowel.

ื‘ืŸ son โžฃ ื‘ืŸ son of

ื›ืœ all โžฃ ื›ืœ all of

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Chapter 10e - Construct Chainmasculine plural and dual

The masculine plural ื‘ื™ื and dual ื™ื endings ื‘.change to ื‘ื™ (Tsere-Yod) in the construct state and

then the rules of vowel reduction apply.

ืืœื”ื™ื God โžฃ ืืœื”ื™ God of

ื‘ื ื™ื sons โžฃ ื‘ื ื™ sons of

ืขื™ื <ื™ื two eyes โžฃ ืขื™ื ื™ (two) eyes of

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื words โžฃ ื‘ืจื™ ื“ words of

In the last example, both propretonic reductionand Rule of Shewa apply.

โžฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื โžฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™

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Chapter 10f - Construct Chainfeminine singular

Feminine singular nouns ending in ื‘ื” changethis ending to ื‘ืช in the construct state and

then the rules of vowel reduction apply.

ืชื•ืจื” law โžฃ ืชื•ืจืช law of

ืžืœื›ื” queen โžฃ ืžืœื›ืช queen of

ืฉื ื” year โžฃ ืฉื ืช year of

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Chapter 10g - Construct Chainfeminine plural

Feminine plural nouns ending in ื•ืช retain this pluralending and then the rules of vowel

reduction will apply.

ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช kingdoms โžฃ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช kingdoms of

ืฉืžื•ืช names โžฃ ืžื•ืช ืฉ names of

ืฉื“ื•ืช fields โžฃ ืฉื“ื•ืช fields of

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช blessings โžฃ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช blessings of

In the last example, both propretonic reductionand Rule of Shewa apply.

โžฃ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช โžฃ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช

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Chapter 10h - Construct Chainmiscellaneous nouns (a)

Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add Hireq Yodto their stem in the construct state. Do not to confuse

this Hireq Yod with the 1cs pronominalsuffix (ืื‘ื™ โ€œmy fatherโ€).

ืื‘ father โžฃ ืื‘ื™ father of

ืื— brother โžฃ ืื—ื™ brother of

The diphthong ื‘.ื™ as in ื™ืช changes to (house) ื‘.Tsere Yod in the construct state.

ื‘.ื™ืช house โžฃ ื‘ื™ืช house of

.ื™ืŸ ืข spring โžฃ ืขื™ืŸ spring of

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Chapter 10i - Construct Chainmiscellaneous nouns (b)

The singular absolute of Segholate nouns is identicalto its singular construct form. The plural construct

form follows the pattern of ืžืœื›ื™ (kings of).

ืž.ืœืš king โžฃ ืž.ืœืš king of

ืข.ื‘ื“ servant โžฃ ืข.ื‘ื“ servant of

ืžืœื›ื™ื kings โžฃ ืžืœื›ื™ kings of

ืขื‘ื“ื™ื servants โžฃ ืขื‘ื“ื™ servants of

Nouns ending in ื” (with Seghol) have a singularconstruct form ending in ื” (with Tsere).

ืฉื“ื” field โžฃ ืฉื“ื” field of

ืžื—ื ื” camp โžฃ ื” ืžื—ื  camp of

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Chapter 11a - Numberscardinals:1-10

Masculine FeminineAbsolute Construct Absolute Construct

One ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืช ืื—ืชTwo ืฉื <ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืช.ื™ื ืฉืชื™Three ืฉืœืฉ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉืœืฉื” ืฉืช ืฉืœ.Four ืืจื‘ืข ืืจื‘ืข ืืจื‘ืขื” ืืจื‘.ืขืชFive ื—ืžืฉ ื—ืžืฉ ื—ืžืฉื” ื—ืž.ืฉืชSix ืฉืฉ ืฉืฉ ืฉืฉื” ืฉ.ืฉืชSeven ืฉ.ื‘ืข ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ืขืชEight ืฉืžื ื” ืฉืžื ื” ืฉืžื ื” ืฉืžื ืชNine ืช.ืฉืข ืชืฉืข ืชืฉืขื” ืชืฉืขืชTen ืข.ืฉืจ ืข.ืฉืจ ืขืฉืจื” ืจืช ืขืฉ.

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Chapter 11b - Numberscardinals:11-19

With Masculine With FeminineNouns Nouns

Eleven ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื”

ืขืฉืชื™ ืขืฉืจ ืขืฉืชื™ ืขืฉืจื”

Twelve ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉืชื™ ืขืฉืจื”

ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื”

Thirteen ืฉืœืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉืœืฉ ืขืฉืจื”

Fourteen ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”

Fifteen ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื”

Sixteen ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื”

Seventeen ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”

Eighteen ืฉืžื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉืžื ื” ืขืฉืจื”

Nineteen ืชืฉืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”

ืฉืœืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” thirteen years (1 Kgs 7:1)

ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื fourteen days (Ex 12:6)

ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉืงืœ fifteen shekels (Lev 27:7)

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Chapter 11c - Numberscardinals:20-99

Twenty ืขืฉืจื™ื

Thirty ืฉืœืฉื™ื

Forty ืืจื‘ืขื™ื

Fifty ื—ืžืฉื™ื

Sixty ืฉืฉื™ื

Seventy ืฉื‘ืขื™ื

Eighty ืฉืžื ื™ื

Ninety ืชืฉืขื™ื

ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช twenty-one (2 Kgs 24:18)

ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” seventy-seven (Gen 4:24)

ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ืชืฉืข ninety-nine (Gen 17:24)

ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉื™ื thirty-two (Num 31:40)

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Chapter 11d - Numberscardinals:100+

One Hundred ืžืื”

Two Hundred ืžืืช.ื™ืThree Hundred ืฉืœืฉ ืžืื•ืช

One Thousand ื.ืœืฃTwo Thousand ืืœืค.ื™ืThree Thousand ืฉืœืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื

Ten Thousand ืจื‘ื‘ื”

Twenty Thousand ืจื‘ื•ืช.ื™ืThirty Thousand ืฉืœืฉ ืจื‘ื•ืช

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Chapter 11e - Numbersordinal numbers

Masculine Feminine

First ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื”Second ืฉื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชThird ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืชFourth ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืชFifth ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืชSixth ืฉืฉื™ ืฉืฉื™ืชSeventh ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืชEighth ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืชNinth ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืชTenth ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ on the first day (Lev 23:7)

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ on the seventh day (Gen 2:2)

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื in the fortieth year (1 Chr 26:31)

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Chapter 12a - Intro to Verbsverbal stems: names

English Hebrew SpellingSpelling Spelling Diagnostics

Qal โžฃ ืงืœ unaugmented

Niphal โžฃ ื ืคืขืœ prefix; Pathach stem vowel ื 

Piel โžฃ ืคืขืœ Hireq-Tsere vowel pattern

Pual โžฃ ืคืขืœ Qibbuts-Pathach vowel pattern

Hiphil โžฃ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ prefix; Hireq Yod stem vowel ื”

Hophal โžฃ ื”ืคืขืœ prefix; Pathach stem vowel ื”

Hithpael โžฃ ื”ืชืคืขืœ prefix; Tsere stem vowel ื”ืช

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Chapter 12b - Intro to Verbsverbal stems: meaning

Qal Simple/Active. Qal verbs are active in voice, though a fewpassive forms do exist. The Qal stem also exhibits thesimple or unnuanced type of action.

Niphal Simple/Passive or Reflexive. The Niphal stem is used toexpress simple action with either a passive or reflexivevoice. In other words, whatever a verb means in the Qalstem, it becomes passive or reflexive in the Niphal stem.

Piel Intensive/Active. The Piel stem is sometimes used toexpress an intensive type of action with an active voice. Inother words, the simple action of the Qal stem will takeon some type of intensive nuance in the Piel stem.

Pual Intensive/Passive. The Pual is the passive form of thePiel. The Pual stem, therefore, is used to express anintensive type of action with a passive voice.

Hiphil Causative/Active. The Hiphil stem is used to expresscausative action with an active voice. For example, the verb.means โ€œhe was kingโ€ or โ€œhe reignedโ€ in the Qal stem ืžืœืšThe Hiphil form, however, is ื”ืžืœื™ืš and means โ€œhe causedto reignโ€ or โ€œhe made (someone) king.โ€

Hophal Causative/Passive. The Hophal is the passive form of theHiphil. The Hophal stem, therefore, is used to expresscausative action with a passive voice. For example, theHiphil verb ื”ืžืœื™ืš means โ€œhe made (someone) king.โ€ TheHophal form is ื”ืžืœืš and it is translated โ€œhe was madeking.โ€

Hithpael Intensive/Reflexive. The Hithpael stem is used to expressan intensive type of action with a reflexive (or sometimespassive) voice. For example, the verb ื—ื‘ื means โ€œhe hidโ€in the Qal stem. The Hithpael form is ื”ืชื—ื‘ื and it meansโ€œhe hid himself.โ€

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Chapter 12c - Intro to Verbssummary: stem meaning and translation

Simple Intensive CausativeAction Action Action

Active Voice Qal Piel Hiphil

Passive Voice Niphal Pual Hophal

Reflexive Voice Niphal Hithpael

Form Translation

Qal ืฉืžืข he heard

Niphal ื ืฉืžืข he was heard

Piel ืฉื‘ืจ he smashed into pieces

Pual ืฉื‘ืจ he was smashed into pieces

Hiphil ื”ืžืœื™ืš he made king

Hophal ื”ืžืœืš he was made king

Hithpael ื”ืชื—ื‘ื he hid himself

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Chapter 12d - Intro to Verbsverbal conjugations

Perfect Completed Action. The Perfect aspect denotes completedaction, whether in the past, present or future.

Imperfect Incomplete Action. The Imperfect aspect denotesincomplete action, whether in the past, present or future.

Imperative 2nd Person Command. The Imperative conjugation isused primarily to express direct commands, demandingimmediate action from the one being addressed.

Cohortative 1st Person Volitional. The Cohortative is used to expressa wish, request or command. It may also be used toexpress purpose (in order to) or result (resulting in).

Jussive 3rd Person Volitional. The Jussive conjugation is alsoused to express some type of mild command or strongwish.

Infinitive Verbal Noun. The Infinitive Construct can function muchlike an English Infinitive, usually translated with thepreposition โ€œtoโ€ plus a verb as in โ€œto studyโ€ or โ€œto learn.โ€

Infinitive Verbal Noun. The Hebrew Infinitive Absolute has no realEnglish counterpart. It may be used in conjunction withother verbs to emphasize or intensify the verbal action. Itmay also be used in the place of an Imperative to expressa command.

Participle Verbal Adjective. Verbally, the Participle expresses sometype of verbal action such as โ€œstudyingโ€ or โ€œlearning.โ€Adjectivally, it is used much like a Hebrew adjective:attributively, predicatively or substantively.

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

Construct

Absolute

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Rootืงื˜ืœ

Qal Stem

Hithpael

ื”ืงื˜ืœื”ืชืงื˜ืœHiphil

ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœHophalPual

ืงื˜ืœPiel

ืงื˜ืœNiphal

ื ืงื˜ืœ

ืงื˜ืœ

Chapter 12e - Intro to Verbsroots, stems & conjugations

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

PerfectImperfect

ImperativeCohortative

JussiveInf ConstructInf Absolute

Participle

Verbal Conjugations

Derived Stems

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Chapter 12f - Intro to Verbsweak verb classification

Class Example Description

I-Guttural ืขืžื“ guttural in first root position

II-Guttural ื’ืืœ guttural in second root position

III-ืข/ื— ื‘ืจื— in third root position ืข or ื—

III-ื ืžืฆื in third root position ื

III-ื” ื‘ื ื” in third root position ื”

I-ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ in first root position ื™

I-ื  ื ืคืœ in first root position ื 

Doubly Weak ืขืœื” I-Guttural and III-ื” (for one example)

Biconsonantal ืงื only two root consonants

Geminate ืกื‘ื‘ identical second and third consonants

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Chapter 12g - Intro to Verbsverbal sentence word order

Normal word order for a verbal sentence isverb-subject-object.

ื‘ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ

God created the heavens and the earth.Gen 1:1

It is not uncommon for the direct object to standat the beginning of a Hebrew sentence

for the purpose of emphasis.

ืืชโ€“ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืœื”ื™ืš ืชื™ืจื

Yahweh your God you shall fear.Deut 10:20

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verbsubjectobjectobject

verb object

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Chapter 13a - Qal Perfect: Strongintroduction

The Qal StemQal verbs are active in voice with the simple or unnuanced type ofaction. The simple action of the Qal stem is further divided intotransitive, intransitive and stative.

1. Transitive. Transitive verbs may take a direct object. In the exampleโ€œthe prophet wrote the book,โ€ the word โ€œbookโ€ is the direct object ofthe verb โ€œwroteโ€ because it receives the verbal action.

2. Intransitive. Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object. In theexample โ€œthe king perished in the battle,โ€ the verb โ€œperishedโ€ cannottake a direct object. Other examples of intransitive verbs include โ€œtolive,โ€ โ€œto dieโ€ and โ€œto fast.โ€

3. Stative. Stative verbs are used to describe a state of being. In theexample, โ€œthe priest is old,โ€ the verbal construction โ€œis oldโ€ describesthe state or condition of the subject (the priest). In English, a stative(or state-of-being) idea is expressed with a form of the verb โ€œto beโ€(is) and an adjective (old). In Hebrew, a stative idea is expressedthrough various verbs themselves, such as ื›ื‘ื“ (to be heavy) and ืงื˜ืŸ(to be small). Most stative verbs are considered to be intransitivebecause they cannot take a direct object.

The Perfect ConjugationThe Perfect conjugation is used to express a completed action or state ofbeing. It must be emphasized that the Hebrew Perfect does not havetense (time of action) apart from context and issues of syntax. Rather,it signifies aspect (type of action). The Perfect aspect designates averbal action with its conclusion envisioned in the mind of the speakeror writer. To state it differently, the Perfect aspect denotes completedaction, whether in the past, present or future.

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Chapter 13b - Qal Perfect: Strongqal perfect paradigm

Sufformative Perfect Translation

3ms ืงื˜ืœ he killed

3fs ืœื” ื˜ืœื” ืง, she killed

2ms ืœืช ืœืช ืงื˜. you killed

2fs ืœืช ืงื˜ืœืช you killed

1cs ืœืชื™ ืœืชื™ ืงื˜. I killed

3cp ืœื• ื˜ืœื• ืง, they killed

2mp ืœืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื you killed

2fp ืœืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ you killed

1cp ืœื ื• ืœื ื• ืงื˜. we killed

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Chapter 13c - Qal Perfect: Strongother strong verbs

ื™ืฉื‘ ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžืจ ืงื‘ืฅto dwell to remember to write to keep to gather

3ms ื™ืฉื‘ ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžืจ ืงื‘ืฅ

3fs ื™>ืฉื‘ื” ื–>ื›ืจื” ืชื‘ื” ื›> ืฉ,ืžืจื” ื‘ืฆื” ืง,

2ms ื™ืฉ.ื‘ืช ืจืช ื–ื›. ื‘ืช ื›ืช. ืจืช ืฉืž. ืฆืช ืงื‘.

2fs ื™ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื›ืจืช ื›ืชื‘ืช ืฉืžืจืช ืงื‘ืฆืช

1cs ื™ืฉ.ื‘ืชื™ ื–ื›.ืจืชื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืช. ืฉืž.ืจืชื™ ืฆืชื™ ืงื‘.

3cp ื™>ืฉื‘ื• ื–>ื›ืจื• ืชื‘ื• ื›> ืฉ,ืžืจื• ื‘ืฆื• ืง,

2mp ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื–ื›ืจืชื ื›ืชื‘ืชื ืฉืžืจืชื ืงื‘ืฆืชื

2fp ื™ืฉื‘ืชืŸ ื–ื›ืจืชืŸ ื›ืชื‘ืชืŸ ืฉืžืจืชืŸ ืงื‘ืฆืชืŸ

1cp ื™ืฉ.ื‘ื ื• ื–ื›.ืจื ื• ื‘ื ื• ื›ืช. ืฉืž.ืจื ื• ืฆื ื• ืงื‘.

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Chapter 13d - Qal Perfect: Strongverbal roots ending in ืช and ื 

When a verbal root ending in ืช receives a sufformativebeginning with ืช, the two identical consonants becomeone consonant with a Daghesh Forte (ืชืช โžฃ Five of the .(ืช Perfect sufformatives begin with ืช.

ืชืช ื›ืจ. โžฃ ื›ืจ.ืช 2ms you cut

ื›ืจืชืช โžฃ ื›ืจืช 2fs you cut

ืชืชื™ ื›ืจ. โžฃ ืชื™ ื›ืจ. 1cs I cut

ื›ืจืชืชื โžฃ ื›ืจืชื 2mp you cut

ื›ืจืชืชืŸ โžฃ ื›ืจืชืŸ 2fp you cut

When a verbal root ending in ื  receives a Perfectsufformative beginning with ื , the two identical consonantsbecome one consonant with Daghesh Forte (ื ื  โžฃ The .(ื  only sufformative that begins with ื  is the 1cp (ื ื•). Thefinal ื  of a verbal root may also assimilate into suffirmativesending in ื ืช) ืช โžฃ .(ืช

ืฉื›.ื ื ื• โžฃ ืฉื›.ื ื• 1cp we dwell

ื ืช.ื ืชื™ โžฃ ืชื™ ื ืช. 1cp we dwell

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Chapter 13e - Qal Perfect: Strongstative verbs

Stative verbs are classified by their stem vowel. The stemvowel is the vowel that is associated with the second root consonant.In transitive strong verb paradigms, the stem vowel isPathach as in ืฉืžืจ ,ืงื˜ืœ and ื–ื›ืจ. With stative verbs, thestem vowel is variable.

Pathach-Stative Tsere-Stative Holem-Stative

ื’ื“ืœ to be great ื›ื‘ื“ to be heavy ืงื˜ืŸ to be small

ื—ื›ื to be wise ื–ืงืŸ to be old ื™ื›ืœ to be able

Pathach- Tsere- Holem-Stative Stative Stative

3ms ื’ื“ืœ ื›ื‘ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ

3fs ื’>ื“ืœื” ื›>ื‘ื“ื” ืง,ื˜ื ื”2ms ื’ื“.ืœืช ื›ื‘.ื“ืช ืงื˜.ื ืช2fs ื’ื“ืœืช ื›ื‘ื“ืช ืงื˜ื ืช

1cs ื’ื“.ืœืชื™ ื›ื‘.ื“ืชื™ ืงื˜.ื ืชื™3cp ื’>ื“ืœื• ื›>ื‘ื“ื• ืง,ื˜ื ื•2mp ื’ื“ืœืชื ื›ื‘ื“ืชื ืงื˜ื ืชื

2fp ื’ื“ืœืชืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ืชืŸ ืงื˜ื ืชืŸ

1cp ื’ื“.ืœื ื• ื›ื‘.ื“ื ื• ืงื˜.ื ื•

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Chapter 13f - Qal Perfect: Strongparsing

The parsing of Perfect verbs involves the identificationof the verbal stem, conjugation, person, gender, numberand verbal root. When parsing, give the appropriateinformation in the proper order as the followingexamples illustrate (translation is not a required partof parsing information).

ื–ื›.ืจืชื™ Qal Perfect 1cs ื–ื›ืจ I remembered

ืฉืž.ืจืช Qal Perfect 2fs ืฉืžืจ you observed

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Chapter 13g - Qal Perfect: Strongthe negative particle ืœื

Perfect (and Imperfect) verbs are negated with theparticle ืœื, usually translated โ€œnot.โ€ It may also be

spelled ืœื•ื. The negative particle is always placedimmediately before the verb.

ืœื ืฉืžืจืชื ืืชโ€“ื”ืชื•ืจื•ืชYou did not observe the laws.

ืœื ื–ื›.ืจืช ืืชโ€“ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชYou did not remember the covenant.

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Chapter 13h - Qal Perfect: Strongthe particle ื”ื ื”

The word ื”ื ื” (also as ื”ืŸ and โ€“ื”ืŸ) is commonly translated โ€œbehold.โ€It can stand alone or take Type 1 pronominal suffixes.

1cs ื”ื <ื ื™/ื”ื ื ื™ 1cp ื”ื <ื ื•/ื”ื ื ื•

2ms ื”ื ืš 2mp ื”ื ื›ื

2fs ื”ื ืš 2fp

3ms ื”ื ื• 3mp ื”ื ื

1. The particle ื”ื ื” may be used to add emphasis.

ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“โ€“ื”ื ื”ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ืืชโ€“ื›ืœโ€“ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื•And God saw all that he had made, andbehold, (it was) very good (Gen 1:31).

