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lmos

For the later Duke of Croatia, see lmos, Duke ofCroatia.Not to be confused with Alm.

lmos (Hungarian pronunciation: [ a lmo ]), also Almos[1]or Almus,[2] (c. 820c. 895) was according to theuniform account of Hungarian chronicles the rst headof the loose federation[3] of the Hungarian tribes fromaround 850. Whether he was the sacred ruler (kende) ofthe Hungarians, or their military leader ( gyula) is subjectto scholarly debate. He apparently accepted the Khazarkhagan's suzerainty in the rst decade of his reign, butthe Hungarians acted independently of the Khazars fromaround 860. The 14th-century Illuminated Chronicle nar-rates that he was murdered in Transylvania at the begin-ning of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basinaround 895.

1 Ancestry

Further information: Eld, Emese and gyek

Anonymus, the unknown author of the Gesta Hungaro-rum who wrote his historical romance[4] around 1200or 1210[5] states that lmos descended from theline[6] of Attila the Hun.[7][8]A late 13th-century chron-icler, Simon of Kza wrote that lmos was of the Turulkindred.[9][8] He also wrote of Attila the Huns banner,which bore the image of the bird the Hungarians call tu-rul "[10] identied as either a gyrfalcon or a hawk.[7] Abird has an important role in the legend about lmossbirth, which was preserved both by the Gesta Hungaro-rum and by the Illuminated Chronicle.[11] The legend saysthat lmoss mother, alreadypregnant with him, dreamedof a bird of prey which had the likeness of a hawk[12]impregnating her.[13]Historians Gyula Krist[11] andVic-tor Spinei wrote that this story, which has close analogiesin Turkic folklore, initially narrated the origin of lmossfamily from a totemic ancestor.[8]

According to the Gesta Hungarorum, lmos was bornto Emese, a daughter of Prince Eunedubelian.[5] How-ever, Krist writes that her name, containing theold Hun-garian word for mother (em), may have been inventedby Anonymus.[5] The name of lmoss father is likewise

uncertain because the Hungarian chronicles preserved itin two variants.[5] Anonymus states that gyek was hisname,[14] but the 14th-century Illuminated Chronicle says

that Eld himself the son of gyek was lmossfather.[5] Krist says that both names may have beenthe chroniclers inventions, since gyeks name derivesfrom the ancient Hungarian gy (saint, holy) word, andElds name simply refers to an ancestor.[5] Anonymuswrites that gyek married Emese in 819.[5] If this date iscorrect, lmos was born around 820.[11]

Although Anonymus makes a connection between thename of lmos and the Hungarian word for dream(lom), many historians, including Andrs Rna-Tas[15]

and Victor Spinei,[1] argue that his name is of Turkic ori-gin. If the latter theory is correct, it has a meaning of thebought one.[16] lmoss family may have also been ofTurkic stock, but according to Victor Spinei, a names et-ymology does not always reect its bearers ethnicity.[17]

In the year of Our Lords incarnation819, gek ... took to wife in Dentumoger the daughter of Prince Eunedubelian, called Emese, from whom he begot a son, who wasnamed lmos. But he is called lmos from adivine event, because when she was pregnant adivine vision appeared to his mother in a dreamin the form of a falcon that seemed to cometo her and impregnate her and made knownto her that from her womb a torrent would come forth and from her loins glorious kingsbe generated, but that they would not multiplyin their own land. Because a dream is called lom in the Hungarian language and his birthwas predicted in a dream, so he was called lmos. Or he was called lmos, that is holy,because holy kings and dukes were born of hisline.

Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum[18]

2 Reign

lmos, according to Gesta Hungarorum, was freelyelected by the heads of the seven Hungarian tribes astheir leaderand master.[19][20][7]Anonymusadds that toratify lmoss election, the seven chiefs swore an oath,conrmed in pagan manner with their own blood spilledin a single vessel.[21][7] Anonymus says that they also

adopted the basic principles of the government, includingthehereditary rightof lmoss offsprings to his office andthe right of his electors descendant to have a seat in the

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_tribeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentumogerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%91dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cgyekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emesehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrfalconhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_K%C3%A9zahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_the_Hunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymus_(chronicler)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cgyekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emesehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%91dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_Chroniclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar_Khaganatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_(title)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_kinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_tribeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hungarianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alm%C4%B1%C5%9Fhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos,_Duke_of_Croatiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos,_Duke_of_Croatia

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2 3 DEATH

princescouncil.[7] According to author Pl Engel, this re-port of the treaty by blood (Hungarian: vrszerzds),which reects its authors political philosophy rather thanactual events, was often presented by Hungarian histori-ans as the very rst manifestation of modern parliamen-tary thinking in Europe up until 1945.[7]

In a sharply contrasting narrative from around 950,the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitusstates that instead of lmos, his son rpd was the rstsupreme head of the Hungarian tribes, and that rpdselection was initiated by the Khazar khagan.[1][22] Theemperor says the khagan sent an envoy to the " voivodes" (heads of the Hungarian tribes)[23] after they had beenforced by the Pechenegs to leave their dwelling placesnear theKhazar Khaganate and to settle in a new territorycalled Etelkz.[22] The khagan was planning to appointone of the voivodes named Levedi to lead the Hungariantribes[1] to represent the khagans interests.[22] AlthoughLevedi refused the khagans offer, he proposed one of hispeers, lmos or lmoss son rpd, to the proposed newposition.[22][1]The khagan accepted Levedis offer. Uponhis initiative the Hungarians elected their rst prince, butthey preferred rpd to his father.[24][1]

Gyula Krist and many other historians refute Porphy-rogenituss report of the omission of lmos in favor ofhis son, saying that the turul legend connected to lmossbirth proves his role as forefather of his dynasty.[24][25]These historians say that the emperors account is basedon a report by one of rpds descendants named Ter-macsu, who emphasized by this report of rpds elec-tion that only those descending from rpd were suit-able to lead theHungarians; otherchildren of lmos wereexcluded.[24]Andrs Rna-Tassays thatConstantine Por-phyrogenitus preserved thememory of acoup d'tat orga-nized against Levedi kende by lmos gyula, who had hisown son rpd elected as sacred ruler in his opponentsplace.[26] A late 9th-century Arabian scholar, al-Jayhani whoseworks were partially preserved inIbnRusta's andother Muslim authors books mentions the existenceof these two high offices among the Hungarians.[27][28]He describes the kende as the Hungarians sacred rulerand the gyula as their military commander.[27] Histori-

ans still debate which of the two offices was held bylmos.[27][7][26]

The chagan said to [Levedi]: We haveinvited you upon this account, in order that,since you are noble and wise and valorous and rst among the [Hungarians] , we may appoint you prince of your nation, and you may beobedient to our word and our command. But he, in reply, made answer to the chagan: Your regard and purpose for me I highly esteemand express to you suitable thanks, but since

I am not strong enough for this rule, I cannot obey you; on the other hand, however, thereis a voivode other than me, called [lmos] ,

and he has a son called [rpd]; let one of these, rather, either that [lmos] or his son[rpd] , be made prince, and be obedient toyour word. That chagan was pleased at thissaying, and gave some of his men to go withhim, and sent them to the [Hungarians] , and after they had talked the matter over with the[Hungarians] , the [Hungarians] preferred that [rpd] should be prince rather than [lmos]his father, for he was of superior parts and greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule; and so theymade him prince according to the custom, or 'zakanon', of the Chazars, by lifting him upona shield.Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Adminis-trando Imperio[29]

Krist says that lmos stood at the headof the Hungariantribal confederation from around 850.[16] Porphyrogeni-tuss narration says that he initially accepted the khaganssuzerainty.[27] The Hungarians apparently achieved theirindependence around 860, since the earliest reports ontheir plundering raids in Central Europe were recordedthereafter.[27] The Annals of St. Bertin mentions their in-cursion into Louis the German's realm in 862.[30] Threetribes seceding from the Khazar Khaganate, togetherknown by Porphyrogenitus as " Kabaroi " ,[31] also joinedwith the Hungarians in the 860s or 870s.[32] Spinei says

that the memory of their arrival was preserved by Anony-mus, whomentionsthe seven dukes of theCumans"whosubjected themselves to Prince lmos at Kiev.[33][34]

