Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

17/10/2014 Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I 1/23

A map of the World showing the participants in World War I. Thosefighting on the Entente's side (at one point or another) are depicted ingreen, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey.

European military alliances prior to the war.

Allies of World War IFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Entente Powers or Allies(French: Forces de l'Entente / Allis;Italian: Alleati; Romanian: PuterileAntantei / Aliaii; Russian:, Soyuzniki; Serbian:, Saveznici) were thecountries at war with the CentralPowers during World War I. Themembers of the Triple Entente werethe French Republic, the BritishEmpire and the Russian Empire;Italy ended its alliance with theCentral Powers and entered the waron the side of the Entente in 1915.Japan was another importantmember. Belgium, Serbia, Greece,Montenegro, and Romania[1] weresecondary members of the Entente.[2]

The United States declared war onGermany in 1917 on the grounds thatGermany violated U.S. neutrality byattacking international shipping andbecause of the ZimmermannTelegram sent to Mexico.[3] The U.S.entered the war as an "associatedpower", rather than a formal ally ofFrance and the United Kingdom, inorder to avoid "foreignentanglements".[4] Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria severed relations with the United States,neither declared war.[5]

Although the Dominions and Crown Colonies of the British Empire made significant contributions to theAllied war effort, they did not have independent foreign policies during World War I. Operationalcontrol of British Empire forces was in the hands of the five-member British War Cabinet (BWC).However, the Dominion governments controlled recruiting, and did remove personnel from front-lineduties as they saw fit.

From early 1917 the BWC was superseded by the Imperial War Cabinet, which had Dominionrepresentation. The Australian Corps and Canadian Corps were placed for the first time under thecommand of Australian and Canadian Lieutenant Generals John Monash and Arthur Currie,[6]respectively, who reported in turn to British generals. In April 1918, operational control of all Ententeforces on the Western Front passed to the new supreme commander, Ferdinand Foch.

The only countries represented in the 1918 armistice which ended combat on the Western Front[7] wereBritain, France and Germany.



Contents

1 History2 Major affiliated state combatants

2.1 United Kingdom2.1.1 War justifications2.1.2 Colonies and dependencies

2.1.2.1 In Europe2.1.2.2 In Africa2.1.2.3 In North America2.1.2.4 In Asia

2.2 Russia2.3 France2.4 Serbia2.5 Japan2.6 Italy

3 Minor affiliated state combatants3.1 Belgium3.2 Brazil3.3 Montenegro3.4 Emirate of Nejd and Hasa

4 Major co-belligerent state combatants4.1 United States

5 Non-state combatants6 Leaders

6.1 France6.2 British Empire

6.2.1 Dominion of Canada6.2.2 Commonwealth of Australia6.2.3 British India6.2.4 Union of South Africa6.2.5 New Zealand6.2.6 Dominion of Newfoundland

6.3 Russia6.4 Serbia6.5 Montenegro6.6 Greece6.7 Belgium



A 1914 Russian poster depicting the TripleEntente.

6.8 Italy6.9 Romania6.10 United States6.11 Japan6.12 Portugal6.13 Siam6.14 Brazil

7 Personnel and casualties8 Summary of Declarations of War9 See also10 Footnotes11 References12 Sources

History

The original alliance opposed to the Central Powers was theTriple Entente, which was formed by three Great EuropeanPowers:

British Empire French Republic Russian Empire

The war began with the Austrian attack invasion of Serbiaon 28 July 1914, in response to the assassination ofArchduke Franz Ferdinand. The Austrian Empire followedwith an attack on the Serbian ally Montenegro on 8 August.On the Western Front, the two neutral States of Belgium andLuxembourg were immediately occupied by German troopsas part of the German Schlieffen Plan.

Of the two Low Countries, Luxembourg chose to capitulate,and was viewed as a collaborationist State by the EntentePowers: Luxembourg never became part of the Allies, andonly narrowly avoided Belgians efforts of annexation, at theconclusion of hostilities in 1919. On 23 August Japan joinedthe Entente, which then counted seven members.. Theentrance of the British Empire brought Nepal into the war.

On 23 May 1915, Italy entered the war on the Entente side and declared war on Austria; previously, Italyhad been a member of the Triple Alliance but had remained neutral since the beginning of the conflict.In 1916, Montenegro capitulated and left the Entente, and two nations joined, Portugal and Romania.