2. The particle ื”ื ื” may be used to indicate the immediate presence ofsomeone or something.

ืื ื›ื™ ืขืžืšื”ื ื”ื•And behold, I am with you (Gen 28:15).

3. The particle ื”ื ื” may be used to introduce a fact or situation uponwhich a subsequent statement is based.

ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืงืœื›ืื”ื ื”ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœโ€“ื›ืœโ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ืœ ืืฉืจโ€“ืืžืจืชื ืœื™ ื•ืืžืœื™ืš ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžืœืš

And Samuel said to all of Israel, โ€œBehold, I havelistened to all that you have said to me and (therefore)I have caused a king to reign over youโ€ (1 Sam 12:1).

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Chapter 14a - Qal Perfect: WeakI-Guttural, II-Guttural and III-ืข/ื—

I-Guttural II-Guttural III-ืข/ื— Strong

3ms ืขืžื“ ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืžืข ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืข>ืžื“ื” ื‘>ื—ืจื” ืฉ,ืžืขื” ืง,ื˜ืœื”

2ms ืขืž.ื“ืช ื‘ื—.ืจืช ืฉืž.ืขืช ืงื˜.ืœืช

2fs ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ื—ืจืช ืขืช ืฉืž. ืงื˜ืœืช

1cs ืขืž.ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื—.ืจืชื™ ืขืชื™ ืฉืž. ืงื˜.ืœืชื™

3cp ืข>ืžื“ื• ื‘>ื—ืจื• ืฉ,ืžืขื• ืง,ื˜ืœื•

2mp ืขืžื“ืชื ื‘ื—ืจืชื ืฉืžืขืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื

2fp ืขืžื“ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ืจืชืŸ ืฉืžืขืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ

1cp ืขืž.ื“ื ื• ื‘ื—.ืจื ื• ืฉืž.ืขื ื• ืงื˜.ืœื ื•

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Chapter 14b - Qal Perfect: WeakIII-ื

III-ื Strong

3ms ืžืฆื ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืž,ืฆืื” ืง,ื˜ืœื”

2ms ืžืฆ.ืืช ืงื˜.ืœืช

2fs ืžืฆืืช ืงื˜ืœืช

1cs ืžืฆ.ืืชื™ ืงื˜.ืœืชื™

3cp ืž,ืฆืื• ืง,ื˜ืœื•

2mp ืžืฆืืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื

2fp ืžืฆืืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ

1cp ืžืฆ.ืื ื• ืงื˜.ืœื ื•

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Chapter 14c - Qal Perfect: WeakIII-ื”

III-ื” Strong

3ms ื‘ื ื” ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ื ืชื” ื‘> ืง,ื˜ืœื”

2ms .ื™ืช ื‘ื  ืงื˜.ืœืช

2fs ื‘ื ื™ืช ืงื˜ืœืช

1cs .ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื  ืงื˜.ืœืชื™

3cp ื‘ื ื• ืง,ื˜ืœื•

2mp ื‘ื ื™ืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื

2fp ื‘ื ื™ืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ

1cp .ื™ื ื• ื‘ื  ืงื˜.ืœื ื•

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Chapter 14d - Qal Perfect: Weakdoubly weak verbs

III-ื”/ III-ื”/ StrongII-Gutt I-Gutt Verb

3ms ืจืื” ืขืœื” ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืจืืชื” ืœืชื” ืข, ืง,ื˜ืœื”

2ms ื™ืช ืจื. ื™ืช ืขืœ. ืงื˜.ืœืช

2fs ืจืื™ืช ืขืœื™ืช ืงื˜ืœืช

1cs ื™ืชื™ ืจื. ื™ืชื™ ืขืœ. ืงื˜.ืœืชื™

3cp ืจืื• ืขืœื• ืง,ื˜ืœื•

2mp ืจืื™ืชื ืขืœื™ืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื

2fp ืจืื™ืชืŸ ืขืœื™ืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ

1cp ื™ื ื• ืจื. ื™ื ื• ืขืœ. ืงื˜.ืœื ื•

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Chapter 14e - Qal Perfect: Weakgeminate verbs

Geminate Geminate Geminate StrongStrong Weak 1 Weak 2 Verb

3ms ืกื‘ื‘ ืืจืจ ืชื ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืก,ื‘ื‘ื” ืจืจื” ื, ืžื” ืช. ืง,ื˜ืœื”

2ms ื•ืช ืกื‘. ื•ืช ืืจ. ื•ืช ืชืž. ืงื˜.ืœืช

2fs ืกื‘ื•ืช ืืจื•ืช ืชืžื•ืช ืงื˜ืœืช

1cs ื•ืชื™ ืกื‘. ื•ืชื™ ืืจ. ื•ืชื™ ืชืž. ืงื˜.ืœืชื™

3cp ืก,ื‘ื‘ื• ื,ืจืจื• ืช.ืžื• ืง,ื˜ืœื•

2mp ืกื‘ื•ืชื ืืจื•ืชื ืชืžื•ืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื

2fp ืกื‘ื•ืชืŸ ืืจื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ

1cp ื•ื ื• ืกื‘. ื•ื ื• ืืจ. ื•ื ื• ืชืž. ืงื˜.ืœื ื•

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Chapter 14f - Qal Perfect: Weakbiconsonantal verbs

StrongStrong Strong Weak Verb

3ms ืงื ืฉื ื‘ื ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืง.ืžื” ืฉ.ืžื” ื‘.ืื” ืง,ื˜ืœื”

2ms ืง.ืžืช ืฉ.ืžืช ื‘.ืืช ืงื˜.ืœืช

2fs ืงืžืช ืฉืžืช ื‘ืืช ืงื˜ืœืช

1cs ืง.ืžืชื™ ืฉ.ืžืชื™ ื‘.ืืชื™ ืงื˜.ืœืชื™

3cp ืง.ืžื• ืฉ.ืžื• ื‘.ืื• ืง,ื˜ืœื•

2mp ืงืžืชื ืฉืžืชื ื‘ืืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื

2fp ืงืžืชืŸ ืฉืžืชืŸ ื‘ืืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ

1cp ืง.ืžื ื• ืฉ.ืžื ื• ื‘.ืื ื• ืงื˜.ืœื ื•

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Chapter 14g - Qal Perfect: Weakadvanced information: ื ืชืŸ and ื”ื™ื”

ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” Strongto give to be Verb

3ms ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ื >ืชื ื” ื™ืชื” ื”> ืง,ื˜ืœื”

2ms ื ืช.ืช ื™ืช ื”ื™< ืงื˜.ืœืช

2fs ื ืช.ืช ื™ื™ืช ื” ืงื˜ืœืช

1cs ื™ ืช ื ืช. ื™ืชื™ ื”ื™< ืงื˜.ืœืชื™

3cp ื >ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืง,ื˜ืœื•

2mp ื ืชืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื

2fp ืŸ ื ืชืช ื”ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ

1cp ื ืช.ื ื• ื™ื ื• ื”ื™< ืงื˜.ืœื ื•

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Chapter 14h - Qal Perfect: Weakadvanced information: ื™ืจื and ืžื•ืช

ื™ืจื ืžื•ืช Strong

to be afraid to die Verb

3ms ื™ืจื ืžืช ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ื™>ืจืื” ืž.ืชื” ืง,ื˜ืœื”

2ms ื™ืจ.ืืช ืž.ืชื” ืงื˜.ืœืช

2fs ื™ืจ.ืืช ืžืช ืงื˜ืœืช

1cs ื™ืจ.ืืชื™ ืž.ืชื™ ืงื˜.ืœืชื™

3cp ื™>ืจืื• ืž.ืชื• ืง,ื˜ืœื•

2mp ื™ืจืืชื ืžืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื

2fp ื™ืจืืชืŸ ืžืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ

1cp ื™ืจ.ืื ื• ืž.ืชื ื• ืงื˜.ืœื ื•

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Chapter 15a - Qal Imperfect: Strongmaster paradigm

Suffor- Imperfect Prefor- Translationmative Paradigm mative

3ms ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ he will kill

3fs ืชืงื˜ืœ ืช she will kill

2ms ืชืงื˜ืœ ืช you (ms) will kill

2fs ื‘ื™ ื™ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืช you (fs) will kill

1cs ืืงื˜ืœ ื I will kill

3mp ื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ they (mp) will kill

3fp ื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜. ืช they (fp) will kill

2mp ื• ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืช you (mp) will kill

2fp ื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜. ืช you (fp) will kill

1cp ื ืงื˜ืœ ื  we will kill

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Chapter 15b - Qal Imperfect: Strongother imperfect strong verbs

ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžืจ ืงื‘ืฅto remember to write to keep to gather

3ms ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืฉืžืจ ื™ืงื‘ืฅ

3fs ืชื–ื›ืจ ืชื›ืชื‘ ืชืฉืžืจ ืชืงื‘ืฅ

2ms ืชื–ื›ืจ ืชื›ืชื‘ ืชืฉืžืจ ืชืงื‘ืฅ

2fs ืชื–ื›ืจื™ ืชื›ืชื‘ื™ ืชืฉืžืจื™ ืชืงื‘ืฆื™

1cs ืื–ื›ืจ ืื›ืชื‘ ืืฉืžืจ ืืงื‘ืฅ

3mp ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื™ืงื‘ืฆื•

3fp ืชื–ื›.ืจื ื” ืชื›ืช.ื‘ื ื” ืชืฉืž.ืจื ื” ืชืงื‘.ืฆื ื”

2mp ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืชื›ืชื‘ื• ืชืฉืžืจื• ืชืงื‘ืฆื•

2fp ืชื–ื›.ืจื ื” ืชื›ืช.ื‘ื ื” ืชืฉืž.ืจื ื” ืชืงื‘.ืฆื ื”

1cp ื ื–ื›ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื ืฉืžืจ ื ืงื‘ืฅ

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Chapter 15c - Qal Imperfect: Strongstative verbs

With the Imperfect inflection of stative verbs,the stem vowel is Pathach regardless

of the stem vowel in the Perfect.

Perfect Imperfect

Pathach-Stative ื’ื“ืœ โžฃ ื™ื’ื“ืœTsere-Stative ื›ื‘ื“ โžฃ ื™ื›ื‘ื“Holem-Stative ืงื˜ืŸ โžฃ ื™ืงื˜ืŸ

ื’ื“ืœ ื›ื‘ื“ ืงื˜ืŸPathach- Tsere- Holem-Stative Stative Stative

3ms ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื™ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ืงื˜ืŸ

3fs ืชื’ื“ืœ ืชื›ื‘ื“ ืชืงื˜ืŸ

2ms ืชื’ื“ืœ ืชื›ื‘ื“ ืชืงื˜ืŸ

2fs ืชื’ื“ืœื™ ืชื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืชืงื˜ื ื™

1cs ืื’ื“ืœ ืื›ื‘ื“ ืืงื˜ืŸ

3mp ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื• ื™ืงื˜ื ื•

3fp ืชื’ื“.ืœื ื” ืชื›ื‘.ื“ื ื” ืชืงื˜.ื ื”2mp ืชื’ื“ืœื• ืชื›ื‘ื“ื• ืชืงื˜ื ื•

2fp ืชื’ื“.ืœื ื” ืชื›ื‘.ื“ื ื” ืชืงื˜.ื ื”1cp ื ื’ื“ืœ ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื ืงื˜ืŸ

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Chapter 15d - Qal Imperfect: Strongparsing

When asked to parse Qal Imperfect verbs, you will berequired to identify the verbal stem, conjugation,person, gender, number and verbal root. When parsing,give the required information in the proper order asthe following examples illustrate (translation is not arequired part of the parsing information).

ื™ืฉืžืขื• Qal Imperfect 3mp ืฉืžืข they will hear

ื™ืžืœืš Qal Imperfect 3ms ืžืœืš he will reign

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Chapter 15e - Qal Imperfect: Strongnegative particles ืœื and ืืœ

The Imperfect can be negated with ืœื. Thisnegative particle is always placed immediatelybefore the verb. It can simply negate the verb orit may be used with the Imperfect for an absoluteor permanent prohibition.

ืœื ืชืจืฆื—you shall not kill (Ex 20:13)

ืœื ืชื ืืฃyou shall not commit adultery (Ex 20:14)

The Imperfact can also be negated with ืืœ (withMaqqef โ€“ืืœ). This negative particle is used withthe Imperfect to express an immediate, specificand non-durative prohibition.

ืืœโ€“ืชื™ืจืDo not fear! (Gen 15:1)

ืืœโ€“ืชืฉืžืขื• ืืœโ€“ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื›ื Do not listen to the words of your prophets! (Jer 27:14)

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Chapter 16a - Qal Imperfect: WeakII-guttural/III-ืข/ื—

II-Guttural III-ืข/ื— Strong

3ms ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืฉืœื— ื™ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืชืฉืœื— ืชืงื˜ืœ

2ms ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืชืฉืœื— ืชืงื˜ืœ

2fs ืชื‘ื—ืจื™ ืชืฉืœื—ื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™

1cs ืื‘ื—ืจ ืืฉืœื— ืืงื˜ืœ

3mp ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

3fp ืชื‘ื—.ืจื ื” ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

2mp ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืชืฉืœื—ื• ืชืงื˜ืœื•

2fp ืชื‘ื—.ืจื ื” ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

1cp ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื ืฉืœื— ืงื˜ืœ ื 

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Chapter 16b - Qal Imperfect: WeakIII-ื

III-ื Strong

3ms ื™ืžืฆื ื™ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืชืžืฆื ืชืงื˜ืœ

2ms ืชืžืฆื ืชืงื˜ืœ

2fs ืชืžืฆืื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™

1cs ืืžืฆื ืืงื˜ืœ

3mp ื™ืžืฆืื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

3fp ืชืžืฆ.ืื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

2mp ืชืžืฆืื• ืชืงื˜ืœื•

2fp ืชืžืฆ.ืื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

1cp ื ืžืฆื ืงื˜ืœ ื 

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Chapter 16c - Qal Imperfect: WeakIII-ื”

III-ื” Strong

3ms ื™ื‘ื ื” ื™ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ื” ืชื‘ื  ืชืงื˜ืœ

2ms ื” ืชื‘ื  ืชืงื˜ืœ

2fs ืชื‘ื ื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™

1cs ื” ืื‘ื  ืืงื˜ืœ

3mp ื™ื‘ื ื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

3fp .ื™ื ื” ืชื‘ื  ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

2mp ืชื‘ื ื• ืชืงื˜ืœื•

2fp .ื™ื ื” ืชื‘ื  ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

1cp ื ื‘ื ื” ืงื˜ืœ ื 

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Chapter 16d - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-guttural

I-Guttural I-GutturalType 1 Type 2 Strong

3ms ื™ื—ื–ืง ื™ืขืžื“ ื™ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืชื—ื–ืง ืชืขืžื“ ืชืงื˜ืœ

2ms ืชื—ื–ืง ืชืขืžื“ ืชืงื˜ืœ

2fs ืชื—ื–ืงื™ ืชืขืžื“ื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™

1cs ืื—ื–ืง ืืขืžื“ ืืงื˜ืœ

3mp ื™ื—ื–ืงื• ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

3fp ืชื—ื–<ืงื ื” ืชืขืž.ื“ื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

2mp ืชื—ื–ืงื• ืชืขืžื“ื• ืชืงื˜ืœื•

2fp ืชื—ื–<ืงื ื” ืชืขืž.ื“ื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

1cp ื ื—ื–ืง ื ืขืžื“ ืงื˜ืœ ื 

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Chapter 16e - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-ื

I-ื I-ืType 1 Type 2 Strong

3ms ื™ืืกืจ ื™ืืžืจ ื™ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืชืืกืจ ืชืืžืจ ืชืงื˜ืœ

2ms ืชืืกืจ ืชืืžืจ ืชืงื˜ืœ

2fs ืชืืกืจื™ ืชืืžืจื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™

1cs ืืืกืจ ืืžืจ ืืงื˜ืœ

3mp ื™ืืกืจื• ื™ืืžืจื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

3fp ืชืืก.ืจื ื” ืชืืž.ืจื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

2mp ืชืืกืจื• ืชืืžืจื• ืชืงื˜ืœื•

2fp ืชืืก.ืจื ื” ืชืืž.ืจื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

1cp ื ืืกืจ ื ืืžืจ ืงื˜ืœ ื 

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Chapter 16f - Qal Imperfect: Weakbiconsonantal classification

Qal Perfect 3ms Qal Imperfect 3ms Lexical Entry

Class - ื• ืงื he arose ื™ืงื•ื he will arise ืงื•ื to arise

Class -ื‘ื™ he placed ืฉื ื™ืฉื™ื he will place ืฉื™ื to place

Class - ื• ื‘ื he entered ื™ื‘ื•ื he will enter ื‘ื•ื to enter

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Chapter 16g - Qal Imperfect: Weakbiconsonantal paradigms

Class ื• Class ื‘ื™ Class ื•

ืงื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื Strong

3ms ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืชืงื•ื ืชืฉื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืชืงื˜ืœ

2ms ืชืงื•ื ืชืฉื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืชืงื˜ืœ

2fs ืชืง.ื•ืžื™ ืชืฉ.ื™ืžื™ ื•ืื™ ืชื‘. ืชืงื˜ืœื™

1cs ืืงื•ื ืืฉื™ื ืื‘ื•ื ืืงื˜ืœ

3mp ื™ืง.ื•ืžื• ื™ืžื• ื™ืฉ. ื•ืื• ื™ื‘. ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

3fp ืชืงื•ืž.ื™ื ื” ืชืฉื™ืž.ื™ื ื” ื•ืื ื” ืชื‘. ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

2mp ืชืง.ื•ืžื• ื™ืžื• ืชืฉ. ื•ืื• ืชื‘. ืชืงื˜ืœื•

2fp ืชืงื•ืž.ื™ื ื” ืชืฉื™ืž.ื™ื ื” ื•ืื ื” ืชื‘. ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

1cp ื ืงื•ื ื ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ืงื˜ืœ ื 

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Chapter 16h - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-ื™

Type 1 ื”ืœืš Type 2 Strong

3ms ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ืœืš ื™ื™ืจืฉ ื™ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืชืฉื‘ ืชืœืš ืชื™ืจืฉ ืชืงื˜ืœ

2ms ืชืฉื‘ ืชืœืš ืชื™ืจืฉ ืชืงื˜ืœ

2fs ืชืฉื‘ื™ ืชืœื›ื™ ืชื™ืจืฉื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™

1cs ืืฉื‘ ืืœืš ืื™ืจืฉ ืืงื˜ืœ

3mp ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืœื›ื• ื™ื™ืจืฉื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

3fp ืชืฉ.ื‘ื ื” ืชืœ.ื›ื ื” ืชื™ืจ.ืฉื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

2mp ืชืฉื‘ื• ืชืœื›ื• ืชื™ืจืฉื• ืชืงื˜ืœื•

2fp ืชืฉ.ื‘ื ื” ืชืœ.ื›ื ื” ืชื™ืจ.ืฉื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

1cp ื ืฉื‘ ื ืœืš ื ื™ืจืฉ ืงื˜ืœ ื 

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Chapter 16i - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-ื 

Type 1 Type 2 Doubly Weak Strong

3ms ื™ืคืœ ื™ืกืข ื™ื ื—ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืชืคืœ ืชืกืข ืชื ื—ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ

2ms ืชืคืœ ืชืกืข ืชื ื—ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ

2fs ืชืคืœื™ ืชืกืขื™ ืชื ื—ืœื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™

1cs ืืคืœ ืืกืข ืื ื—ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ

3mp ื™ืคืœื• ื™ืกืขื• ื™ื ื—ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

3fp ืชืค.ืœื ื” ืชืก.ืขื ื” ืชื ื—.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

2mp ืชืคืœื• ืชืกืขื• ืชื ื—ืœื• ืชืงื˜ืœื•

2fp ืชืค.ืœื ื” ืชืก.ืขื ื” ืชื ื—.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

1cp ื ืคืœ ื ืกืข ื ื ื—ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ื 

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Chapter 16j - Qal Imperfect: Weaksummary

II-Gutt III-ืข/ื— III-ื III-ื”

3ms ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืฉืœื— ื™ืžืฆื ื” ื™ื‘ื 

3fs ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืชืฉืœื— ืชืžืฆื ืชื‘ื ื”

2ms ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืชืฉืœื— ืชืžืฆื ืชื‘ื ื”

2fs ืชื‘ื—ืจื™ ืชืฉืœื—ื™ ืชืžืฆืื™ ืชื‘ื ื™

1cs ืื‘ื—ืจ ืืฉืœื— ืืžืฆื ืื‘ื ื”

3mp ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ื™ืžืฆืื• ื™ื‘ื ื•

3fp ืชื‘ื—.ืจื ื” ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ืชืžืฆ.ืื ื” <ื™ื ื” ืชื‘ื 

2mp ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืชืฉืœื—ื• ืชืžืฆืื• ืชื‘ื ื•

2fp ืชื‘ื—.ืจื ื” ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ืชืžืฆ.ืื ื” <ื™ื ื” ืชื‘ื 

1cp ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื ืฉืœื— ื ืžืฆื ื” ื ื‘ื 

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Chapter 17a - Waw Conversiveintroduction

Converted verbal forms areused primarily to denotesequences of consecutive

actions, either in the past,present or future.