Anonymus writes of a war between the Hungarians andthe Kievan Rus', ending with the victory of the Hungar-ians, who were commanded by lmos.[35] The RussianPrimary Chronicle refers to a Hungarian hill[36] at Kievin connection with the towns occupation byOlegof Nov-gorod in 882.[35] The same chronicle mentions a castleofOl'ma()standingon thesame hill.[30]George Vernadsky says that this fortress had been namedafter lmos, but this theory has not been widely accepted

by historians.[30]

3 Death

Further information: Hungarian conquest of theCarpathian BasinThe Hungarians who lived in the westernmost parts of

the Pontic steppes were occasionally hired by neighbor-ing powers to intervene in their wars.[34] For instance,they invaded Moravia in alliance with Arnulf of EastFrancia in 892.[34][37] Their intervention in a conict

between the First Bulgarian Empire and the ByzantineEmpire caused a joint counter-invasion by the Bulgarsand Pechenegs.[38] The Hungarians were forced to leave
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moraviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_steppeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vernadskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Primary_Chroniclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Primary_Chroniclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Germanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_St._Bertinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitushttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Rustahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levedihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etelk%C3%B6zhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivodeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language

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3

The " Hungarian land-taking"

the Pontic steppes and to cross the Carpathians in searchof a new homeland around 895.[39][40]

According to the Gesta Hungarorum, the Hungariansinvaded the Carpathian Basin under lmos, who ap-pointed his son, rpd, as leader and master[41] ofthe Hungarian tribal federation at Ungvr (Uzhhorod,Ukraine).[42] Thereafter Anonymous does not mentionlmos.[42] In a contrasting report, the Illuminated Chron-icle says that lmos could not enter Pannonia, for hewas killed in Erdelw[43](Transylvania).[27][7]Krist saysthat the chronicle preserves the memory of lmoss sac-rice because of the catastrophic defeat of his people bythe Pechenegs.[42] If this is true, his ritual murder provesthat lmos was the sacred leader of the Hungarian tribalfederation.[42][7]Rna-Tas refutes this and says that if thechronicles report is reliable, lmos became the victimof a political murder committed or initiated by his ownson.[44] Preferring thenarration of theGesta Hungarorumto the report by the Illuminated Chronicle, Victor Spineistates that lmos was notmurderedin Transylvania, sinceAnonymus writes that the Hungarians bypassed this re-gion when invading the Carpathian Basin.[45]

4 Family

No source preserved the name of lmoss wife.[46][47]Anonymus writes that she was the daughter of a cer-tain most noble prince.[48] lmoss only child knownby name was rpd, who succeeded lmos after hisdeath.[47] The following is a family tree presenting l-moss closest relatives:[47]

5 See also

rpd dynasty Sacred king

6 Footnotes[1] Spinei 2003, p. 33.

[2] Kirschbaum 1995, p. 40.

[3] Kirschbaum 1995, p. 38.

[4] Rna-Tas 1999, p. 59.

[5] Krist & Makk 1996, p. 9.

[6] Anonymus, Notary of King Bla: The Deeds of the Hun- garians (ch. 5), p. 17.

[7] Engel 2001, p. 19.

[8] Spinei 2003, p. 54.

[9] Simon of Kza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 2.27),p. 81.

[10] Simon of Kza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 1.10),p. 43.

[11] Krist & Makk 1996, p. 10.

[12] The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 25), p. 98.

[13] Krist & Makk 1996, pp. 10-11.

[14] Anonymus, Notary of King Bla: The Deeds of the Hun- garians (ch. 3), pp. 1213.

[15] Rna-Tas 1999, p. 227.

[16] Krist 1996, p. 166.

[17] Spinei 2009, p. 353.

[18] Anonymus, Notary of King Bla: The Deeds of the Hun- garians (ch. 3), pp. 1315.


[20] Krist & Makk 1996, p. 11.


[22] Krist & Makk 1996, p. 12.

[23] Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio(ch. 38), p. 171.