The Council of Four (from left toright): David Lloyd George, VittorioEmanuele Orlando, GeorgesClemenceau and Woodrow Wilson inVersailles

On 6 April 1917 the United States and its American allies entered the war. Liberia, Siam and Greecealso became allies. After the October Revolution, Russia left the alliance and ended formal involvementin the war, by the signing of the treaty of Brest Litovsk in November effectively creating a separatepeace with the Central Powers. This was followed by Romanian cessation of hostilities, however theBalkan State declared war on Central Powers again on 10 November 1918. The Russian withdrawalallowed for the final structure of the alliance, which was based on five Great Powers:

French Republic British Empire United States Italy Japan

Statistics of the Allied Powers (in 1913)[8]

Population Land GDP

Russian Empire (plus Poland and Finland) 173.2m(176.4m)21.7m km2 (22.1m

km2)$257.7b

($264.3b)

French Third Republic 39.8m (88.1m) 0.5m km2 (11.2m

km2)$138.7b

($170.2b)

The British Empire 446.1m 33.3m km2 $561.2b

Empire of Japan (plus colonies) 55.1m (74.2m) 0.4m km2 (0.7m km2) $76.5b ($92.8b)

Kingdom of Italy (plus colonies) 35.6m (37.6m) 0.3m km2 (2.3m 2 ) $91.3b ($92.6b)

United States (plus overseasdependencies),[9]

96.5m (106.3m) 7.8m km2 (9.6m km2)$511.6b

($522.2b)

Allied approximate total 928.7m 79.2m km2 $1,703.3b

Major affiliated state combatants

United Kingdom

War justifications

In response to Germany's invasion of neutral Belgium, the UnitedKingdom declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914.[10] TheBritish Empire held several semi-autonomous dominions thatwere automatically brought into the war effort as a result of theBritish declaration of war, including Australia, Canada,Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa.

Colonies and dependencies

In Europe

Gibraltar, Cyprus and Malta were British dependencies inEurope.



British soldiers in a trench during theBattle of the Somme in 1916.

British battlecruiser HMS Lion hit byshell fire during the Battle of Jutland.

British Sopwith Camel fighter aircraftduring the war.

Russian artillery firing.

In Africa

The UK held several colonies, protectorates, and semi-autonomous dependencies at the time of World War I. In EasternAfrica the East Africa Protectorate, Nyasaland, both Northernand Southern Rhodesia, the Uganda Protectorate, were involvedin conflict with German forces in German East Africa. InWestern Africa, the colonies of Gold Coast and Nigeria wereinvolved in military actions against German forces fromTogoland and Kamerun. In Southwestern Africa, the semi-autonomous dominion of South Africa was involved in militaryactions against German forces in German South-West Africa.

In North America

Canada and Newfoundland were two semi-autonomousdominions during the war that made major military contributionsto the British war effort.

Other British dependent territories in the Americas included:British Honduras, the Falkland Islands, British Guiana, andJamaica.

In Asia

The UK held large possessions in Asia, including the British Rajthat were an assortment of British imperial authorities in theterritory then defined as India.

Australia and New Zealand were two semi-autonomousdominions of the UK in Asia during the war.

Other British territories at the time included: British Malaya referring to several Malay states under British control as a resultof the Straits Settlements; North Borneo; and Hong Kong.

Russia

In response to Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia in 1914,Russian government officials denounced the Austro-Hungarianinvasion as an "ignoble war" on a "weak country".[11] Russiangovernment official Nikola N. Shebeko stated: "the attack onSerbia by a powerful empire such as Austria, supposedly in orderto defend its existence, cannot be understood by anyone in mycountry; it has been considered simply as a means of delivering adeath-blow to Serbia."[11] Russia held close diplomatic relationswith Serbia, and Russian foreign minister Sergey Sazonovsuspected the events were a conspiracy between Austria-Hungaryand Germany to expel Russian influence in the Balkans.[11] On



French soldiers crossing a river ontheir way to Verdun during the Battleof Verdun.

Serbian soldiers during World War I.

30 July 1914, Russia enacted a general mobilization. The day after general mobilization was enacted,Austria-Hungary's ally Germany declared war on Russia prior to expected Russian intervention againstAustria-Hungary.

Following a raid by Ottoman warships on the Russian port of Odessa, Russia declared war on theOttoman Empire in November 1914.[12]

France

After Germany declared war on Russia, France with its alliancewith Russia prepared a general mobilization in expectation ofwar. On 3 August 1914, Germany declared war on France.[13]

Serbia

Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary after Austria-Hungaryplaced a stringent ultimatum to the Serbian governmentdemanding full compliance to an Austro-Hungarian investigationof complicity by the Serbian government in the assassination ofArchduke Francis Ferdinand. Serbia agreed to most of Austria-Hungary's demands but because it did not fully comply, Austria-Hungary invaded.

Serbia had the diplomatic support of Russia, and both Serbia andRussia resented Austria-Hungary's absorption of Bosnia andHerzegovina that held a substantial Serb population. Serbia hadexpanded in size through its actions in the Balkan Wars of 19121913 when the Ottoman Empire's control in the Balkanscollapsed.

During the war, Serbia justified the war as being the result ofAustro-Hungarian imperialism towards Serbs and South Slavs,Serbia cooperated with Yugoslavists including the YugoslavCommittee who sought pan-South-Slav unification, particularly through liberating South Slavs fromAustria-Hungary. In the Corfu Declaration in 1917, the Serbian government officially declared itsintention to form a state of Yugoslavia.