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Chapter 17b - Waw Conversivebasic form with imperfect

Qal Imperfect without Qal Imperfect withWaw Conversive Waw Conversive

ื™ืฉืžืจ ื•ื™ืฉืžืจhe will observe and he observed

ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื™ื–ื›ืจhe will remember and he remembered

Imperfect withWaw Conversive

ื•ื™ืงื˜ืœ

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Chapter 17c - Waw Conversiveimperfect strong verb paradigm

Imperfect with Waw Conversive

3ms ื•ื™ืงื˜ืœ and he killed

3fs ื•ืชืงื˜ืœ and she killed

2ms ื•ืชืงื˜ืœ and you killed

2fs ื•ืชืงื˜ืœื™ and you killed

1cs ื•ืืงื˜ืœ and I killed

3mp ื•ื™ืงื˜ืœื• and they killed

3fp ื•ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” and they killed

2mp ื•ืชืงื˜ืœื• and you killed

2fp ื•ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” and you killed

1cp ื•ื ืงื˜ืœ and we killed

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Chapter 17d - Waw Conversivewaw conversive and regular waw

Qal Imperfect with Qal Imperfect withWaw Conversive Regular Waw

3ms ื•ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื•ื™ืงื˜ืœ and he will kill

3fs ื•ืชืงื˜ืœ ื•ืชืงื˜ืœ and she will kill

2ms ื•ืชืงื˜ืœ ื•ืชืงื˜ืœ and you will kill

2fs ื•ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ื•ืชืงื˜ืœื™ and you will kill

1cs ื•ืืงื˜ืœ ื•ืืงื˜ืœ and I will kill

3mp ื•ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื•ื™ืงื˜ืœื• and they will kill

3fp ื•ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ื•ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” and they will kill

2mp ื•ืชืงื˜ืœื• ื•ืชืงื˜ืœื• and you will kill

2fp ื•ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ื•ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” and you will kill

1cp ื•ื ืงื˜ืœ ื•ื ืงื˜ืœ and we will kill

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Chapter 17e - Waw Conversiveuse of converted imperfect

1. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with a Perfectverb followed by any number of converted Imperfectverbs.

ืืชโ€“ืงื™ืŸื•ืชืœื“ ื•ืชื”ืจ ืืชโ€“ื—ื•ื” ืืฉืชื• ื™ื“ืขื•ื”ืื“ื

And Adam knew Eve his wife, and then sheconceived, and then she bore Cain (Gen 4:1).

2. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with thetemporal modifier ื•ื™ื”ื™ followed by Imperfect verbs withWaw Conversive.

ืืœื”ื™ื ืืชโ€“ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ื ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื™ื”ื™

And after the death of AbrahamGod blessed Isaac his son (Gen 25:11).

3. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with theconverted Imperfect itself.

ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืœื™ื• ืžืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœโ€“ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ืงืจื

And he called to Moses and Yahweh spoke to himfrom the tent of meeting (Lev 1:1).

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Chapter 17f - Waw Conversivechanges in spelling

With I-ื verbs like ืืžืจ and some I-ื™ verbs (including

.the stem vowel changes to Seghol ,(ื”ืœืš

ื™ืืžืจ he will say โžฃ ื•ื™<ืืžืจ and he said

ื™ืฉื‘ he will dwell โžฃ ื•ื™<ืฉื‘ and he dwelt

ื™ืœืš he will go โžฃ ื•ื™<ืœืš and he went

Biconsonantal and III-ื” verbs are โ€œshortenedโ€ inconverted Imperfect forms without a sufformative(except the 1cs). With Biconsonantal verbs, the medialvowel letter is lost. With III-ื” verbs, the final ื” dropsoff.

ื™ืงื•ื he will rise up โžฃ ื•ื™<ืงื and he rose up

ื™ืฉื™ื he will set โžฃ ื•ื™<ืฉื and he set

ื™ื‘ื ื” he will build โžฃ ื•ื™<ื‘ืŸ and he built

ื™ื’ืœื” he will reveal โžฃ ื•ื™<ื’ืœ and he revealed

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Chapter 17g - Waw Conversivebasic form with perfect

Qal Perfect without Qal Perfect withWaw Conversive Waw Conversive

ืฉืžืจ ื•ืฉืžืจhe observed and he will observe

ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื–ื›ืจhe remembered and he will remember

Perfect withWaw Conversive

ื•ืงื˜ืœ

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Chapter 17h - Waw Conversiveperfect strong verb paradigm

Perfect with Waw Conversive

3ms ื•ืงื˜ืœ and he will kill

3fs ื•ืง,ื˜ืœื” and she will kill

2ms ื•ืงื˜ืœืช. and you will kill

2fs ื•ืงื˜ืœืช and you will kill

1cs ื•ืงื˜ืœืช.ื™ and I will kill

3cp ื•ืง,ื˜ืœื• and they will kill

2mp ื•ืงื˜ืœืชื and you will kill

2fp ื•ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ and you will kill

1cp ื•ืงื˜ืœื ื• and we will kill

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Chapter 17i - Waw Conversiveuse of converted perfect

1. The future tense narrative sequence may begin with anImperfect verb followed by any number of convertedPerfect verbs.

ื›ืœโ€“ืžืœืื›ืชืšื•ืขืฉื™ืช ืชืขื‘ื“ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ื

Six days you will labor and (you will) doall your work (Deut 5:13).

2. The temporal modifier ื•ื”ื™ื” may mark the beginning ofa future tense narrative sequence.

ืืชโ€“ืงืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื•ืฉื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื™ื”

And in that day I will break thebow of Israel (Hos 1:5).

3. The converted Perfect will frequently follow anImperative verb and carry the full force of the initialImperative.

ืฉื ืืชโ€“ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืงืจืืช ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื” ืขืžื“ ืฉืžืขื• ื“ื‘ืจโ€“ื™ื”ื•ื”ื•ืืžืจืชื”ื–ื”

Stand (Imperative) in the gate of Yahwehโ€™s house and(you will) proclaim there this word and (you will) say,

โ€œHear the word of Yahwehโ€ (Jer 7:2).

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Chapter 17j - Waw Conversiveparsing

The parsing of converted verbal forms is just like the parsingof regular Perfect or Imperfect verbs except that you mustidentify the presence of the Waw Conversive.

ื•ื™ืฉืžืจ Qal Imperfect 3ms ืฉืžืจ with Waw Conversive

ื•ื–ื›ืจ Qal Perfect 3ms ื–ื›ืจ with Waw Conversive

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Chapter 18a - Qal Imperativeintroduction

Volitional ConjugationsThe term โ€œvolitionalโ€ describes thoseconjugations used, as a general rule,

to express some type of command,wish or desire.

Imperative2nd person volitional conjugation

Cohortative1st person volitional conjugation

Jussive3rd person volitional conjugation

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Chapter 18b - Qal Imperativestrong verb paradigm

Imperative Sufformative Translation

2ms ืงื˜ืœ (you) kill!

2fs ืงื˜ืœื™ ืœื™ (you) kill!

2mp ืงื˜ืœื• ื‘ื• (you) kill!

2fp ืœื ื” ืงื˜. ื‘ื ื” (you) kill!

Imperfect Subtract ImperativeForm Preformative Form

2ms ืชืงื˜ืœ โžฃ |ืงื˜ืœ ืช โžฃ ืงื˜ืœ

2fs ืชืงื˜ืœื™ โžฃ |ืงื˜ืœื™ ืช โžฃ ืงื˜ืœื™

2mp ืชืงื˜ืœื• โžฃ |ืงื˜ืœื• ืช โžฃ ืงื˜ืœื•

2fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” โžฃ |ืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืช โžฃ ืงื˜.ืœื ื”

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Chapter 18c - Qal Imperativeโ€œlengthenedโ€ 2ms imperative

Lexical Regular LengthenedForm Imperative Imperative Translation

ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœื” you (2ms) kill!

ืฉืžืจ ืฉืžืจ ืฉืžืจื” you (2ms) observe!

ืฉืคื˜ ืฉืคื˜ ืฉืคื˜ื” you (2ms) judge!

ืฉืžืข ืฉืžืข ื” ืฉืžืข you (2ms) listen!

The vowel in the first syllable of a lengthenedImperative like ืงื˜ืœื” is Qamets Hatuf

It may also appear with Hireq as in ืฉืžืขื”

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Chapter 18d - Qal Imperativethe particle ื ื

Imperatives (along with the other volitionalconjugations) may be followed by theparticle ื ื which can be translated asโ€œpleaseโ€ or simply left untranslated.

ืฉืžืจ ื ืืฉืžืจโ€“ื ื

โ€œobserve!โ€ orโ€œplease observe!โ€

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Chapter 18e - Qal Imperativeweak verbs: part 1

I-Guttural II-Guttural

2ms ืชื—ื–ืง โžฃ ื—ื–ืง ืชื‘ื—ืจ โžฃ ื‘ื—ืจ2fs ืชื—ื–ืงื™ โžฃ ื—ื–ืงื™ ืชื‘ื—ืจื™ โžฃ ื‘ื—ืจื™2mp ืชื—ื–ืงื• โžฃ ื—ื–ืงื• ืชื‘ื—ืจื• โžฃ ื‘ื—ืจื•2fp ืชื—ื–.ืงื ื” โžฃ ื—ื–.ืงื ื” ืชื‘ื—.ืจื ื” โžฃ ื‘ื—.ืจื ื”

I-ื Type 1 I-ื Type 2

2ms ืชืืกืจ โžฃ ืืกืจ ืชืืžืจ โžฃ ืืžืจ2fs ืชืืกืจื™ โžฃ ืืกืจื™ ืชืืžืจื™ โžฃ ืืžืจื™2mp ืชืืกืจื• โžฃ ืืกืจื• ืชืืžืจื• โžฃ ืืžืจื•2fp ืชืืก.ืจื ื” โžฃ ืืก.ืจื ื” ืชืืž.ืจื ื” โžฃ ืืž.ืจื ื”

III-ืข/ื— III-ื

2ms ืชืฉืœื— โžฃ ืฉืœื— ืชืžืฆื โžฃ ืžืฆื2fs ืชืฉืœื—ื™ โžฃ ืฉืœื—ื™ ืชืžืฆืื™ โžฃ ืžืฆืื™2mp ืชืฉืœื—ื• โžฃ ืฉืœื—ื• ืชืžืฆืื• โžฃ ืžืฆืื•2fp ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” โžฃ ืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ืชืžืฆ.ืื ื” โžฃ ืžืฆ.ืื ื”

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Chapter 18f - Qal Imperativeweak verbs: part 2

III-ื” Geminate

2ms ืชื‘ื ื” โžฃ ื‘ื ื” ืชืกื‘ โžฃ ืกื‘2fs ืชื‘ื ื™ โžฃ ื‘ื ื™ ืชืก.ื‘ื™ โžฃ ืก.ื‘ื™2mp ืชื‘ื ื• โžฃ ื‘ื ื• ืชืก.ื‘ื• โžฃ ืก.ื‘ื•2fp ืชื‘ื <ื™ื ื” โžฃ ื‘ื <ื™ื ื” ืชืกื‘.ื™ื ื” โžฃ ืก.ื‘ื ื”

I-ื  Type 1 I-ื  Type 2

2ms ืชืคืœ โžฃ ื ืคืœ ืชืกืข โžฃ ืกืข2fs ืชืคืœื™ โžฃ ื ืคืœื™ ืชืกืขื™ โžฃ ืกืขื™2mp ืชืคืœื• โžฃ ื ืคืœื• ืชืกืขื• โžฃ ืกืขื•2fp ืชืค.ืœื ื” โžฃ ื ืค.ืœื ื” ืชืก.ืขื ื” โžฃ ืก.ืขื ื”

I-ื™ Type 1 I-ื™ Type 2

2ms ืชืฉื‘ โžฃ ืฉื‘ ืชื™ืจืฉ โžฃ ืจืฉ2fs ืชืฉื‘ื™ โžฃ ืฉื‘ื™ ืชื™ืจืฉื™ โžฃ ืจืฉื™2mp ืชืฉื‘ื• โžฃ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื™ืจืฉื• โžฃ ืจืฉื•2fp ืชืฉ.ื‘ื ื” โžฃ ืฉ.ื‘ื ื” ืชื™ืจ.ืฉื ื” โžฃ ืจ.ืฉื ื”

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Chapter 18g - Qal Imperativebiconsonantal verbs

ืงื•ื ืฉื™ื

2ms ืชืงื•ื โžฃ ืงื•ื ืชืฉื™ื โžฃ ืฉื™ื2fs ืชืง.ื•ืžื™ โžฃ ืง.ื•ืžื™ ืชืฉ.ื™ืžื™ โžฃ ืฉ.ื™ืžื™2mp ืชืง.ื•ืžื• โžฃ ืง.ื•ืžื• ืชืฉ.ื™ืžื• โžฃ ืฉ.ื™ืžื•2fp ืชืงื•ืž.ื™ื ื” โžฃ ืง.ืžื ื” ืชืฉื™ืž.ื™ื ื”

ื‘ื•ื

2ms ืชื‘ื•ื โžฃ ื‘ื•ื2fs ืชื‘.ื•ืื™ โžฃ ื‘.ื•ืื™2mp ืชื‘.ื•ืื• โžฃ ื‘.ื•ืื•2fp ืชื‘.ื•ืื ื”

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Chapter 18h - Qal Imperativeirregular/doubly weak verbs

(to give) ื ืชืŸ (to take) ืœืงื—

2ms ืชืชืŸ โžฃ ืชืŸ ืชืงื— โžฃ ืงื—2fs ืชืชื ื™ โžฃ ืชื ื™ ืชืงื—ื™ โžฃ ืงื—ื™2mp ืชืชื ื• โžฃ ืชื ื• ืชืงื—ื• โžฃ ืงื—ื•2fp ืชืช.ื ื” โžฃ ืช.ื ื” ืชืง.ื—ื ื” โžฃ ืง.ื—ื ื”

(to walk) ื”ืœืš (to be) ื”ื™ื”

2ms ืชืœืš โžฃ ืœืš ืชื”ื™ื” โžฃ ื”ื™ื”2fs ืชืœื›ื™ โžฃ ืœื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ื™2mp ืชืœื›ื• โžฃ ืœื›ื• ืชื”ื™ื• โžฃ ื”ื™ื•2fp ืชืœ.ื›ื ื” โžฃ ืœ.ื›ื ื” ืชื”ื™<ื™ื ื”

(to go up) ืขืœื” (to extend) ื ื˜ื”

2ms ืชืขืœื” โžฃ ืขืœื” ืชื˜ื” โžฃ ื ื˜ื”2fs ืชืขืœื™ โžฃ ืขืœื™ ืชื˜ื™ โžฃ ื ื˜ื™2mp ืชืขืœื• โžฃ ืขืœื• ืชื˜ื• โžฃ ื ื˜ื•2fp ืชืขืœ.ื™ื ื” โžฃ ืขืœ.ื™ื ื” ืชื˜.ื™ื ื” โžฃ ื ื˜.ื™ื ื”

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Chapter 18i - Qal Cohortativethe basics

The Cohortative occurs only in the first person,singular and plural. It is constructed by adding.to a first person form of the Imperfect ื‘ื”

This final ื‘ื” is the diagnostic indicator of theCohortative conjugation.

Imperfect Cohortative

ืืงื˜ืœ + ื‘ื” = ืืงื˜ืœื”

ื ืงื˜ืœ + ื‘ื” = ื ืงื˜ืœื”

ืืฉืžืจื” ืชื•ืจืชืš May I observe your law.Let me observe your law.

ื ื›ืจืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืช Let us make (cut) a covenant.May we make (cut) a covenant.

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Chapter 18j - Qal Jussivethe basics

The Jussive conjugation occurs primarily inthe third person, singular and plural. Withstrong verbs, the form of the Jussive is thesame as its corresponding Imperfect form. Forexample, ื™ื›ืชื‘ may be translated as either โ€œhewill writeโ€ or โ€œlet him write.โ€ The presenceof the particle ื ื will suggest the Jussivetranslation.

ื™ื–ื›ืจโ€“ื ื ื”ืžืœืš ืืชโ€“ื™ื”ื•ื”Let the king remember Yahweh.

(2 Sam 14:11)

ื™ืฉืคื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืšMay Yahweh judge between me and between you.

(Gen 16:5)

ื™ืกืœื— ื™ื”ื•ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ืšMay Yahweh forgive your servant .

(2 Kgs 5:18)

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Chapter 18k - Qal Jussiveโ€œshortโ€ forms

Short jussive forms occur only in the singularand only with selected types of weak verbs,especially III-ื” weak verbs.

Perfect Imperfect Jussive (short)

ื‘ื ื” he built ื™ื‘ื ื” he will build ื™<ื‘ืŸ let him build

ืขืฉื” he made ื™ืขืฉื” he will make ื™<ืขืฉ let him make

ืขืœื” he went up ื™ืขืœื” he will go up ื™<ืขืœ let him go up

ืจืื” he saw ื™ืจืื” he will see ื™<ืจื let him see

ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืชโ€“ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื”And let him build the house of Yahweh (Ezra 1:3).

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ ืื•ืจAnd God said, โ€œlet there be lightโ€ (Gen 1:3).

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Chapter 18l - Qal Jussiveand Cohortative

negation

Jussive and Cohortative verbs are negated with ืืœ.This construction expresses a negative wish or a mild-er form of prohibition than that expressed by ืœืplus the Imperfect. The particle ื ื is sometimes at-

tached to ืืœ with Maqqef (ืืœโ€“ื ื). In most instances,

you do not need to translate the particle ื ื.

ืืœโ€“ื ื ื ืื‘ื“ื”Do not let us perish.

(Jonah 1:14)

ื•ืืœโ€“ื™ื—ืจ ืืคืš ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืšDo not let your anger burn against your servant .

(Gen 44:18)

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Chapter 18m - Qal Imperative,Cohortative and Jussive

verbal sequences

1. Multiple Imperative verbs may occur in succession.Context will determine whether or not they arerelated consequentially or sequentially.

ืขืœื” ื•ืงื‘ืจ ืืชโ€“ืื‘ื™ืšGo up and bury your father (Gen 50:6).

2. An Imperative verb may be followed by a Perfectverb with Waw Conversive. The Perfect verb maycarry the full force of the preceding Imperative.

ืœืš ื•ืืžืจืช ืืœโ€“ืขื‘ื“ื™Go and say to my servant (2 Sam 7:5).

3. An Imperative may be followed by an Imperfect orCohortative, a construction that will create a purposeor result clause. The Imperfect will be marked withthe conjunction ื• and is translated as โ€œso that.โ€

ืจื“ื•โ€“ืฉืžื” ื•ืฉื‘ืจื•โ€“ืœื ื• ืžืฉื ื•ื ื—ื™ื”Go down there and buy grain for us from

there so that we might live (Gen 42:2).

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Chapter 19aPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

introduction

ื™ืฉืžืจ ืืช.ื ื• he will keep us

ื™ืฉืžืจื ื• he will keep us

ืฉืคื˜ ืืชืš he judged you

ืฉืคื˜ืš he judged you

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Chapter 19bPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

review: type 1 suffixes

Type 1 Type 1 ObjectiveSuffixes Alternate Translation

1cs ื‘ื™ ื ื™ me

2ms ืš you

2fs ืš you

3ms ื• ื”ื• him (it)

3fs ื” ื” her (it)

1cp ื ื• us

2mp ื›ื you

2fp ื›ืŸ you

3mp ื”ื ื them

3fp ื”ืŸ ืŸ them

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Chapter 19cPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

on the qal perfect

Qal Perfect 3ms Translation

1cs ืงื˜ืœ.ื ื™ he killed me

2ms ืœืš ืงื˜> he killed you

2fs ืงื˜ืœืš he killed you

3ms ืงื˜ืœื• he killed him (it)

3fs ืงื˜ืœื” he killed her (it)

1cp ืงื˜ืœ.ื ื• he killed us

2mp ืœื›ื ืงื˜> he killed you

2fp ืงื˜,ืœื›ืŸ he killed you

3mp ืงื˜ืœื he killed them

3fp ืงื˜ืœืŸ he killed them

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Chapter 19dPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal perfect

Qal Perfect Qal PerfectWithout Suffixes Before Suffixes

3ms ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ื˜ืœื” ืง, ืงื˜ืœ.ืช

2ms ืงื˜.ืœืช ืงื˜ืœืช.