[24] Krist & Makk 1996, p. 13.

[25] Krist 1996, p. 165.

[26] Rna-Tas 1999, p. 330.

[27] Krist & Makk 1996, p. 14.

[28] Krist 1996, p. 104-105.


[30] Krist 1996, p. 133.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B31996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B31996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B3Makk1996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFR.C3.B3na-Tas1999https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B31996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B3Makk1996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B3Makk1996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B3Makk1996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFSpinei2009https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B31996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFR.C3.B3na-Tas1999https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B3Makk1996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B3Makk1996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFSpinei2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFEngel2001https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B3Makk1996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFR.C3.B3na-Tas1999https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKirschbaum1995https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKirschbaum1995https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFSpinei2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_kinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungv%C3%A1rhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin

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4 8 EXTERNAL LINKS


[32] Krist 1996, p. 148.


[34] Spinei 2003, p. 51.

[35] Spinei 2003, p. 42.

[36] Russian Primary Chronicle (years 880-882), p. 61.)

[37] Kirschbaum 1995, p. 29.

[38] Spinei 2003, pp. 51-52.

[39] Kirschbaum 1995, pp. 39-40.

[40] Spinei 2003, pp. 52-55.

[41] Anonymus, Notary of King Bla: The Deeds of the Hun- garians

(ch. 13), p. 37.[42] Krist & Makk 1996, p. 15.

[43] The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 28), p. 98.

[44] Rna-Tas 1999, p. 344.

[45] Spinei 2009, p. 72.

[46] Anonymus, Notary of King Bla: The Deeds of the Hun- garians, note 9 on p. 15.

[47] Krist & Makk 1996, p. Appendix 1.


7 References

7.1 Primary sources Anonymus, Notary of King Bla: The Deeds of the

Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated byMartyn Rady and Lszl Veszprmy) (2010). In:Rady, Martyn; Veszprmy, Lszl; Bak, Jnos M.(2010); Anonymus and Master Roger ; CEU Press;

ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Im-

perio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, En-glish translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967).Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.ISBN 0-88402-021-5.

Simon of Kza: The Deeds of the Hungarians(Edited and translated by Lszl Veszprmy andFrank Schaer with a study by Jen Szcs) (1999).CEU Press. ISBN 963-9116-31-9.

The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de

Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezs Dercsnyi)(1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-4015-1.

The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text (Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Crossand Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor) (1953). Me-dieval Academy of America. ISBN 978-0-915651-32-0.

7.2 Secondary sources Engel, Pl (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A His-

tory of Medieval Hungary, 8951526 . I.B. TaurisPublishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.

Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1995). A History of Slo-vakia: The Struggle for Survival . Palgrave Macmil-lan. ISBN 963-482-113-8.

Krist, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in theNinthCentury. Szegedi KzpkorszMhely. ISBN

1-4039-6929-9. (Hungarian) Krist, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996).

Az rpd-hz uralkodi [=Rulers of the House ofrpd]. I.P.C. Knyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.

Rna-Tas, Andrs (1999). Hungarians and Eu-rope in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction toEarly Hungarian History (Translated by NicholasBodoczky). CEU Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.

Spinei, Victor (2003). The Great Migrations in theEast and South East of Europe from the Ninth tothe Thirteenth Century. Romanian Cultural Institute(Center for Transylvanian Studies) and Museum ofBrila Istros Publishing House. ISBN 973-85894-5-2.

Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Tur-kic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from theTenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. KoninklijkeBrill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5.

8 External links

Marek, Miroslav. Arpad. Genealogy.EU.
http://genealogy.euweb.cz/http://genealogy.euweb.cz/arpad/arpad1.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17536-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-85894-5-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-85894-5-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-48-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-7930-97-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6929-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-482-113-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780915651320https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780915651320https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0800840151https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0800840151https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9639116319https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0884020215https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639776951https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B3Makk1996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFSpinei2009https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFR.C3.B3na-Tas1999https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B3Makk1996https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFSpinei2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKirschbaum1995https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFSpinei2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKirschbaum1995https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFSpinei2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFSpinei2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos#CITEREFKrist.C3.B31996

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