2fs ืงื˜ืœืช ืงื˜ืœืช.ื™

1cs ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืงื˜ืœืช.ื™

3cp ืง,ื˜ืœื• ืงื˜ืœ.ื•

2mp ืงื˜ืœืชื

2fp ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ

1cp ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ืงื˜ืœื <ื•

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Chapter 19ePronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal perfect: examples

ืž,ืฆืื” (ืžืฆื.ืช) + ื ื• โžฃ ืชื ื• ืžืฆื. she (it) found us

ื™ื“.ืขืช (ื™ื“ืขืช.) + ื• โžฃ ื™ื“ืขืชื• you knew him

ื ืช.ืชื™ ื™) (ื ืชืช. + ื” โžฃ ื™ื” ื ืชืช. I gave her (it)

ืก,ื‘ื‘ื• (ืกื‘ื‘.) + ื ื™ โžฃ ื ื™ ืกื‘ื‘. they surrounded me

ื™ื“.ืขื ื• (ื™ื“ืขื <ื•) + ื โžฃ ื™ื“ืขื ื•ื we knew them

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Chapter 19fPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

imperfect: nun-suffixes

Type 1 Nun-Suffix Suffix Example Translation

2ms ืš ื‘.ืš ื™ืœื›ื“.ืš he will capture you

3ms ื”ื•/ื• ื‘.ื ื• ื™ืœื›ื“.ื ื• he will capture him

3fs ื”/ื‘ื” ื‘.ื ื” ื™ืœื›ื“.ื ื” he will capture her

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Chapter 19gPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal imperfect

Qal Imperfect Qal ImperfectWithout Suffixes Before Suffixes

3ms ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ

2ms ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ

2fs ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™

1cs ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ

3mp ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

3fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

2mp ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืชืงื˜ืœื•

2fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

1cp ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ

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Chapter 19hPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal imperfect: examples

ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื• + ื”ื• โžฃ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื”ื• and they buried him

ื™ืฉืžืจ + ืš โžฃ ื™ืฉืžืจืš he will observe you

ื™ืฉืœื— + ืš โžฃ ื™ืฉืœื—ืš he will send you

ื™ืจืื” + ื‘.ื ื” โžฃ ื ื” ื™ืจื. he will see her

ื•ื™ืชืŸ + ื โžฃ ื•ื™ืชื ื and he gave them

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Chapter 19iPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

on imperatives

The suffixes used on the Imperative are the same asthose used on the Imperfect.

1. The Imperative 2ms form ืงื˜ืœ is spelled ืงื˜ืœ (withQamets Hatuf) before a pronominal suffix.

ืฉืžืจ + ื โžฃ ืฉืžืจื (You) observe them!

ืฉืคื˜ + ื ื™ โžฃ ื ื™ ืฉืคื˜ (You) judge me!

2. The Imperative 2fs (ืงื˜ืœื™) and 2mp (ืงื˜ืœื•), bothending in a vowel, do not change.

ืชืคืฉื• + ื โžฃ ืชืคืฉื•ื (You) seize them!

ื“ืจืฉื• + ื ื™ โžฃ ื“ืจืฉื•ื ื™ (You) seek me!

3. Imperatives with a Pathach stem vowel (ืฉืžืข)lengthen Pathach to Qamets before pronominalsuffixes.

ืฉืžืข + ื ื™ โžฃ ื ื™ ืฉืžืข (You) hear me!

ื’ืืœ + ื” โžฃ ื’ืืœื” (You) redeem her (it)!

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Chapter 19jPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

parsing

When parsing verbs with pronominal suffixes, youwill need to identify the verb and the person,

gender and number of the suffix.

ื™ืš ื ืชืช. Qal Perfect 1cs ื ืชืŸ with 2ms suffix

ื™ืœื›ื“.ื ื• Qal Imperfect 3ms ืœื›ื“ with 3ms suffix

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Chapter 20aQal Infinitive Construct

basic form

The Infinitive Construct is not inflected for person,gender or number. There is one basic form and,therefore, no paradigm to memorize. The vowelpattern is consistent for all strong verbs and evenfor most weak verbs. Note that the basic form ofthe Qal Infinitive Construct is identical to the QalImperative 2ms (ืงื˜ืœ).

Infinitive ConstructStrong Verb

ื˜ืœ ืง

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Chapter 20bQal Infinitive Construct

examples with weak verbs

Imperative Infinitive Infinitive2ms Construct Translation

Strong ื–ื›ืจ ื–ื›ืจ to remember

I-Gutt ืขื–ื‘ ืขื–ื‘ to abandon

I-ื ืืžืจ ืืžืจ to say

II-Gutt ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื—ืจ to choose

III-ื— ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื— to send

III-ืข ืฉืžืข ืฉืžืข to hear

III-ื ืงืจื ืงืจื to call

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Chapter 20cQal Infinitive Construct

III-ื” verbs: spelling

The Infinitive Construct form of III-ื” verbs ends

in ื•ืช. Remember that Imperfect forms end in ื‘ื”(except in those forms with sufformatives) andthat Imperative forms end in ื‘ื”(2ms).

Summary of III-ื” Verbal Endings

Ending Example Translation

Imperfect ื‘ื” ื™ื‘ื ื” he will build

Imperative ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื” you (2ms) build!

Infinitive ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช to build, buildingConstruct

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Chapter 20dQal Infinitive Construct

III-ื” verbs: examples

Verbal InfinitiveRoot Construct Translation

ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืช to build, building

ื‘ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืช to weep, weeping

ืขืœื” ืขืœื•ืช to go up, going up

ืขื ื” ืขื ื•ืช to answer, answering

ืขืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืช to do, doing

ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืช to be, being

ืจืื” ืจืื•ืช to see, seeing

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Chapter 20eQal Infinitive Construct

I-ื  verbs

Verbal Infinitive AlternateRoot Construct Form

with ื  with ืช

ื ืกืข ื ืกืข ืก.ืขืช

ื ื’ืข ื ื’ืข ื’.ืขืช

ื ื˜ืข ื ื˜ืข ื˜.ืขืช

ื ืฉื ื ืฉื ืฉืืช (ืฉืืช)

ื ื’ืฉ ื’.ืฉืช

ื ืชืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืชืช

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Chapter 20fQal Infinitive Construct

I-ื™ verbs

Verbal InfinitiveRoot Construct

ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉ.ื‘ืช

ื™ืจืฉ ืจ.ืฉืช

ื™ืœื“ ืœ.ื“ืช

ื™ืจื“ ืจ.ื“ืช

ื™ื“ืข ื“.ืขืช

ื™ืฆื ืฆืืช

ื”ืœืš ืœ.ื›ืช

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Chapter 20gQal Infinitive Construct

biconsonantal verbs

Verbal InfinitiveRoot Construct

ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘

ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืช

ื‘ื•ื ื‘ื•ื

ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉ

ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ

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Chapter 20hQal Infinitive Construct

with suffixes and prefixes

The Infinitive Construct can take pronominal suf-fixes that function as either the subject or objectof the verbal idea.

ืงื˜ืœื•โ€œhis killingโ€ or โ€œkilling himโ€

The inseparable prepositions ื› ,ื‘ and ืœ may beprefixed to the Infinitive Construct with a rangeof uses and translation values.

ืœื–ื›ืจ ื›ืฉืžืจin order to remember while observing

Both pronominal suffixes and prepositional pre-fixes can occur with the Infinitive Construct.

ื›ืฉืžืขื•when he hears/heard

Qal Infinitive Construct of ืฉืžืข with

preposition ื› and 3ms pronominal suffix.

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Chapter 20iQal Infinitive Construct

negation

The negative particles ืœื and ืืœ are not used tonegate the Infinitive Construct. Rather, it is negat-ed with ื‘ืœืชื™ or ืœื‘ืœืชื™ meaning โ€œnotโ€ or โ€œinorder not.โ€

ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืงื˜ืœโ€œin order not to killโ€

orโ€œnot to killโ€

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Chapter 20jQal Infinitive Construct

five common uses

1. With ืœ to express purpose, intention or result.

ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ืขืชื•ืœืโ€“ื ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื” ืœื›ื ืœื‘ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืœืฉืžืขื•ืื–ื ื™ื

or eyesto knowBut Yahweh has not given to you a heart ).Deut 29:3 [English 29:4] until this day (to hear or ears to see

2. With ืœ to denote an action about to take place (inceptive).

ื•ื™ืงื— ืืชโ€“ื”ืžืื›ืœืช ืœืฉื—ื˜ ืืชโ€“ื‘ื ื•

And he took the knife (in order)to slaughter his son (Gen 22:10).

3. With or without ืœ as a verbal noun.

ืœื™ื”ื•ื”ืœื”ื“ื•ืชื˜ื•ื‘ It is good to praise Yahweh (Ps 92:2).

4. With or without ืœ to explain, clarify or complement a preceding actionor statement (complementary).

ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื•ืœืœื›ืชื•ืฉืžืจืช ืืชโ€“ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืœื”ื™ืš

And you shall observe the commandments of Yahweh).Deut 8:6 in his ways (by walkingyour God

5. With ื‘ or ื› in a temporal clause with or without pronominal suffixes.

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื”ื•ืWhen (while) Israel dwelt in that land โ€ฆ (Gen 35:22).

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Chapter 21aQal Infinitive Absolute

introduction

The Infinitive Absolute is not inflected for person,gender or number and so there is only one formto memorize. This form is easy to identify andvaries little with weak verbal roots.

Infinitive AbsoluteStrong Verb

ื˜ื•ืœ ืง1. The vowel pattern of the strong verb also

occurs in most weak verb types.

2. Frequently, the Holem Waw stem vowel iswritten defectively as Holem. (ืงื˜ืœ).

3. Unlike the Infinitive Construct, the InfinitiveAbsolute does not occur with prepositionalprefixes or pronominal suffixes.

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Chapter 21bQal Infinitive Absolute

weak verbs

Qal Perfect Infinitive3ms Absolute

I-Guttural ื”ืœืš ื”ืœื•ืšI-Guttural ืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจI-ื ืื›ืœ ืื›ื•ืœII-Guttural ื’ืืœ ื’ืื•ืœII-Guttural ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจIII-ื— ืฉื›ื— ืฉื›ื•ื—III-ืข ืฉืžืข ืฉืžื•ืขIII-ื ื™ืฆื ื™ืฆื•ืI-ื  ื ืคืœ ื ืคื•ืœI-ื™ ื™ื“ืข ื™ื“ื•ืขGeminate ืกื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื•ื‘

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Chapter 21cQal Infinitive Absolute

III-ื” and biconsonantal verbs

Verbal Root Infinitive Absolute

ืขืฉื” โžฃ ืขืฉื” or ืขืฉื•

ืฉืชื” โžฃ ืฉืชื” or ืฉืชื•

ืจืื” โžฃ ืจืื” or ืจืื•

ื—ื™ื” โžฃ ื—ื™ื” or ื—ื™ื•

Verbal Root Infinitive Absolute

ื‘ื•ื โžฃ ื‘ื•ื or ื‘ื

ืฉื™ื โžฃ ืฉื•ื

ืงื•ื โžฃ ืงื•ื

ืžื•ืช โžฃ ืžื•ืช

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Chapter 21dQal Infinitive Absolute

parsing

The Infinitive Absolute form is not inflected forperson, gender or number. When parsing youare required to identify only stem, conjugationand lexical form.

ื”ืœื•ืš Qal Infinitive Absolute ื”ืœืšืžื•ืช Qal Infinitive Absolute ืžื•ืช

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Chapter 21eQal Infinitive Absolute

usage

1. Emphatic. The Infinitive Absolute can precede or followa Perfect or Imperfect verbal form of the same root inorder to emphasize the verbal meaning.

ืžื•ืช ืชืžื•ืชyou (2ms) will certainly die (2 Kgs 1:16)

2. Imperatival. The Infinitive Absolute can stand by itselfand function as an Imperative.

ืฉืžื•ืจ ืืชโ€“ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืชObserve the sabbath day! (Deut 5:12)

3. Contemporaneous Action. Two Infinitive Absolutes canbe used together with a Perfect or Imperfect verb toexpress two verbal actions occurring simultaneously.

ื•ื™ืœืš ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืื›ืœ(literally) and he walked, walking and eating;

(idiomatically) and he walked, eating as he went (Judg 14:9)

4. Complementary. The Infinitive Absolute can comple-ment the main verb of a sentence and carry the temporalvalue of that main verb.

ืจื’ื•ื ืืชื• ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืœโ€“ื”ืขื“ื”All of the congregation shall stone him with stones (Num 15:35).

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Chapter 21fQal Infinitive Absolute

the particle ื™ืฉHebrew can express the existence of someone or something byusing the particle (ื™ืฉโ€“) ื™ืฉ which translates either โ€œ(there)isโ€ or โ€œ(there) are.โ€

ื™ืฉ ืž.ืœืšโ€œthere is a kingโ€ or โ€œa king isโ€

ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”Surely the Lord is in this place (Gen 28:16).

may also be used to express possession when followed ื™ืฉ

by the preposition ืœ (to).

ื™ืฉโ€“ืœื™ ืชืงื•ื”Literally: There is to me hope.

Idiomatically: I have hope (Ruth 1:12).

ื”ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื—Literally: Is there to you a brother?

Idiomatically: Do you have a brother? (Gen 43:7)

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Chapter 21gQal Infinitive Absolute

the particle ืื™ืŸ

Hebrew may express the non-existence or absence of someoneor something by using the particle ื™ืŸ) ืื™ืŸ which translates (ื.either โ€œ(there) is notโ€ or โ€œ(there) are not.โ€

ืื™ืŸโ€“ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจJoseph was not in the cistern (Gen 37:29).

ื•ืื™ืŸโ€“ื“ืขืช ืืœื”ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ(And) there is no knowledge of God in the land (Hos 4:1).

ื ื• can appear with pronominal suffixes as in ืื™ืŸ 3ms) ืื™ื <

or 1cp) and ืื™ื ื (3mp) or it may be used to negate averbless clause or sentences with Participles usedpredicatively.

ืื™ื ื ื™ืจืื™ื ืืชโ€“ื™ื”ื•ื”They do not fear the Lord (2 Kgs 17:34).

ืืžืจ ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืœื”ื™ื(The) fool says in his heart, โ€œThere is no Godโ€ (Ps 53:2

[English 53:1]).

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Chapter 22a-Qal Participleactive strong verb paradigm

The Participle inflects like an adjective, with bothgender and number. It is not inflected for person.The inflection of the Participle should look familiar.

Singular Plural

Masculine ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœื™ื

Feminine ืงื˜.ืœืช ืงื˜ืœื•ืช

Feminine ืงื˜ืœื”

Singular Plural

Masculine ืงื˜ืœื™ื

Feminine ืงื˜.ืœืช ืงื˜ืœื•ืช

Feminine ืงื˜ืœื”

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Chapter 22b-Qal Participlediagnostics

The Holem in the first syllable of all forms is diag-nostic of the Qal active Participle. It may also bewritten as Holem Waw (ืงื•ื˜ืœ). The Holem willnot reduce (undergo propretonic reduction) withthe additional of inflectional endings. The Holem-Tsere vowel pattern is distinctive of the masculinesingular Qal active Participle.

Qal Active ParticipleStrong Verb

ืงื˜ืœ

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Chapter 22c-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 1

I-Guttural I-ื Singular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. ืขืžื“ ืขืžื“ื™ื ื ืคืœ ื ืคืœื™ื

Fem. ืขืž.ื“ืช ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื ืค.ืœืช ื ืคืœื•ืช

Fem. ืขืžื“ื” ื ืคืœื”

I-ื™ GeminateSingular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื‘ื™ื

Fem. ื™ืฉ.ื‘ืช ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘.ื‘ืช ืกื‘ื‘ื•ืช

Fem. ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืกื‘ื‘ื”

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Chapter 22d-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 2

II-Guttural III-ืข/ื—Singular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžืข ืฉืžืขื™ื

Fem. ื‘ื—.ืจืช ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืž.ืขืช ืฉืžืขื•ืช

Fem. ื‘ื—ืจื” ืฉืžืขื”

III-ืSingular Plural

Masc. ืžืฆื ืžืฆืื™ื

Fem. ืžืฆ.ืืช ืžืฆืื•ืช

Fem. ืžืฆืื”

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Chapter 22e-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 3

III-ื” BiconsonantalSingular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ื ืงื ืงืžื™ื

Fem. ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืช ืงืžื” ืงืžื•ืช

Fem. ื‘ื ื™ื”

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Chapter 22f-Qal Participleuse of the qal active participle

Participles function just like adjectives.

1. Attributive Use. The Participle directly modifies a noun. Themodifying Participle will follow the noun and agree in gender,number and definiteness.

ื”ืขื ื”ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ the people who dwell (who aredwelling) in the land (Num13:28)

ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืœื”ื™ืš ืืฉ ืื›ืœื” Yahweh your God is a consumingfire (Deut 4:24).

2. Predicative Use. The Participle asserts something about the noun(with a form of the verb โ€œto beโ€). The modifying Participle willagree with the noun in gender and number but not definiteness.

ื”ื”ืจ ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉ The mountain was burning withfire (Deut 4:11).

ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ And Samuel was lying downin (the) temple (1 Sam 3:3).

3. Substantive Use. The Participle is used independently as a noun,indicating the โ€œone whoโ€ performs a certain action. It may functionas the subject or object of a verb; take a definite article; appear in aconstruct chain; or take pronominal suffixes and prepositionalprefixes.

ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื’ื ื™ื you who dwell in the gardens(Song 8:13)

ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ and the one who keeps Israelwill not sleep (Ps 121:4)

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Chapter 22g-Qal Participlepassive participle paradigm

The passive Participle inflects like an adjective,with both gender and number. It is not inflectedfor person.

Singular Plural

Masculine ืงื˜ื•ืœ ืงื˜ื•ืœื™ื

Feminine ืงื˜ื•ืœื” ืงื˜ื•ืœื•ืช

Singular Plural

Masculine ืงื˜ืœื™ื

Feminine ื‘ื” ืงื˜. ืงื˜ืœื•ืช

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Chapter 22h-Qal Participlepassive participle diagnostics

The diagnostic feature of the Qal passive Participleis the Qamets-Shureq vowel pattern. It may alsobe spelled defectively with Qibbuts as in ืงื˜ืœ.

Qal Passive ParticipleStrong Verb

ืงื˜ื•ืœ

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Chapter 22i-Qal Participleweak verbs

ืขื–ื•ื‘ abandoned ืคืชื•ื— opened

ืฉื ื•ื hated ื™ื“ื•ืข known

ืฉืื•ืœ asked ื ื˜ื•ืข planted

ืฉื—ื•ื˜ slaughtered ืืจื•ืจ cursed

ืื›ื•ืœ eaten ื™ืขื•ืฅ advised

III-ื”Singular Plural

Masculine ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื

Feminine ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช

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Chapter 22j-Qal Participleuse of the qal passive participle

Participles function just like adjectives.

1. Attributive Use. The passive Participle follows the noun it modifiesand agrees in gender, number and definiteness.

ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ the covenant written in this book

ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื” of the law (Deut 29:20)

ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืชโ€“ื›ืœโ€“ื”ื—ื•ืžื” (And) he (re)built all of the broken

ื”ืคืจื•ืฆื” wall (2 Chr 32:5).

2. Predicative Use. The passive Participle either precedes or followsthe noun it modifies and agrees in gender and number only (notdefiniteness).

ื‘ืจื•ืš ื™ื”ื•ื” ืœืขื•ืœื Blessed is Yahweh forever (Ps 89:53).

ืืจื•ืจื” ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจืš Cursed is the ground because of you(Gen 3:17).

3. Substantive Use. Passive Participles can be used independently asnouns, indicating the โ€œone whoโ€ performs a certain action. Whena Participle is used substantively, it behaves just like a noun.

ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื™ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ And the one equipped (for battle)

ืืจื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื” will pass before the ark of Yahweh

(Josh 6:7).

ื•ืชื—ืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืคืœื• And they will fall among the slain ones(Isa 10:4).

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Chapter 22k-Qal Participleparsing

Like a verb, the Participle has stem and voice.Like an adjective, it is inflected for gender andnumber. When parsing you will be required toidentify stem, conjugation (with voice), gender,number and lexical form.

ื™ืฉื‘ Qal Active Participle ms ื™ืฉื‘

ื‘ืจื•ืš Qal Passive Participle ms ื‘ืจืš

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Chapter 23a-Sentence Syntaxnormal word order

In Hebrew, normal word order for a verbalsentence is verb-subject-object (vso)

ื•ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืืœื”ื™ื ืืชโ€“ื ื—(And) God remembered Noah (Gen 8:1).

ื•ื™ื—ืœื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ืœื•ื(And) Joseph dreamed a dream (Gen 37:5).

ื•ื™ืงืจื ืžืฉื” ืืœโ€“ื›ืœโ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœ(And) Moses called to all Israel (Ex 24:16).

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vso

vso

vso

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Chapter 23b-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the verb

In the syntax of the verbal sentence, the verb isnormally at the beginning, in first position.

ืžืœืšโ€“ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ืื•ื™ืงื(And) a new king arose over Egypt (Ex 1:8).

ื‘ื—ืกื“โ€“ืืœื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื™I trust in the steadfast love of God forever and ever

(Ps 52:10 [English 52:8]).

ืœื™ื”ื•ื” ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉืฉื™ืจื•Sing to Yahweh a new song (Ps 96:1).

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Chapter 23c-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the verb

The verb may also be preceded by an adverb of time, an adverbial phrase,an expression that provides ,(ื•ื”ื™ื” or ื•ื™ื”ื™) a temporal modifier ,(behold) ื”ื ื”context or circumstantial information, an independent personal pronounfor emphasis or a negative particle.

ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™โ€“ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื” ืžื›ืœโ€“ื”ืืœื”ื™ืืขืชื”Now I know that Yahweh is greater

than all gods (Ex 18:11).

ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจโ€“ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืœโ€“ืื‘ืจืืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”After these things, the word of Yahweh

came (was) to Abram (Gen 15:1).

ื ืคืœื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืจื‘ื•ื”ื ื”And behold, our fathers have fallen

by the sword (2 Chr 29:9).

ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื•ื™ืงื ืงื™ืŸ ืืœโ€“ื”ื‘ืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื™ื”ืจื’ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”ื™When they were in the field, Cain rose up against Abel his brother and he killed him (Gen 4:8).

ืชื‘ื˜ื—ื• ืœื›ื ืืœโ€“ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืงืจืืœโ€“Do not trust in deceptive words (Jer 7:4).

ืชื”ื™ื•โ€“ืœื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ืื•ืืชืAnd you will be to me a kingdom

of priests (Ex 19:6).

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Chapter 23d-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the subject

In the syntax of the verbal sentence, the verb isnormally followed immediately by its subject ifone is specified.

ืืœโ€“ื”ืืฉื”ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื™ืืžืจ The serpent said to the woman (Gen 3:4).

ืขืœโ€“ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื‘ื•ื“โ€“ื™ื”ื•ื”ื•ื™ืฉื›ืŸ The glory of Yahweh dwelt upon Mount Sinai

(Ex 24:16).

The verb may be preceded by its subject toemphasize that subject, though there are otherreasons for this type of variation.

ื™ืžืœืš ืœืขืœื ื•ืขื“ื™ื”ื•ื”Yahweh will reign forever and ever (Ex 15:18).

ืขืœื” ืืœโ€“ื”ืืœื”ื™ืืžืฉื”ื• And Moses went up to God (Ex 19:3).

ืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื”ื ื—ื• And Noah found favor in the

eyes of Yahweh (Gen 6:8).

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Chapter 23e-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the object

1. The indirect object is usually marked with the prepositionand may precede or follow the (to, for) ืืœโ€“ or (to, for) ืœdirect object (if any).

ืืชโ€“ื”ืืจืฅืœื›ืื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™โ€“ื ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื” I know that Yahweh has given to you the land

(Josh 2:9).

2. A direct object (if any) will frequently stand after theverb or its subject. It may precede or follow an indirectobject.

ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืืชื”ืฉืžื™ืื‘ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ืืช God created the heavens and

the earth (Gen 1:1).

3. The verb may be preceded by its object to emphasizethat object, though there are other reasons for this syntax.

ืืœื”ื™ืš ืชื™ืจืื™ื”ื•ื”ืืชโ€“Yahweh your God you shall fear (Deut 10:20).

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Chapter 23f-Sentence Syntaxconditional sentences

A conditional sentence consists of two clauses. Thefirst clause states the condition and is called the protasis(โ€œif-clauseโ€). The second clause states the consequenceof the condition and is called the apodosis (โ€œthen-clauseโ€). The protasis will often begin with ืื (if) butit may also begin with ื”ืŸ ,ื›ื™ or ืืฉืจ followed by aPerfect, Imperfect or Participle.

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืจืงื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื•โ€“ืชืœื›ื™ ืขืžื™ืื

โ€“ืœื ืชืœื›ื™ ืขืžื™ ืœื ืืœืšืืื•

Barak said to her, โ€œIf you will go with me, then I willgo; but if you will not go with me, (then) I will not goโ€

(Judg 4:8).

Condition (Protasis) Consequence (Apodosis)โ€œif (ืื) you will goโ€ โ€œthen I will goโ€

โ€œbut if (ืื) you will not goโ€ โ€œ(then) I will not goโ€

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Chapter 23g-Sentence Syntaxadverbs

Adverbs are generally divided into four categories:adverbs of time (then, now), place (here, there), degree(very, extremely) and manner (swiftly, gently).

1. Adverbs of Time.ืขืชื” (now)

ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™โ€“ื™ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ืืชื”ืขืชื”Now I know that you fear God (Gen 22:12).

2. Adverbs of Place.ืฉื (there)

ืืชโ€“ื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจืฉืื•ื™ืฉื And he placed there the man whom he hadformed (Gen 2:8).

3. Adverbs of Degree.ืชืžื™ื“ (continually)

ืืœโ€“ื™ื”ื•ื”ืชืžื™ื“ืขื™ื ื™ My eyes are continually on the Lord (Ps 25:15).

4. Adverbs of Manner.ืคืชืื (suddenly)

ืคืชืืื•ื™ื‘ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข And Joshua came upon them suddenly(Josh 10:9).

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Chapter 23h-Sentence Syntaxdisjunctive waw

A disjunctive Waw is prefixed to a non-verbal form and is non-sequential, that is, it introduces some kind of break or interruption inthe narrative. There are four basic uses.

1. Parenthetical. The disjunctive clause may interrupt the narrativeflow in order to provide some explanatory information.

ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ืฉืžืข ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ื ืชืื•Now they did not know that Joseph was understanding thembecause there was an interpreter between them (Gen 42:23).

2. Circumstantial. The disjunctive clause may introduce or identifycircumstantial information that relates to the main action of thenarrative.

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื™ื‘ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ืชื•ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•

(And) one day, he went into the house to do his work and none ofthe household servants were there in the house (Gen 39:11).

3. Contrastive. The disjunctive Waw may introduce a contrastive ideaand is often translated as โ€œbut.โ€

ื•ื™ืฉืข ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืœโ€“ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ืืœโ€“ืžื ื—ืชื•ืืœโ€“ืงื™ืŸ ื•ืืœโ€“ืžื ื—ืชื• ืœื ืฉืขื”ื•

The Lord looked favorably on Abel and his offering but on Cainand his offering he did not look favorably (Gen 4:4b-5a).

4. Introductory. The disjunctive Waw may begin a new narrative orintroduce a new idea or theme within a narrative.

ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืขืจื•ื ืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ื”ื•ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืœื”ื™ื

Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the creatures that theLord God had made (Gen 3:1).

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Chapter 24a-Niphal Strongperfect

Niphal PerfectStrong Verb

ื ืงื˜ืœ

Qal Niphal Translation

3ms ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ he was killed

3fs ื˜ืœื” ืง, ื ืงื˜ืœื” she was killed

2ms ืงื˜.ืœืช ื ืงื˜.ืœืช you were killed

2fs ืงื˜ืœืช ื ืงื˜ืœืช you were killed

1cs ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ื ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ I was killed

3cp ื˜ืœื• ืง, ื ืงื˜ืœื• they were killed

2mp ืงื˜ืœืชื ื ืงื˜ืœืชื you were killed

2fp ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ื ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ you were killed

1cp ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ื ืงื˜.ืœื ื• we were killed

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Chapter 24b-Niphal Strongimperfect

Niphal ImperfectStrong Verb

ื™ืงื˜ืœQal Niphal Translation

3ms ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ he will be killed

3fs ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ she will be killed

2ms ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ you will be killed

2fs ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืชืง,ื˜ืœื™ you will be killed

1cs ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ I will be killed

3mp ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืง,ื˜ืœื• they will be killed

3fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” they will be killed

2mp ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืชืง,ื˜ืœื• you will be killed

2fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” you will be killed

1cp ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ we will be killed

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Chapter 24c-Niphal Strongimperative

Niphal ImperativeStrong Verb

ื”ืงื˜ืœQal Niphal Translation

2ms ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ be killed!

2fs ืงื˜ืœื™ ื”ืง,ื˜ืœื™ be killed!

2mp ืงื˜ืœื• ื”ืง,ื˜ืœื• be killed!

2fp ืงื˜.ืœื ื” ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื” be killed!

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Chapter 24d-Niphal Stronginfinitive

Niphal InfinitiveConstruct

ื”ืงื˜ืœ

Niphal InfinitiveAbsolute

ื ืงื˜ื•ืœื”ืงื˜ื•ืœ

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Chapter 24e-Niphal Strongparticiple

Niphal ParticipleStrong Verb

ื ืงื˜ืœQal Niphal Translation

ms ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ being killed

fs ืงื˜.ืœืช ื ืงื˜.ืœืช being killed

mp ืงื˜ืœื™ื ื ืงื˜ืœื™ื being killed

fp ืงื˜ืœื•ืช ื ืงื˜ืœื•ืช being killed

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Chapter 24f-Niphal Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

ื ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ื•ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœื”ืงื˜ื•ืœ

ื ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ื•ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœื ืงื˜ืœื” ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืง,ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืœ ื ืงื˜.ืœืชื ืงื˜.ืœืช ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืง,ื˜ืœื• ื ืงื˜ืœื™ื

ื ืงื˜ืœืช ืชืง,ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื” ื ืงื˜ืœื•ืช

ื ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืืงื˜ืœ

ื ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืง,ื˜ืœื•ื ืงื˜ืœืชื ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”ื ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ืชืง,ื˜ืœื•ื ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

ื ืงื˜ืœ

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Chapter 25 - Niphal Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ื ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ื•ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœื”ืงื˜ื•ืœ

I-Gutt ื ืขื–ื‘ ื™ืขื–ื‘ ื”ืขื–ื‘ ื”ืขื–ื‘ ื ืขื–ื•ื‘ ื ืขื–ื‘ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘

III-ื ื ืžืฆื ืฆื ื™ืž ืฆื ื”ืž ืฆื ื”ืž ื ืžืฆื•ื ื ืžืฆื

III-ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื ื‘ื ื” ื ื‘ื ื”ื ื‘ื <ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ื”

I-ื  ื ืฆืœ ื™ื ืฆืœ ื”ื ืฆืœ ื”ื ืฆืœ ื”ื ืฆืœ ื ืฆืœื ืฆื•ืœ

I-ื™ ื ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื ื•ืฉื‘

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Chapter 26a-Piel Strongperfect

Piel PerfectStrong Verb

ืงื˜ืœ

Qal Piel Translation

3ms ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ he slaughtered

3fs ื˜ืœื” ืง, ืงื˜ืœื” she slaughtered

2ms ืงื˜.ืœืช ืงื˜.ืœืช you slaughtered

2fs ืงื˜ืœืช ืงื˜ืœืช you slaughtered

1cs ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ I slaughtered

3cp ื˜ืœื• ืง, ืงื˜ืœื• they slaughtered

2mp ืงื˜ืœืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื you slaughtered

2fp ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ you slaughtered

1cp ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ืงื˜.ืœื ื• we slaughtered

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Chapter 26b-Piel Strongimperfect

Piel ImperfectStrong Verb

ื™ืงื˜ืœQal Piel Translation

3ms ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ he will slaughter

3fs ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ she will slaughter

2ms ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ you will slaughter

2fs ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™ you will slaughter

1cs ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ I will slaughter

3mp ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื• they will slaughter

3fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” they will slaughter

2mp ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืชืงื˜ืœื• you will slaughter

2fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” you will slaughter

1cp ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ we will slaughter

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Chapter 26c-Piel Strongimperative

Piel ImperativeStrong Verb

ืงื˜ืœQal Piel Translation

2ms ืชืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ (you) slaughter!

2fs ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืงื˜ืœื™ (you) slaughter!

2mp ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืงื˜ืœื• (you) slaughter!

2fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืงื˜.ืœื ื” (you) slaughter!

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 26d-Piel Stronginfinitive

Piel InfinitiveConstruct

ืงื˜ืœ

Piel InfinitiveAbsolute

ืงื˜ืœ

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Chapter 26e-Piel Strongparticiple

Piel ParticipleStrong Verb

ืžืงื˜ืœQal Piel Translation

ms ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ slaughtering

fs ืงื˜.ืœืช ืžืงื˜.ืœืช slaughtering

mp ืงื˜ืœื™ื ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื slaughtering

fp ืงื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช slaughtering

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Chapter 26f-Piel Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœืงื˜ืœื” ืชืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœื™ ืžืงื˜.ืœืชืงื˜.ืœืช ืชืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœื• ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื

ืงื˜ืœืช ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช

ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืืงื˜ืœ

ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

ืงื˜ืœืชื ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ืชืงื˜ืœื•

ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”ื ืงื˜ืœ

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Chapter 27 - Piel Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

III-ืข/ื— ืฉืœื— ื™ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื— ืžืฉืœื—

III-ื ื ืžืฆ ื ื™ืžืฆ ื ืžืฆ ื ืžืฆ ื ืžืฆ ื ืžืžืฆื ืžืฆ

III-ื” ื’ืœื”1 ื™ื’ืœื” ื’ืœื” ื’ืœื•ืช ื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื”ื™ืช ื’ืœ.

Geminate ื”ืœืœ ื™ื”ืœืœ ื”ืœืœ ื”ืœืœ ื”ืœืœ ืžื”ืœืœ

II-Gutt2 ื ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื ื ื—ื ื ื—ื ื ื—ื ืžื ื—ื

1 3ms only2 virtual doubling3 compensatory lengthening

II-Gutt3 ื‘ืจืš ื™ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจืš ืžื‘ืจืš

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Chapter 28a-Pual Strongperfect

Pual PerfectStrong Verb

ืงื˜ืœ

Qal Pual Translation

3ms ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ he slaughtered

3fs ืงื˜ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื” she slaughtered

2ms ืงื˜.ืœืช ืงื˜.ืœืช you slaughtered

2fs ืงื˜ืœืช ืงื˜ืœืช you slaughtered

1cs ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ I slaughtered

3cp ืงื˜ืœื• ืงื˜ืœื• they slaughtered

2mp ืงื˜ืœืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื you slaughtered

2fp ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ you slaughtered

1cp ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ืงื˜.ืœื ื• we slaughtered

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Chapter 28b-Pual Strongimperfect

Pual ImperfectStrong Verb

ื™ืงื˜ืœQal Pual Translation

3ms ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ he will slaughter

3fs ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ she will slaughter

2ms ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ you will slaughter

2fs ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™ you will slaughter

1cs ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ I will slaughter

3mp ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื• they will slaughter

3fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” they will slaughter

2mp ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืชืงื˜ืœื• you will slaughter

2fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” you will slaughter

1cp ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ we will slaughter

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 28c-Pual Strongparticiple

Pual ParticipleStrong Verb

ืžืงื˜ืœQal Pual Translation

ms ืžืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ slaughtering

fs ืžืงื˜.ืœืช ืžืงื˜.ืœืช slaughtering

mp ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื slaughtering

fp ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช slaughtering

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Chapter 28d-Pual Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Participle

ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

ืงื˜ืœื” ืชืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜.ืœืชืงื˜.ืœืช ืชืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื

ืงื˜ืœืช ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช

ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืืงื˜ืœ

ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

ืงื˜ืœืชื ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ืชืงื˜ืœื•

ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”ื ืงื˜ืœ

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Chapter 29 - Pual Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Participle

Strong ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืž

III-ื ืžืฆื ื™ืžืฆื ื ืžืžืฆ

III-ื” ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื”ื™ืช ื’ืœ.

II-Gutt1 ื ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื ืžื ื—ื

II-Gutt2 ื‘ืจืš ื™ื‘ืจืš ืžื‘ืจืš

1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening

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Chapter 30a-Hiphil Strongperfect

Hiphil PerfectStrong Verb

ืœืช or ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜.

Qal Hiphil Translation

3ms ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ he caused to kill

3fs ื˜ืœื” ืง, ื™ืœื” ื”ืงื˜. she caused to kill

2ms ืงื˜.ืœืช ื”ืงื˜.ืœืช you caused to kill

2fs ืงื˜ืœืช ื”ืงื˜ืœืช you caused to kill

1cs ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ื”ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ I caused to kill

3cp ื˜ืœื• ืง, ื™ืœื• ื”ืงื˜. they caused to kill

2mp ืงื˜ืœืชื ื”ืงื˜ืœืชื you caused to kill

2fp ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ you caused to kill

1cp ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื• we caused to kill

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Chapter 30b-Hiphil Strongimperfect

Hiphil ImperfectStrong Verb

ื™ืงื˜ื™ืœQal Hiphil Translation

3ms ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ื™ืœ he will cause to kill

3fs ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ื™ืœ she will cause to kill

2ms ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ื™ืœ you will cause to kill

2fs ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ื™ืœื™ ืชืงื˜. you will cause to kill

1cs ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ื™ืœ I will cause to kill

3mp ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืœื• ื™ืงื˜. they will cause to kill

3fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” they will cause to kill

2mp ืชืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืœื• ืชืงื˜. you will cause to kill

2fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” you will cause to kill

1cp ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ื™ืœ we will cause to kill

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Chapter 30c-Hiphil Strongimperative

Hiphil ImperativeStrong Verb

ื™ืœื™ or ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜.

Qal Hiphil Translation

2ms ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ cause to kill!

2fs ืงื˜ืœื™ ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜. cause to kill!

2mp ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืœื• ื”ืงื˜. cause to kill!

2fp ืงื˜.ืœื ื” ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื” cause to kill!

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Chapter 30d-Hiphil Stronginfinitive

Hiphil InfinitiveConstruct

ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ

Hiphil InfinitiveAbsolute

ื”ืงื˜ืœ

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Chapter 30e-Hiphil Strongparticiple

Hiphil ParticipleStrong Verb

ืžืงื˜ื™ืœQal Hiphil Translation

ms ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ื™ืœ causing to kill

fs ืงื˜.ืœืช ืžืงื˜.ืœืช causing to kill

mp ืงื˜ืœื™ื ืžืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื causing to kill

fp ืงื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืงื˜ื™ืœื•ืช causing to kill

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Chapter 30f-Hiphil Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื™ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ื™ืœื”ืงื˜.ืœืช ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜.

ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื™ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ื™ืœ

ื”ืงื˜.ื™ืœื” ืชืงื˜ื™ืœ ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜. ืœืช ืžืงื˜.ื”ืงื˜.ืœืช ืชืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜.ื™ืœื• ืžืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื

ื”ืงื˜ืœืช ื™ืœื™ ืชืงื˜. ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืžืงื˜ื™ืœื•ืช

ื”ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืืงื˜ื™ืœ

ื”ืงื˜.ื™ืœื• ื™ืงื˜.ื™ืœื•ื”ืงื˜ืœืชื ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”ื”ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ืชืงื˜.ื™ืœื•ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

ื ืงื˜ื™ืœ

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Chapter 31 - Hiphil Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื™ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ื™ืœื”ืงื˜.ืœืช ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜.

I-Gutt ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ื”ืขืžื“ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื”ืขืžื“ ืžืขืžื™ื“ื”ืขืž.ื“ืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืž.

III-ืข/ื— ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื™ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืฉืœื— ืžืฉืœื™ื—ื”ืฉืœ.ื—ืช ื™ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืœ.

III-ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื™ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฆื ืžืžืฆื™ืื”ืžืฆ.ืืช ื™ืื™ ื”ืžืฆ.

III-ื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื”ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœ.

I-ื  ื™ืœ ื”ืฆ ื™ืœ ื™ืฆ ื”ืฆืœ ื™ืœ ื”ืฆ ื”ืฆืœ ื™ืœ ืžืฆ.ืœืช ื”ืฆ ื™ืœื™ . ื”ืฆ

I-ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื•ืฉ.ื‘ืช ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืฉ.

Bicon ื”ืงื™ื ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืงื ืžืงื™ืื”ืงื™ืž.ื•ืช ื”ืง.ื™ืžื™

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Chapter 32a-Hophal Strongperfect

Hophal PerfectStrong Verb

ื”ืงื˜ืœ or ื”ืงื˜ืœHophal Hophalu-class o-class

3ms ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ

3fs ื”ืงื˜ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ืœื”

2ms ื”ืงื˜.ืœืช ื”ืงื˜.ืœืช

2fs ื”ืงื˜ืœืช ื”ืงื˜ืœืช

1cs ื”ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ื”ืงื˜.ืœืชื™

3cp ื”ืงื˜ืœื• ื”ืงื˜ืœื•

2mp ื”ืงื˜ืœืชื ื”ืงื˜ืœืชื

2fp ื”ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ

1cp ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื•

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Chapter 32b-Hophal Strongimperfect

Hophal ImperfectStrong Verb

ื™ืงื˜ืœ or ื™ืงื˜ืœHophal Hophalu-class o-class

3ms ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ3fs ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ2ms ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ2fs ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™1cs ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ3mp ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•3fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”2mp ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืชืงื˜ืœื•2fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”1cp ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 32c-Hophal Strongparticiple

Hophal ParticipleStrong Verb

ืžืงื˜ืœ or ืžืงื˜ืœ

Hophal Hophalu-class o-class

ms ืžืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

fs ืžืงื˜.ืœืช ืžืงื˜.ืœืช

mp ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื

fp ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 32d-Hophal Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Participleu-class o-class u-class o-class u-class o-class

ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

ื”ืงื˜ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ืœื” ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜.ืœืช ืžืงื˜.ืœืช

ื”ืงื˜.ืœืช ื”ืงื˜.ืœืช ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื

ื”ืงื˜ืœืช ื”ืงื˜ืœืช ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช

ื”ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ื”ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ

ื”ืงื˜ืœื• ื”ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื•

ื”ืงื˜ืœืชื ื”ืงื˜ืœืชื ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

ื”ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืชืงื˜ืœื•

ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ

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Chapter 33 - Hophal Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Participle

Strong (u) ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

Strong (o) ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

I-Gutt ื”ืขืžื“ ื™ืขืžื“ ืžืขืžื“

III-ื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื”

I-ื  ื”ืฆืœ ื™ืฆืœ ืžืฆืœ

I-ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืฉื‘

Bicon ื”ื•ืงื ื™ื•ืงื ืžื•ืงื

Geminate ื”ื•ืกื‘ ื™ื•ืกื‘ ืžื•ืกื‘

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 33 - Hophal Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Participle

Strong (u) ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

Strong (o) ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

I-Gutt ื”ืขืžื“ ื™ืขืžื“ ืžืขืžื“

III-ื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื”

I-ื  ื”ืฆืœ ื™ืฆืœ ืžืฆืœ

I-ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืฉื‘

Bicon ื”ื•ืงื ื™ื•ืงื ืžื•ืงื

Geminate ื”ื•ืกื‘ ื™ื•ืกื‘ ืžื•ืกื‘

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 34a-Hithpael Strongperfect

Hithpael PerfectStrong Verb

ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ

Qal Hithpael Translation

3ms ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ he killed himself

3fs ื˜ืœื” ืง, ื”ืชืงื˜ืœื” she killed herself

2ms ืงื˜.ืœืช ืœืช ื”ืชืงื˜. you killed yourself

2fs ืงื˜ืœืช ื”ืชืงื˜ืœืช you killed yourself

1cs ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืœืชื™ ื”ืชืงื˜. I killed myself

3cp ื˜ืœื• ืง, ื”ืชืงื˜ืœื• they killed themselves

2mp ืงื˜ืœืชื ื”ืชืงื˜ืœืชื you killed yourselves

2fp ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœืชืŸ you killed yourselves

1cp ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ื”ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื• we killed ourselves

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 34b-Hithpael Strongimperfect

Hithpael ImperfectStrong Verb

ื™ืชืงื˜ืœ

Qal Hithpael Translation

3ms ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืชืงื˜ืœ he will kill himself

3fs ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืชืงื˜ืœ she will kill herself

2ms ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืชืงื˜ืœ you will kill yourself

2fs ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืชืชืงื˜ืœื™ you will kill yourself

1cs ืืงื˜ืœ ืืชืงื˜ืœ I will kill myself

3mp ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืชืงื˜ืœื• they will kill themselves

3fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืชืงื˜. they will kill themselves

2mp ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืชืชืงื˜ืœื• you will kill yourselves

2fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืชืงื˜. you will kill yourselves

1cp ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืชืงื˜ืœ we will kill ourselves

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 34c-Hithpael Strongimperative

Hithpael ImperativeStrong Verb

ื”ืชืงื˜ืœQal Hithpael Translation

2ms ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ kill yourself!

2fs ืงื˜ืœื™ ืœื™ ื”ืชืงื˜ kill yourself!

2mp ืงื˜ืœื• ืœื• ื”ืชืงื˜ kill yourselves!

2fp ืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ื”ืชืงื˜. kill yourselves!

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 34d-Hithpael Stronginfinitive

Hithpael InfinitiveConstruct

ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ

Hithpael InfinitiveAbsolute

ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Chapter 34e-Hithpael Strongparticiple

Hithpael ParticipleStrong Verb

ืžืชืงื˜ืœQal Hithpael

ms ืงื˜ืœ ืžืชืงื˜ืœ

fs ืงื˜.ืœืช ืœืช ืžืชืงื˜.

mp ืงื˜ืœื™ื ืœื™ื ืžืชืงื˜

fp ืงื˜ืœื•ืช ืœื•ืช ืžืชืงื˜

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Chapter 34f-Hithpael Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื™ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ืžืชืงื˜ืœ

ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื™ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ืžืชืงื˜ืœ

ื”ืชืงื˜ืœื” ืชืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืžืชืงื˜.ืœืช

ื”ืชืงื˜.ืœืช ืชืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืžืชืงื˜ืœื™ื

ื”ืชืงื˜ืœืช ืชืชืงื˜ืœื™ ื”ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืžืชืงื˜ืœื•ืช

ื”ืชืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืืชืงื˜ืœ

ื”ืชืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืชืงื˜ืœื•

ื”ืชืงื˜ืœืชื ืชืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

ื”ืชืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ืชืชืงื˜ืœื•

ื”ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื• ืชืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

ื ืชืงื˜ืœ

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Chapter 35 - Hithpael Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื™ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ืžืชืงื˜ืœ

Gemin ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื™ืชืคืœืœ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืชืคืœืœ

III-ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื™ืชื’ืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžืชื’ืœื”

II-Gutt1 ื ื—ื ื”ืช ื ื—ื ื™ืช ื ื—ื ื”ืช ื ื—ื ื”ืช ื ื—ื ืžืช

1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening

II-Gutt2 ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ืžืชื‘ืจืš

Basics of Biblical Hebrewยฉ Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Peltื

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Strong Verb Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Qal ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ื•ืœ ืงื˜ืœ

Niphal ื ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ื•ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœื”ืงื˜ื•ืœ

Piel ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

Pual ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ื™ ืงื˜ืœ ืž

Hiphil ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื™ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ื™ืœื”ืงื˜.ืœืช ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜.

Hophal ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœื”ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

Hithpael ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื™ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ืžืชืงื˜ืœ

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Niphal Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ื ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ื•ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœื”ืงื˜ื•ืœ

I-Gutt ื ืขื–ื‘ ื™ืขื–ื‘ ื”ืขื–ื‘ ื”ืขื–ื‘ ื ืขื–ื•ื‘ ื ืขื–ื‘ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘

III-ื ื ืžืฆื ืฆื ื™ืž ืฆื ื”ืž ืฆื ื”ืž ื ืžืฆื•ื ื ืžืฆื

III-ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื ื‘ื ื” ื ื‘ื ื”ื ื‘ื <ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ื”

I-ื  ื ืฆืœ ื™ื ืฆืœ ื”ื ืฆืœ ื”ื ืฆืœ ื”ื ืฆืœ ื ืฆืœื ืฆื•ืœ

I-ื™ ื ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื ื•ืฉื‘

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Piel Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

III-ืข/ื— ืฉืœื— ื™ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื— ืžืฉืœื—

III-ื ื ืžืฆ ื ื™ืžืฆ ื ืžืฆ ื ืžืฆ ื ืžืฆ ื ืžืžืฆื ืžืฆ

III-ื”ื’ืœื”1 ื™ื’ืœื” ื’ืœื” ื’ืœื•ืช ื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื”ื™ืช ื’ืœ.

Geminate ื”ืœืœ ื™ื”ืœืœ ื”ืœืœ ื”ืœืœ ื”ืœืœ ืžื”ืœืœ

II-Gutt2 ื ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื ื ื—ื ื ื—ื ื ื—ื ืžื ื—ื

1 3ms only2 virtual doubling3 compensatory lengthening

II-Gutt3 ื‘ืจืš ื™ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจืš ืžื‘ืจืš

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Pual Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Participle

Strong ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืž

III-ื ืžืฆื ื™ืžืฆื ื ืžืžืฆ

III-ื” ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื”ื™ืช ื’ืœ.

II-Gutt1 ื ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื ืžื ื—ื

II-Gutt2 ื‘ืจืš ื™ื‘ืจืš ืžื‘ืจืš

1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening

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Hiphil Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื™ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ื™ืœื”ืงื˜.ืœืช ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜.

I-Gutt ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ื”ืขืžื“ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื”ืขืžื“ ืžืขืžื™ื“ื”ืขืž.ื“ืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืž.

III-ืข/ื— ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื™ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืฉืœื— ืžืฉืœื™ื—ื”ืฉืœ.ื—ืช ื™ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืœ.

III-ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื™ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฆื ืžืžืฆื™ืื”ืžืฆ.ืืช ื™ืื™ ื”ืžืฆ.

III-ื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื”ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœ.

I-ื  ื™ืœ ื”ืฆ ื™ืœ ื™ืฆ ื”ืฆืœ ื™ืœ ื”ืฆ ื”ืฆืœ ื™ืœ ืžืฆ.ืœืช ื”ืฆ ื™ืœื™ . ื”ืฆ

I-ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื•ืฉ.ื‘ืช ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืฉ.

Bicon ื”ืงื™ื ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืงื ืžืงื™ืื”ืงื™ืž.ื•ืช ื”ืง.ื™ืžื™

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Hophal Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Participle

Strong (u) ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

Strong (o) ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ

I-Gutt ื”ืขืžื“ ื™ืขืžื“ ืžืขืžื“

III-ื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื”

I-ื  ื”ืฆืœ ื™ืฆืœ ืžืฆืœ

I-ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืฉื‘

Bicon ื”ื•ืงื ื™ื•ืงื ืžื•ืงื

Geminate ื”ื•ืกื‘ ื™ื•ืกื‘ ืžื•ืกื‘

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Hithpael Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื™ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ ืžืชืงื˜ืœ

Gemin ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื™ืชืคืœืœ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืชืคืœืœ

III-ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื™ืชื’ืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžืชื’ืœื”

II-Gutt1 ื ื—ื ื”ืช ื ื—ื ื™ืช ื ื—ื ื”ืช ื ื—ื ื”ืช ื ื—ื ืžืช

1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening

II-Gutt2 ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ืžืชื‘ืจืš

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Summary of Endings on III-ื” VerbsQal and Derived Stems

Ending Qal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael

Perfect ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื’ืœื” ื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื”

Imperfect ื‘ื” ื™ื‘ื ื” ื™ื‘ื ื” ื™ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ื™ืชื’ืœื”

Imperative ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื” ื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื”

Inf Construct ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช

Participle ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื” ืžืชื’ืœื”

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Strong VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal (1) Hophal (2) Hithpael

Perfect 3ms ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ3fs ื˜ืœื” ืง, ื ืงื˜ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื” ื”ืงื˜.ื™ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ืœื” ื”ืชืงื˜ืœื”2ms ืงื˜.ืœืช ื ืงื˜.ืœืช ืงื˜.ืœืช ืงื˜.ืœืช ื”ืงื˜.ืœืช ื”ืงื˜.ืœืช ื”ืงื˜.ืœืช ื”ืชืงื˜.ืœืช2fs ืงื˜ืœืช ื ืงื˜ืœืช ืงื˜ืœืช ืงื˜ืœืช ื”ืงื˜ืœืช ื”ืงื˜ืœืช ื”ืงื˜ืœืช ื”ืชืงื˜ืœืช1cs ืœืชื™ ืงื˜. ื ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืœืชื™ ืงื˜. ืœืชื™ ืงื˜. ืœืชื™ ื”ืงื˜. ื”ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ื”ืงื˜.ืœืชื™ ืœืชื™ ื”ืชืงื˜.3cp ื˜ืœื• ืง, ื ืงื˜ืœื• ืงื˜ืœื• ืงื˜ืœื• ื”ืงื˜.ื™ืœื• ื”ืงื˜ืœื• ื”ืงื˜ืœื• ื”ืชืงื˜ืœื•2mp ืงื˜ืœืชื ื ืงื˜ืœืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื ืงื˜ืœืชื ื”ืงื˜ืœืชื ื”ืงื˜ืœืชื ื”ืงื˜ืœืชื ื”ืชืงื˜ืœืชื2fp ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ื ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืœืชืŸ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœืชืŸ1cp ืœื ื• ืงื˜. ืœื ื• ื ืงื˜. ืœื ื• ืงื˜. ืœื ื• ืงื˜. ืœื ื• ื”ืงื˜. ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ื”ืงื˜.ืœื ื• ื”ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื•

Imperfect 3ms ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืงื˜ืœ ื™ืชืงื˜ืœ3fs ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ื™ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืชืงื˜ืœ2ms ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ื™ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืงื˜ืœ ืชืชืงื˜ืœ2fs ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ื˜ืœื™ ืชืง, ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืชืงื˜.ื™ืœื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืชืงื˜ืœื™ ืชืชืงื˜ืœื™1cs ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ื™ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ ืืงื˜ืœ ืืชืงื˜ืœ3mp ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื˜ืœื• ื™ืง, ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืงื˜.ื™ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืงื˜ืœื• ื™ืชืงื˜ืœื•3fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜. ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜. ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜. ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืชืงื˜.2mp ืชืงื˜ืœื• ื˜ืœื• ืชืง, ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืชืงื˜.ื™ืœื• ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืชืงื˜ืœื• ืชืชืงื˜ืœื•2fp ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜. ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜. ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืงื˜. ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืชืงื˜.1cp ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ ื ืชืงื˜ืœ

416 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigm

s

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Imperative 2ms ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ2fs ืงื˜ืœื™ ื”ืง,ื˜ืœื™ ืงื˜ืœื™ ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜. ื”ืชืงื˜ืœื™2mp ืงื˜ืœื• ื”ืง,ื˜ืœื• ืงื˜ืœื• ื”ืงื˜.ื™ืœื• ื”ืชืงื˜ืœื•2fp ืงื˜.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ื”ืงื˜. ืœื ื” ืงื˜. ืœื ื” ื”ืงื˜. ื”ืชืงื˜.ืœื ื”

Infinitive

Construct ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœ

Infinitive ืงื˜ื•ืœ ื ืงื˜ื•ืœ ืงื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืชืงื˜ืœAbsolute ื”ืงื˜ื•ืœ ืงื˜ืœ

Active ms ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ื™ืœ ืžืชืงื˜ืœParticiple fs ืงื˜.ืœืช ืœืช ืžืงื˜. .ืœืช ืžืงื˜ ืžืชืงื˜.ืœืช

mp ืงื˜ืœื™ื ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื ืžืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืงื˜ืœื™ืfp ืงื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืงื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชืงื˜ืœื•ืช

Passive ms ืงื˜ื•ืœ ื ืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœ ืžืงื˜ืœParticiple fs ืงื˜ื•ืœื” ื ืงื˜ืœื” ืœืช ืžืงื˜. ืœืช ืžืงื˜. ืžืงื˜.ืœืช

mp ืงื˜ื•ืœื™ื ื ืงื˜ืœื™ื ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื ืžืงื˜ืœื™ื ืžืงื˜ืœื™ืfp ืงื˜ื•ืœื•ืช ื ืงื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืงื˜ืœื•ืช

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I-Guttural VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Niphal Hiphil Hophal

Perfect 3ms ืขืžื“ ื—ื–ืง ื ืขื–ื‘ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื”ืขืžื“3fs ืžื“ื” ืข> ื–ืงื” ื—, ื ืขื–ื‘ื” ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขืž. ื”ืขืžื“ื”2ms ื“ืช ืขืž. ื—ื–<ืงืช ื‘ืช ื ืขื–< ื“ืช ื”ืขืž. ื“ืช ื”ืขืž.2fs ืขืžื“ืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื ืขื–ื‘ืช ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืขืžื“ืช1cs ื“ืชื™ ืขืž. ืงืชื™ ื—ื–< ื ืขื–<ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขืž.ื“ืชื™ ื“ืชื™ ื”ืขืž.3cp ืžื“ื• ืข> ื–ืงื• ื—, ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ื”ืขืž.ื™ื“ื• ื”ืขืžื“ื•2mp ืขืžื“ืชื ื—ื–ืงืชื ื ืขื–ื‘ืชื ื”ืขืžื“ืชื ื”ืขืžื“ืชื2fp ืขืžื“ืชืŸ ื—ื–ืงืชืŸ ื ืขื–ื‘ืชืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืชืŸ1cp ืขืž.ื“ื ื• ืงื ื• ื—ื–. ื‘ื ื• ื ืขื–< ื“ื ื• ื”ืขืž. ื“ื ื• ื”ืขืž.

Imperfect 3ms ื™ืขืžื“ ื™ื—ื–ืง ื™ืขื–ื‘ ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ื™ืขืžื“3fs ืชืขืžื“ ืชื—ื–ืง ืชืขื–ื‘ ืชืขืžื™ื“ ืชืขืžื“2ms ืชืขืžื“ ืชื—ื–ืง ืชืขื–ื‘ ืชืขืžื™ื“ ืชืขืžื“2fs ืชืขืžื“ื™ ืชื—ื–ืงื™ ื–ื‘ื™ ืชืข> ืชืขืž.ื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืžื“ื™1cs ืืขืžื“ ืื—ื–ืง ืืขื–ื‘ ืืขืžื™ื“ ืืขืžื“3mp ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื™ื—ื–ืงื• ื–ื‘ื• ื™ืข> ื™ื“ื• ื™ืขืž. ื™ืขืžื“ื•3fp ืชืขืž.ื“ื ื” ืชื—ื–<ืงื ื” ื‘ื ื” ืชืขื–< ื“ื ื” ืชืขืž. ื“ื ื” ืชืขืž.2mp ืชืขืžื“ื• ืชื—ื–ืงื• ื–ื‘ื• ืชืข> ืชืขืž.ื™ื“ื• ืชืขืžื“ื•2fp ืชืขืž.ื“ื ื” ืชื—ื–<ืงื ื” ื‘ื ื” ืชืขื–< ื“ื ื” ืชืขืž. ื“ื ื” ืชืขืž.1cp ื ืขืžื“ ื ื—ื–ืง ื ืขื–ื‘ ื ืขืžื™ื“ ื ืขืžื“

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Imperative 2ms ืขืžื“ ื—ื–ืง ื”ืขื–ื‘ ื”ืขืžื“2fs ืขืžื“ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ ื–ื‘ื™ ื”ืข> ื”ืขืž.ื™ื“ื™2mp ืขืžื“ื• ื—ื–ืงื• ื–ื‘ื• ื”ืข> ื”ืขืž.ื™ื“ื•2fp ืขืž.ื“ื ื” ืงื ื” ื—ื–< ื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื–< ื”ืขืž.ื“ื ื”

Infinitive ืขืžื“ ื—ื–ืง ื”ืขื–ื‘ ื”ืขืžื™ื“Construct

Infinitive ืขืžื•ื“ ื—ื–ื•ืง ื ืขื–ื•ื‘ ื”ืขืžื“Absolute ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘

Active ms ืขืžื“ ื—ื–ืง ืžืขืžื™ื“Participle fs ื“ืช ืขืž. ืงืช > ื—ื– ืžืขืžื“ืช

mp ืขืžื“ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ืfp ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช

Passive ms ืขืžื•ื“ ื—ื–ื•ืง ื ืขื–ื‘ ืžืขืžื“Participle fs ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื‘ืช ื ืขื–< ื“ืช ืžืขืž.

mp ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืงื™ื ื ืขื–ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืžื“ื™ืfp ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืงื•ืช ื ืขื–ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช

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I-ื VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Qal (2)

Perfect 3ms ืืกืจ ืื›ืœ ืืžืจ3fs ืกืจื” ื> ื›ืœื” ื, ืžืจื” ื,2ms ืจืช . ืืก ืื›.ืœืช ืจืช ืืž.2fs ืืกืจืช ืื›ืœืช ืืžืจืช1cs ืจืชื™ . ืก ื ืื›.ืœืชื™ ืืž.ืจืชื™3cp ืกืจื• ื> ื›ืœื• ื, ืžืจื• ื,2mp ืืกืจืชื ืื›ืœืชื ืืžืจืชื2fp ืืกืจืชืŸ ืื›ืœืชืŸ ืืžืจืชืŸ1cp ืจื ื• . ืืก ืœื ื• ืื›. ืจื ื• ืืž.

Imperfect 3ms ื™ืืกืจ ื™ืื›ืœ ื™ืืžืจ3fs ืชืืกืจ ืชืื›ืœ ืชืืžืจ2ms ืชืืกืจ ืชืื›ืœ ืชืืžืจ2fs ืจื™ ืชืืก ืชืื›ืœื™ ืชืืžืจื™1cs ืืืกืจ ืื›ืœ ืืžืจ3mp ื™ืืกืจื• ื™ืื›ืœื• ื™ืืžืจื•3fp ืจื ื” ืชืืก. ืœื ื” ืชืื›. ืจื ื” ืชืืž.2mp ืชืืกืจื• ืชืื›ืœื• ืชืืžืจื•2fp ืจื ื” ืชืืก. ืชืืก.ืจื ื” ืจื ื” ืชืืž.1cp ื ืืกืจ ื ืื›ืœ ื ืืžืจ

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Imperative 2ms ืืกืจ ืื›ืœ ืืžืจ2fs ืืกืจื™ ืื›ืœื™ ืืžืจื™2mp ืืกืจื• ืื›ืœื• ืืžืจื•2fp ืจื ื” . ืืก ืœื ื” ืื›. ืจื ื” ืืž.

Infinitive ืืกืจ ืื›ืœ ืืžืจConstruct

Infinitive ืืกื•ืจ ืื›ื•ืœ ืืžื•ืจAbsolute

Active ms ืืกืจ ืื›ืœ ืืžืจParticiple fs ืจืช . ืืก ืื›.ืœืช ืจืช . ืืž

mp ืืกืจื™ื ืื›ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืfp ืืกืจื•ืช ืื›ืœื•ืช ืืžืจื•ืช

Passive ms ืืกื•ืจ ืื›ื•ืœ ืืžื•ืจParticiple fs ืกื•ืจื” ื ืื›ื•ืœื” ืืžื•ืจื”

mp ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ืื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ืfp ืกื•ืจื•ืช ื ืื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื•ืช

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II-Guttural VerbsQal Niphal Piel (vd) Piel (cl) Pual (vd) Pual (cl) Hithpael (vd) Hithpael (cl)

Perfect 3ms ื‘ื—ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื ื—ื ื‘ืจืš ื ื—ื ื‘ืจืš ื”ืชื ื—ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืš3fs ื‘ื—ืจื” ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื ื—ืžื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื” ื ื— ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืชื ื—ืžื” ืจื›ื” ื”ืชื‘,2ms ื‘ื—.ืจืช ื ื‘ื—.ืจืช ื ื—.ืžืช ื‘ืจ.ื›ืช ื ื—.ืžืช ื‘ืจ.ื›ืช ื”ืชื ื—.ืžืช ื”ืชื‘ืจ.ื›ืช2fs ื‘ื—ืจืช ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื ื—ืžืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื ื—ืžืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื ื—ืžืช ื”ืชื‘ืจื›ืช1cs ืจืชื™ ื‘ื—. ืจืชื™ ื ื‘ื—. ื ื—.ืžืชื™ ื›ืชื™ ื‘ืจ. ื ื—.ืžืชื™ ื›ืชื™ ื‘ืจ. ื”ืชื ื—.ืžืชื™ ื›ืชื™ ื”ืชื‘ืจ.3cp ื‘ื—ืจื• ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื ื—ืžื• ื‘ืจื›ื• ืžื• ื ื— ื‘ืจื›ื• ื”ืชื ื—ืžื• ืจื›ื• ื”ืชื‘,2mp ื‘ื—ืจืชื ื ื‘ื—ืจืชื ื ื—ืžืชื ื‘ืจื›ืชื ื ื—ืžืชื ื‘ืจื›ืชื ื”ืชื ื—ืžืชื ื”ืชื‘ืจื›ืชื2fp ื‘ื—ืจืชืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจืชืŸ ื ื—ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืชืŸ ื ื—ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืชืŸ ื”ืชื ื—ืžืชืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืจื›ืชืŸ1cp ื‘ื—.ืจื ื• ืจื ื• ื ื‘ื—. ื ื—.ืžื ื• ื›ื ื• ื‘ืจ. ื ื—.ืžื ื• ื›ื ื• ื‘ืจ. ื”ืชื ื—.ืžื ื• ื›ื ื• ื”ืชื‘ืจ.

Imperfect 3ms ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ื ื—ื ื™ื‘ืจืš ื™ื ื—ื ื™ื‘ืจืš ื™ืชื ื—ื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš3fs ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืชื ื—ื ืชื‘ืจืš ืชื ื—ื ืชื‘ืจืš ืชืชื ื—ื ืชืชื‘ืจืš2ms ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืชื ื—ื ืชื‘ืจืš ืชื ื—ื ืชื‘ืจืš ืชืชื ื—ื ืชืชื‘ืจืš2fs ืชื‘ื—ืจื™ ื—ืจื™ ืชื‘ ืชื ื—ืžื™ ืชื‘>ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ ืชื ื— ืชื‘ืจื›ื™ ืชืชื ื—ืžื™ ืชืชื‘,ืจื›ื™1cs ืื‘ื—ืจ ืื‘ื—ืจ ืื ื—ื ืื‘ืจืš ืื ื—ื ืื‘ืจืš ืืชื ื—ื ืืชื‘ืจืš3mp ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื—ืจื• ื™ื‘ ื™ื ื—ืžื• ืจื›ื• ื™ื‘> ืžื• ื™ื ื— ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ื™ืชื ื—ืžื• ืจื›ื• ื™ืชื‘,3fp ืชื‘ื—.ืจื ื” ืชื‘ื—.ืจื ื” ืชื ื—.ืžื ื” ื›ื ื” ืชื‘ืจ. ืžื ื” ืชื ื—. ื›ื ื” ืชื‘ืจ. ืชืชื ื—.ืžื ื” ื›ื ื” ืชืชื‘ืจ.2mp ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ื—ืจื• ืชื‘ ืชื ื—ืžื• ืจื›ื• ืชื‘> ืžื• ืชื ื— ืชื‘ืจื›ื• ืชืชื ื—ืžื• ืจื›ื• ืชืชื‘,2fp ืชื‘ื—.ืจื ื” ืชื‘ื—.ืจื ื” ืชื ื—.ืžื ื” ื›ื ื” ืชื‘ืจ. ืžื ื” ืชื ื—. ื›ื ื” ืชื‘ืจ. ืชืชื ื—.ืžื ื” ื›ื ื” ืชืชื‘ืจ.1cp ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื ื ื—ื ื ื‘ืจืš ื ื ื”ื ื ื‘ืจืš ื ืชื ื—ื ื ืชื‘ืจืš

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Imperative 2ms ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ืจ ื ื—ื ื‘ืจืš ื”ืชื ื—ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืš2fs ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื ื—ืžื™ ื‘>ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื—ืžื™ ื”ืชื‘,ืจื›ื™2mp ื‘ื—ืจื• ื”ื‘ื—ืจื• ื ื—ืžื• ืจื›ื• ื‘> ื”ืชื ื—ืžื• ืจื›ื• ื”ืชื‘,2fp ื‘ื—.ืจื ื” ืจื ื” ื”ื‘ื—. ื ื—.ืžื ื” ื›ื ื” ื‘ืจ. ื”ืชื ื—.ืžื ื” ื›ื ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจ<

Infinitive ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ืจ ื ื—ื ื‘ืจืš ื”ืชื ื—ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืšConstruct

Infinitive ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื—ื ื‘ืจืš ื”ืชื ื—ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืšAbsolute

Active ms ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืžืชื ื—ื ืžืชื‘ืจืšParticiple fs ื‘ื—.ืจืช ืžื ื—.ืžืช ืžื‘ืจ.ื›ืช ืžืชื ื—.ืžืช ื›ืช ืžืชื‘ืจ.

mp ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืžื ื—ืžื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ืžื‘> ืžืชื ื—ืžื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ืžืชื‘>fp ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืžื ื—ืžื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื‘> ืžืชื ื—ืžื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืชื‘>

Passive ms ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืžื‘ืจืšParticiple fs ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืจืช ื ื‘ื—. ืžื ื—.ืžืช ื›ืช ืžื‘ืจ.

mp ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืžื ื—ืžื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ืfp ื‘ื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืžื ื—ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช

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III-ืข/ื— VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal

Perfect 3ms ืฉืœื— ื ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืฉืœื—3fs ืฉ,ืœื—ื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืฉืœื—ื” ืฉืœื—ื” ื™ื—ื” ื”ืฉืœ. ื”ืฉืœื—ื”2ms ืฉืœ.ื—ืช ื ืฉืœ.ื—ืช ื—ืช ืฉืœ. ื—ืช ืฉืœ. ื—ืช ื”ืฉืœ. ื—ืช ื”ืฉืœ.2fs ื—ืช ืฉืœ. ื—ืช ื ืฉืœ. ืฉืœ.ื—ืช ื—ืช ืฉืœ. ื—ืช ื”ืฉืœ. ื—ืช ื”ืฉืœ.1cs ื—ืชื™ ืฉืœ. ื ืฉืœ.ื—ืชื™ ื—ืชื™ ืฉืœ. ื—ืชื™ ืฉืœ. ื”ืฉืœ.ื—ืชื™ ื”ืฉืœ.ื—ืชื™3cp ืœื—ื• ืฉ, ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืฉืœื—ื• ืฉืœื—ื• ื™ื—ื• ื”ืฉืœ. ื”ืฉืœื—ื•2mp ืฉืœื—ืชื ื ืฉืœื—ืชื ืฉืœื—ืชื ืฉืœื—ืชื ื”ืฉืœื—ืชื ื”ืฉืœื—ืชื2fp ืฉืœื—ืชืŸ ื ืฉืœื—ืชืŸ ืฉืœื—ืชืŸ ืฉืœื—ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืœื—ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืœื—ืชืŸ1cp ื—ื ื• ืฉืœ. ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืœ. ืฉืœ.ื—ื ื• ื—ื ื• ืฉืœ. ื—ื ื• ื”ืฉืœ. ื”ืฉืœ.ื—ื ื•

Imperfect 3ms ื™ืฉืœื— ื™ืฉืœื— ื™ืฉืœื— ื™ืฉืœื— ื™ืฉืœื™ื— ื™ืฉืœื—3fs ืชืฉืœื— ืชืฉืœื— ืชืฉืœื— ืชืฉืœื— ืชืฉืœื™ื— ืชืฉืœื—2ms ืชืฉืœื— ืชืฉืœื— ืชืฉืœื— ืชืฉืœื— ืชืฉืœื™ื— ืชืฉืœื—2fs ืชืฉืœื—ื™ ืชืฉ,ืœื—ื™ ืชืฉืœื—ื™ ืชืฉืœื—ื™ ืชืฉืœ.ื™ื—ื™ ืชืฉืœื—ื™1cs ืืฉืœื— ืืฉืœื— ืืฉืœื— ืืฉืœื— ืืฉืœื™ื— ืืฉืœื—3mp ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื—ื• ื™ืฉ, ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ื™ื—ื• ื™ืฉืœ. ื™ืฉืœื—ื•3fp ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ื—ื ื” ืชืฉืœ. ื—ื ื” ืชืฉืœ. ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื”2mp ืชืฉืœื—ื• ืœื—ื• ืชืฉ, ืชืฉืœื—ื• ืชืฉืœื—ื• ืชืฉืœ.ื™ื—ื• ืชืฉืœื—ื•2fp ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ื—ื ื” ืชืฉืœ. ื—ื ื” ืชืฉืœ. ืชืฉืœ.ื—ื ื”1cp ื ืฉืœื— ื ืฉืœื— ื ืฉืœื— ื ืฉืœื— ื ืฉืœื™ื— ื ืฉืœื—

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Imperative 2ms ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉืœื—2fs ืฉืœื—ื™ ื”ืฉ,ืœื—ื™ ืฉืœื—ื™ ื™ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืœ.2mp ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื—ื• ื”ืฉ, ืฉืœื—ื• ื™ื—ื• ื”ืฉืœ.2fp ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ. ื—ื ื” ื”ืฉืœ. ืฉืœ.ื—ื ื” ื”ืฉืœ.ื—ื ื”

Infinitive ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉืœื™ื—Construct

Infinitive ืฉืœื•ื— ื ืฉืœื•ื— ืฉืœื— ื”ืฉืœื—Absolute ื”ืฉืœื—

Active ms ืฉืœื— ืžืฉืœื— ืžืฉืœื™ื—Participle fs ื—ืช ืฉืœ. ื—ืช ืžืฉืœ. ืžืฉืœ.ื—ืช

mp ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืžืฉืœื—ื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ื—ื™ืfp ืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช

Passive ms ืฉืœื•ื— ื ืฉืœื— ืžืฉืœื— ืžืฉืœื—Participle fs ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื—ืช ื ืฉืœ. ื—ืช ืžืฉืœ. ืžืฉืœ.ื—ืช

mp ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืžืฉืœื—ื™ื ืžืฉืœื—ื™ืfp ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช

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III-ื VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael

Perfect 3ms ืžืฆื ื ืžืฆื ืžืฆื ืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฆื ื”ืชืžืฆื3fs ืฆืื” ืž, ื ืžืฆืื” ืžืฆืื” ืžืฆืื” ื”ืžืฆ.ื™ืื” ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืชืžืฆืื”2ms ืืช ืžืฆ. ืืช ื ืžืฆ. ืืช ืžืฆ. ืืช ืžืฆ. ืืช ื”ืžืฆ. ื”ืžืฆ.ืืช ืืช ื”ืชืžืฆ.2fs ืžืฆืืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืฆืืช ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืชืžืฆืืช1cs ืžืฆ.ืืชื™ ืืชื™ ื ืžืฆ. ืžืฆ.ืืชื™ ืžืฆ.ืืชื™ ืืชื™ ื”ืžืฆ. ืืชื™ ื”ืžืฆ. ื”ืชืžืฆ.ืืชื™3cp ืž,ืฆืื• ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืฆืื• ืžืฆืื• ื”ืžืฆ.ื™ืื• ื”ืžืฆืื• ื”ืชืžืฆืื•2mp ืžืฆืืชื ื ืžืฆืืชื ืžืฆืืชื ืžืฆืืชื ื”ืžืฆืืชื ื”ืžืฆืืชื ื”ืชืžืฆืืชื2fp ืžืฆืืชืŸ ื ืžืฆืืชืŸ ืžืฆืืชืŸ ืžืฆืืชืŸ ื”ืžืฆืืชืŸ ื”ืžืฆืืชืŸ ื”ืชืžืฆืืชืŸ1cp ืžืฆ.ืื ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆ. ืžืฆ.ืื ื• ืžืฆ.ืื ื• ื”ืžืฆ.ืื ื• ืื ื• ื”ืžืฆ. ื”ืชืžืฆ.ืื ื•

Imperfect 3ms ื™ืžืฆื ื™ืžืฆื ื™ืžืฆื ื™ืžืฆื ื™ืžืฆื™ื ื™ืžืฆื ื™ืชืžืฆื3fs ืชืžืฆื ืชืžืฆื ืชืžืฆื ืชืžืฆื ืชืžืฆื™ื ืชืžืฆื ืชืชืžืฆื2ms ืชืžืฆื ืชืžืฆื ืชืžืฆื ืชืžืฆื ืชืžืฆื™ื ืชืžืฆื ืชืชืžืฆื2fs ืชืžืฆืื™ ืชืž>ืฆืื™ ืชืžืฆืื™ ืชืžืฆืื™ ืชืžืฆ.ื™ืื™ ืชืžืฆืื™ ืชืชืžืฆืื™1cs ืืžืฆื ืืžืฆื ืืžืฆื ืืžืฆื ืืžืฆื™ื ืืžืฆื ืืชืžืฆื3mp ื™ืžืฆืื• ื™ืž>ืฆืื• ื™ืžืฆืื• ื™ืžืฆืื• ื™ืžืฆ.ื™ืื• ื™ืžืฆืื• ื™ืชืžืฆืื•3fp ืชืžืฆ.ืื ื” ืื ื” ืชืžืฆ. ืื ื” ืชืžืฆ. ืื ื” ืชืžืฆ. ืชืžืฆ.ืื ื” ืื ื” ืชืžืฆ. ืชืชืžืฆ.ืื ื”2mp ืชืžืฆืื• ืชืž>ืฆืื• ืชืžืฆืื• ืชืžืฆืื• ืชืžืฆ.ื™ืื• ืชืžืฆืื• ืชืชืžืฆืื•2fp ืชืžืฆ.ืื ื” ืื ื” ืชืžืฆ. ืื ื” ืชืžืฆ. ืื ื” ืชืžืฆ. ืชืžืฆ.ืื ื” ืื ื” ืชืžืฆ. ืชืชืžืฆ.ืื ื”1cp ื ืžืฆื ื ืžืฆื ื ืžืฆื ื ืžืฆื ื ืžืฆื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื ืชืžืฆื

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Imperative 2ms ืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆื ืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆื ื”ืชืžืฆื2fs ืžืฆืื™ ื”ืž>ืฆืื™ ืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžืฆ.ื™ืื™ ื”ืชืžืฆืื™2mp ืžืฆืื• ื”ืž>ืฆืื• ืžืฆืื• ื”ืžืฆ.ื™ืื• ื”ืชืžืฆืื•2fp ืื ื” ืžืฆ. ืื ื” ื”ืžืฆ. ืื ื” ืžืฆ. ืื ื” ื”ืžืฆ. ืื ื” ื”ืชืžืฆ.

Infinitive ืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆื ืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืชืžืฆืConstruct

Infinitive ืžืฆื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆื ื”ืชืžืฆืAbsolute ื”ืžืฆื

Active ms ืžืฆื ืžืžืฆื ืžืžืฆื™ื ืžืชืžืฆืParticiple fs ืืช ืžืฆ ืžืžืฆืืช ืžืžืฆืืช ืžืชืžืฆืืช

mp ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืžืชืžืฆืื™ืfp ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืชืžืฆืื•ืช

Passive ms ืžืฆื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฆื ืžืžืฆืParticiple fs ืžืฆื•ืื” ื ืžืฆืื” ืžืžืฆืื” ืžืžืฆืืช

mp ืžืฆื•ืื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฆืื™ืfp ืžืฆื•ืื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืžืฆืื•ืช

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III-ื” VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael

Perfect 3ms ื‘ื ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื’ืœื” ื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื”3fs ื ืชื” ื‘> ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื’ืœืชื” ื’ืœืชื” ื”ื’ืœืชื” ื”ื’ืœืชื” ื”ืชื’ืœืชื”2ms ื‘ื .ื™ืช ื™ืช ื ื‘ื . ื’ืœ.ื™ืช ื™ืช ื’ืœ. ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœ. ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœ. ื™ืช ื”ืชื’ืœ.2fs ื‘ื ื™ืช ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ื’ืœื™ืช ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช1cs ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื . ื™ืชื™ ื ื‘ื . ื’ืœ.ื™ืชื™ ื’ืœ.ื™ืชื™ ื™ืชื™ ื”ื’ืœ. ื”ื’ืœ.ื™ืชื™ ื”ืชื’ืœ.ื™ืชื™3cp ื‘ื ื• ื ื‘ื ื• ื’ืœื• ื’ืœื• ื”ื’ืœื• ื”ื’ืœื• ื”ืชื’ืœื•2mp ื‘ื ื™ืชื ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื ื’ืœื™ืชื ื’ืœื™ืชื ื”ื’ืœื™ืชื ื”ื’ืœื™ืชื ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืชื2fp ื‘ื ื™ืชืŸ ื ื‘ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ืœื™ืชืŸ ื’ืœื™ืชืŸ ื”ื’ืœื™ืชืŸ ื”ื’ืœื™ืชืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืชืŸ1cp ื™ื ื• ื‘ื . ื™ื ื• ื ื‘ื . ื™ื ื• ื’ืœ. ื™ื ื• ื’ืœ. ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ืœ. ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ืœ. ื™ื ื• ื”ืชื’ืœ.

Imperfect 3ms ื™ื‘ื ื” ื™ื‘ื ื” ื™ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ื™ืชื’ืœื”3fs ืชื‘ื ื” ืชื‘ื ื” ืชื’ืœื” ืชื’ืœื” ืชื’ืœื” ืชื’ืœื” ืชืชื’ืœื”2ms ืชื‘ื ื” ืชื‘ื ื” ืชื’ืœื” ืชื’ืœื” ืชื’ืœื” ืชื’ืœื” ืชืชื’ืœื”2fs ืชื‘ื ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ ืชื’ืœื™ ืชื’ืœื™ ืชื’ืœื™ ืชื’ืœื™ ืชืชื’ืœื™1cs ืื‘ื ื” ืื‘ื ื” ืื’ืœื” ืื’ืœื” ืื’ืœื” ืื’ืœื” ืืชื’ืœื”3mp ื™ื‘ื ื• ื™ื‘ื ื• ื™ื’ืœื• ื™ื’ืœื• ื™ื’ืœื• ื™ื’ืœื• ื™ืชื’ืœื•3fp ืชื‘ื .ื™ื ื” ืชื‘ื <ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœ.ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœ.ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœ.ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœ.ื™ื ื” ืชืชื’ืœ.ื™ื ื”2mp ืชื‘ื ื• ืชื‘ื ื• ืชื’ืœื• ืชื’ืœื• ืชื’ืœื• ืชื’ืœื• ืชืชื’ืœื•2fp ืชื‘ื .ื™ื ื” ืชื‘ื <ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœ.ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœ.ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœ.ื™ื ื” ืชื’ืœ.ื™ื ื” ืชืชื’ืœ.ื™ื ื”1cp ื ื‘ื ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื ื’ืœื” ื ื’ืœื” ื ื’ืœื” ื ื’ืœื” ื ืชื’ืœื”

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Imperative 2ms ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื” ื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื”2fs ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื™2mp ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื• ื’ืœื• ื”ื’ืœื• ื”ืชื’ืœื•2fp ื‘ื .ื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ื .ื™ื ื” ื’ืœ.ื™ื ื” ื”ื’ืœ.ื™ื ื” ื”ืชื’ืœ.ื™ื ื”

Infinitive ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืชConstruct

Infinitive ื‘ื ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื”Absolute ื”ื‘ื ื” ื’ืœื”

Active ms ื‘ื ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื” ืžืชื’ืœื”Participle fs ื‘ื ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื” ืžืชื’ืœื”

mp ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื™ืfp ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืžืชื’ืœื•ืช

Passive ms ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื”Participle fs ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื”

mp ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ืfp ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืžื’ืœื•ืช

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I-ื  VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Qal (Irreg.) Niphal Hiphil Hophal

Perfect 3ms ื ืคืœ ื ืกืข ื ืชืŸ ื ืฆืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื”ืฆืœ3fs ืคืœื” ื > ืกืขื” ื > ืชื ื” ื > ื ืฆืœื” ื™ืœื” ื”ืฆ. ื”ืฆืœื”2ms ื ืค.ืœืช ื ืก.ืขืช ืช ื ืช. ื ืฆ.ืœืช ื”ืฆ.ืœืช ื”ืฆ.ืœืช2fs ื ืคืœืช ื ืก.ืขืช ื ืชืช ื ืฆืœืช ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืฆืœืช1cs ืœืชื™ ื ืค. ืขืชื™ ื ืก. ื ืช.ืชื™ ื ืฆ.ืœืชื™ ื”ืฆ.ืœืชื™ ืœืชื™ ื”ืฆ.3cp ืคืœื• ื > ืกืขื• ื > ืชื ื• ื > ื ืฆืœื• ื”ืฆ.ื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื•2mp ื ืคืœืชื ื ืกืขืชื ื ืชืชื ื ืฆืœืชื ื”ืฆืœืชื ื”ืฆืœืชื2fp ื ืคืœืชืŸ ื ืกืขืชืŸ ื ืชืชืŸ ื ืฆืœืชืŸ ื”ืฆืœืชืŸ ื”ืฆืœืชืŸ1cp ืœื ื• ื ืค. ืขื ื• ื ืก. ื ืช.ื ื• ื ืฆ.ืœื ื• ืœื ื• ื”ืฆ. ื”ืฆ.ืœื ื•

Imperfect 3ms ื™ืคืœ ื™ืกืข ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื ืฆืœ ื™ืฆื™ืœ ื™ืฆืœ3fs ืชืคืœ ืชืกืข ืชืชืŸ ืชื ืฆืœ ืชืฆื™ืœ ืชืฆืœ2ms ืชืคืœ ืชืกืข ืชืชืŸ ืชื ืฆืœ ืชืฆื™ืœ ืชืฆืœ2fs ืชืคืœื™ ืชืกืขื™ ืชืชื ื™ ืชื >ืฆืœื™ ื™ืœื™ ืชืฆ. ืชืฆืœื™1cs ืืคืœ ืืกืข ืืชืŸ ืื ืฆืœ ืืฆื™ืœ ืืฆืœ3mp ื™ืคืœื• ื™ืกืขื• ื™ืชื ื• ืฆืœื• ื™ื > ื™ืฆ.ื™ืœื• ื™ืฆืœื•3fp ืœื ื” ืชืค. ืชืก.ืขื ื” ื ื” ืชืช. ืชื ืฆ.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืฆ. ืชืฆ.ืœื ื”2mp ืชืคืœื• ืชืกืขื• ืชืชื ื• ืฆืœื• ืชื > ืชืฆ.ื™ืœื• ืชืฆืœื•2fp ืชืค.ืœื ื” ืชืก.ืขื ื” ื ื” ืชืช. ืชื ืฆ.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืฆ. ืชืฆ.ืœื ื”1cp ื ืคืœ ื ืกืข ื ืชืŸ ื ื ืฆืœ ื ืฆื™ืœ ื ืฆืœ

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Imperative 2ms ื ืคืœ ืกืข ืชืŸ ื”ื ืฆืœ ื”ืฆืœ2fs ื ืคืœื™ ืกืขื™ ืชื ื™ ื”ื >ืฆืœื™ ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฆ.2mp ื ืคืœื• ืกืขื• ืชื ื• ืฆืœื• ื”ื > ื”ืฆ.ื™ืœื•2fp ืœื ื” ื ืค. ืขื ื” ืก. ืช.ื ื” ื”ื ืฆ.ืœื ื” ืœื ื” ื”ืฆ.

Infinitive ื ืคืœ ืขืช ืก. ืชืช ื”ื ืฆืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœConstruct ื ืกืข ื ืชืŸ

Infinitive ื ืคื•ืœ ื ืกื•ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืœ ื”ืฆืœAbsolute ื ืฆื•ืœ

Active ms ื ืคืœ ื ืกืข ื ืชืŸ ืžืฆื™ืœParticiple fs ืœืช ื ืค. ื ืก.ืขืช ื ืช ื ืช. ืœืช ืžืฆ.

mp ื ืคืœื™ื ื ืกืขื™ื ื ืชื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœื™ืfp ื ืคืœื•ืช ื ืกืขื•ืช ื ืชื ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืช

Passive ms ื ืคื•ืœ ื ืกื•ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ ื ืฆืœ ืžืฆืœParticiple fs ื ืคื•ืœื” ื ืกื•ืขื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืช ื ืฆ. ืœืช ืžืฆ.

mp ื ืคื•ืœื™ื ื ืกื•ืขื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื ืฆืœื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ืfp ื ืคื•ืœื•ืช ื ืกื•ืขื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฆืœื•ืช ืžืฆืœื•ืช

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I-ื™ VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Niphal Hiphil Hophal

Perfect 3ms ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ืจืฉ ื ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื‘3fs ืฉื‘ื” ื™> ืจืฉื” ื™> ื ื•ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฉ. ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื”2ms ื™ืฉ.ื‘ืช ื™ืจ.ืฉืช ื ื•ืฉ.ื‘ืช ื‘ืช ื”ื•ืฉ. ื‘ืช ื”ื•ืฉ.2fs ื™ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืจืฉืช ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืช1cs ื™ืฉ.ื‘ืชื™ ืฉืชื™ ื™ืจ. ื ื•ืฉ.ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื•ืฉ.ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื•ืฉ.ื‘ืชื™3cp ืฉื‘ื• ื™> ืจืฉื• ื™> ื ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉ.ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื•2mp ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื™ืจืฉืชื ื ื•ืฉื‘ืชื ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืชื ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืชื2fp ื™ืฉื‘ืชืŸ ื™ืจืฉืชืŸ ื ื•ืฉื‘ืชืŸ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืชืŸ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืชืŸ1cp ื‘ื ื• ื™ืฉ. ืฉื ื• ื™ืจ. ื ื•ืฉ.ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื ื• ื”ื•ืฉ. ื‘ื ื• ื”ื•ืฉ.

Imperfect 3ms ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื™ืจืฉ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘3fs ืชืฉื‘ ืชื™ืจืฉ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืชื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘2ms ืชืฉื‘ ืชื™ืจืฉ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืชื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘2fs ืชืฉื‘ื™ ืชื™ืจืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื™ ืชื•> ื™ื‘ื™ ืชื•ืฉ. ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™1cs ืืฉื‘ ืื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืฉื‘ ืื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืฉื‘3mp ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื™ืจืฉื• ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•> ื™ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืฉ. ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•3fp ื‘ื ื” ืชืฉ. ืฉื ื” ืชื™ืจ. ื‘ื ื” ืชื•ืฉ. ืชื•ืฉ.ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื ื” ืชื•ืฉ.2mp ืชืฉื‘ื• ืชื™ืจืฉื• ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•> ื™ื‘ื• ืชื•ืฉ. ืชื•ืฉื‘ื•2fp ื‘ื ื” ืชืฉ. ืฉื ื” ืชื™ืจ. ื‘ื ื” ืชื•ืฉ. ืชื•ืฉ.ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื ื” ืชื•ืฉ.1cp ื ืฉื‘ ื ื™ืจืฉ ื ื•ืฉื‘ ื ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื ื•ืฉื‘

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Imperative 2ms ืฉื‘ ืจืฉ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื‘2fs ืฉื‘ื™ ืจืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื•> ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืฉ.2mp ืฉื‘ื• ืจืฉื• ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•> ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉ.2fp ื‘ื ื” ืฉ. ืฉื ื” ืจ. ื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ืฉ. ื”ื•ืฉ.ื‘ื ื”

Infinitive ืฉ.ื‘ืช ืจ.ืฉืช ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘Construct

Infinitive ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื‘Absolute

Active ms ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ืจืฉ ืžื•ืฉื™ื‘Participle fs ื™ืฉ.ื‘ืช ื™ืจ.ืฉืช ืžื•ืฉ.ื‘ืช

mp ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืfp ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช

Passive ms ื ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืฉื‘Participle fs ื‘ืช ื ื•ืฉ. ื‘ืช ืžื•ืฉ.

mp ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ืfp ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช

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Biconsonantal Verbs

Qal (ื•-class) Qal (ื™ -class) Qal (ื•-class) Hiphil Hophal

Perfect 3ms ืงื ืฉื ื‘ื ื”ืงื™ื ื”ื•ืงื3fs ืžื” ืง. ืฉ.ืžื” ืื” ื‘. ื™ืžื” ื”ืง. ื”ื•ืงืžื”2ms ืง.ืžืช ืฉ.ืžืช ืืช ื‘. ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืž. ื”ื•ืง.ืžืช2fs ืงืžืช ืฉืžืช ื‘ืืช ื”ืงื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืžืช1cs ืžืชื™ ืง. ืžืชื™ ืฉ. ืืชื™ ื‘. ื•ืชื™ ื”ืงื™ืž. ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ืง.3cp ืžื• ืง. ืžื• ืฉ. ื‘.ืื• ื™ืžื• ื”ืง. ื”ื•ืงืžื•2mp ืงืžืชื ืฉืžืชื ื‘ืืชื ื”ืงื™ืžื•ืชื ื”ื•ืงืžืชื2fp ืงืžืชืŸ ืฉืžืชืŸ ื‘ืืชืŸ ื”ืงื™ืžื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžืชืŸ1cp ืžื ื• ืง. ืฉ.ืžื ื• ืื ื• ื‘. ื•ื ื• ื”ืงื™ืž. ืžื ื• ื”ื•ืง.

Imperfect 3ms ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืงื3fs ืชืงื•ื ืชืฉื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืชืงื™ื ืชื•ืงื2ms ืชืงื•ื ืชืฉื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืชืงื™ื ืชื•ืงื2fs ื•ืžื™ ืชืง. ืชืฉ.ื™ืžื™ ื•ืื™ ืชื‘. ื™ืžื™ ืชืง. ืชื•ืงืžื™1cs ืืงื•ื ืืฉื™ื ืื‘ื•ื ืืงื™ื ืื•ืงื3mp ื•ืžื• ื™ืง. ื™ืฉ.ื™ืžื• ื•ืื• ื™ื‘. ื™ืžื• ื™ืง. ื™ื•ืงืžื•3fp ืชืงื•ืž.ื™ื ื” ืชืฉื™ืž.ื™ื ื” ื•ืื ื” ืชื‘. ืชืงื™ืž.ื™ื ื” ืžื ื” ืชื•ืง.2mp ื•ืžื• ืชืง. ืชืฉ.ื™ืžื• ื•ืื• ืชื‘. ื™ืžื• ืชืง. ืชื•ืงืžื•2fp ืชืงื•ืž.ื™ื ื” ืชืฉื™ืž.ื™ื ื” ื•ืื ื” ืชื‘. ืชืงื™ืž.ื™ื ื” ืžื ื” ืชื•ืง.1cp ื ืงื•ื ื ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื ืงื™ื ื ื•ืงื

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Imperative 2ms ืงื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื”ืงื2fs ื•ืžื™ ืง. ืฉ.ื™ืžื™ ื•ืื™ ื‘. ื™ืžื™ ื”ืง.2mp ื•ืžื• ืง. ืฉ.ื™ืžื• ื•ืื• ื‘. ื™ืžื• ื”ืง.2fp ืžื ื” ืง. ืžื ื” ื”ืง.

Infinitive ืงื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื”ืงื™ืConstruct ืฉื•ื

Infinitive ืงื•ื ืฉื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื”ืงืAbsolute

Active ms ืงื ืฉื ื‘ื ืžืงื™ืParticiple fs ืงืžื” ืฉืžื” ื‘ืื” ืžืงื™ืžื”

mp ืงืžื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืžืงื™ืžื™ืfp ืงืžื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืงื™ืžื•ืช

Passive ms ืงื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื ืžื•ืงืParticiple fs ืžื•ืง.ืžืช

mp ืžื•ืงืžื™ืfp ืžื•ืงืžื•ืช

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Geminate Verbs

Qal (1) Qal (2) Niphal Piel Hiphil Hophal Hithpael

Perfect 3ms ืกื‘ื‘ ืชื ื ืกื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื”ืกื‘ ื”ื•ืกื‘ ื”ืชืคืœืœ3fs ื‘ื‘ื” ืก> ืžื” ืช. ื‘ื” ื ืก. ื”ืœืœื” ื”ืก.ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืก.ื‘ื” ื”ืชืคืœืœื”2ms ื•ืช ืกื‘. ื•ืช ืชืž. ื•ืช ื ืกื‘. ื”ืœ.ืœืช ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘. ื•ืช ื”ื•ืกื‘. ื”ืชืคืœ.ืœืช2fs ืกื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื•ืช ื ืกื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืกื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœืœืช1cs ื•ืชื™ ืกื‘. ื•ืชื™ ืชืž. ื•ืชื™ ื ืกื‘. ื”ืœ.ืœืชื™ ื•ืชื™ ื”ืกื‘. ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ืกื‘. ื”ืชืคืœ.ืœืชื™3cp ื‘ื‘ื• ืก> ืžื• ืช. ื‘ื• ื ืก. ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืก.ื‘ื• ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืก. ื”ืชืคืœืœื•2mp ืกื‘ื•ืชื ืชืžื•ืชื ื ืกื‘ื•ืชื ื”ืœืœืชื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืชื ื”ื•ืกื‘ื•ืชื ื”ืชืคืœืœืชื2fp ืกื‘ื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ืชืŸ ื ืกื‘ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืœืœืชืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ืกื‘ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชืคืœืœืชืŸ1cp ื•ื ื• ืกื‘. ื•ื ื• ืชืž. ื•ื ื• ื ืกื‘. ืœื ื• ื”ืœ. ื•ื ื• ื”ืกื‘. ื•ื ื• ื”ื•ืกื‘. ื”ืชืคืœ.ืœื ื•

Imperfect 3ms ื™ืกื‘ ื™ืชื ื™ืกื‘ ื™ื”ืœืœ ื™ืกื‘ ื™ื•ืกื‘ ื™ืชืคืœืœ3fs ืชืกื‘ ืชืชื ืชืกื‘ ืชื”ืœืœ ืชืกื‘ ืชื•ืกื‘ ืชืชืคืœืœ2ms ืชืกื‘ ืชืชื ืชืกื‘ ืชื”ืœืœ ืชืกื‘ ืชื•ืกื‘ ืชืชืคืœืœ2fs ื‘ื™ ืชืก. ืžื™ ืชืช. ืชืก.ื‘ื™ ืชื”ืœืœื™ ื‘ื™ ืชืก. ื‘ื™ ืชื•ืก. ืชืชืคืœืœื™1cs ืืกื‘ ืืชื ืืกื‘ ืื”ืœืœ ืืกื‘ ืื•ืกื‘ ืืชืคืœืœ3mp ื™ืก.ื‘ื• ืžื• ื™ืช. ื™ืก.ื‘ื• ื™ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื• ื™ืก. ื™ื•ืก.ื‘ื• ื™ืชืคืœืœื•3fp ืชืกื‘.ื™ื ื” ืชืชืž.ื™ื ื” ืชืกื‘.ื™ื ื” ืชื”ืœ.ืœื ื” ืชืกื‘.ื™ื ื” ืชื•ืกื‘.ื™ื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืชืคืœ.2mp ืชืก.ื‘ื• ืžื• ืชืช. ืชืก.ื‘ื• ืชื”ืœืœื• ื• ืชืก.ื‘ ื‘ื• ืชื•ืก. ืชืชืคืœืœื•2fp ืชืกื‘.ื™ื ื” ืชืชืž.ื™ื ื” ืชืกื‘.ื™ื ื” ืชื”ืœ.ืœื ื” ืชืกื‘.ื™ื ื” ืชื•ืกื‘.ื™ื ื” ืœื ื” ืชืชืคืœ.1cp ื ืกื‘ ื ืชื ื ืกื‘ ื ื”ืœืœ ื ืกื‘ ื ื•ืกื‘ ื ืชืคืœืœ

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Imperative 2ms ืกื‘ ืชื ื”ืกื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื”ืกื‘ ื”ืชืคืœืœ2fs ื‘ื™ ืก. ืžื™ ืช. ื”ืก.ื‘ื™ ื”ืœืœื™ ื‘ื™ ื”ืก. ื”ืชืคืœืœื™2mp ืก.ื‘ื• ืžื• ืช. ื”ืก.ื‘ื• ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื• ื”ืก. ื”ืชืคืœืœื•2fp ืก.ื‘ื ื” ืช.ืžื ื” ื”ืกื‘.ื™ื ื” ื”ืœ.ืœื ื” ื”ืกื‘.ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืคืœ.ืœื ื”

Infinitive ืกื‘ ืชื ื”ืกื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื”ืกื‘ ื”ืชืคืœืœConstruct

Infinitive ืกื‘ื•ื‘ ืชืžื•ื ื”ืกื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื”ืกื‘ ื”ืชืคืœืœAbsolute

Active ms ืกื‘ื‘ ืชื ืžื”ืœืœ ืžืชืคืœืœParticiple fs ืกื‘ื‘ื” ืชืžื” ืœืช ืžื”ืœ. ืžืชืคืœ.ืœืช

mp ืกื‘ื‘ื™ื ืชืžื™ื ืžื”ืœืœื™ื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ืfp ืกื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื•ืช ืžื”ืœืœื•ืช ืžืชืคืœืœื•ืช

Passive ms ืกื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืกื‘Participle fs ืกื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืช ืžื•ืก.

mp ืกื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืกื‘ื™ืfp ืกื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ื•ืช

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