The first two allied victories in the war were won by the Serbian army, on the mountains of Cer andKolubara, in western Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian army was expelled from the country, sufferingheavy losses. Serbia suffered great losses during the war, almost 50% of all men and around 30% of itsentire population were killed. On July 28, 1918, the Serbian flag was raised at American publicbuildings, including the White House, on the order of President Woodrow Wilson as a sign ofrecognition for Serbia's resistance against the Central Powers.[14]

Japan

Japan declared war on Germany after it did not accept an ultimatum sent by Japan to Germany,demanding that Germany extinguish its title to the Kiautschou Bay concession and restore that territoryto China.[15] The Japanese government appealed to the Japanese public that Japan was not merely



Japanese soldiers landing in Tsingtaoduring the Siege of Tsingtao in whichAllied forces seized control ofGermany's Kiautschou Bayconcession.

Italian alpine troops.

Brazilian soldiers in World War I.

entering a "European War" on behalf of European powers, but that Japan was fighting on behalf ofAsians against a belligerent European power, Germany, that Japan identified as the "source of evil in theFar East".[15] Thus as a result of this, Japan was following through with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.[15]

Italy

Italy had been a member of the Triple Alliance alongsideGermany and Austria-Hungary since the 1880s, however theTriple Alliance stipulated that all parties must be consulted in theevent of one country engaging in war and Italy was not informedof this.[16] As such Italy claimed that it was not obligated to jointheir war effort.[16] Italy's relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary in contrast to the Allies were additionally affected bythe fact that in 1913, Britain supplied Italy with 90 percent of itsannual imports of coal.[16] The war effort of the Central Powersmeant that Germany and Austria-Hungary were using their coalsupplies for the war, and little was available to be exported toItaly.[16] Italy initially attempted to pursue neutrality from 1914to 1915.[16]

After diplomatic negotiations, Britain and France convinced Italyto join the war effort with promises that Italy would gainfavourable territorial concessions from the Central Powers,including Italian-populated territories of Austria-Hungary.[17]Italy ordered mobilization on 22 May 1915, and issued anultimatum to Austria-Hungary, and then declared war on Austria-Hungary, though it did not declare war on Germany.[17]

Minor affiliated state combatants

Belgium

Belgium had declared its neutrality when the war began, however Germany disregarded Belgium'sneutrality and invaded the country in order to launch an offensive against the French capital of Paris. Asa result Belgium became a member of the Allies.

Brazil

Brazil entered the war in 1917 after the United States intervenedon the basis of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare sinkingits merchant ships, which Brazil also cited as a reason to enterthe war fighting against Germany and the Central Powers.

Montenegro

Montenegro had very close cultural and political connectionswith Serbia and had cooperated with Serbia in the Balkan Warsof 19121913. Montenegro joined the war against Austria-Hungary.



Emirate of Nejd and Hasa

The Emirate of Nejd and Hasa agreed to enter the war as an ally of Britain in the Treaty of Darin onDecember 26, 1915.[18]

Major co-belligerent state combatants

United States

The United States declared war on Germany in 1917 on the grounds that Germany violated U.S.neutrality by attacking international shipping with its unrestricted submarine warfare campaign.[3] TheU.S. entered the war as an "associated power," rather than a formal ally of France and the UnitedKingdom, in order to avoid "foreign entanglements."[4] Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgariasevered relations with the United States, neither declared war.[5]

Non-state combatants

Four non-state combatants, which voluntarily fought with the Allies and seceded from the constituentstates of the Central Powers at the end of the war, were allowed to participate as winning nations to thepeace treaties:

Polish Legions Czechoslovak Legions: armed by France, Italy and Russia The Hejaz: armed by Britain in Arabia Armenians: seceded from Russia and fought against Ottoman Empire.

Leaders

France

Raymond Poincar President of FranceRen Viviani Prime Minister of France (13 June 1914 29 October 1915)Aristide Briand Prime Minister of France (29 October 1915 20 March 1917)Alexandre Ribot Prime Minister of France (20 March 1917 12 September 1917)Paul Painlev Prime Minister of France (12 September 1917 16 November 1917)Georges Clemenceau Prime Minister of France (From 16 November 1917)Divisional General / Marshal Joseph Joffre Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (3 August1914 13 December 1916)Divisional General Robert Nivelle Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (13 December1916 April 1917)Divisional General / Marshal Philippe Ptain Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (April1917 11 November 1918)Divisional General / Marshal Ferdinand Foch Supreme Allied Commander (26 March 1918 11



November 1918)Divisional General Maurice Sarrail Commander of the Allied armies at Salonika Front (1915 1917)Army General Adolphe Guillaumat Commander of the Allied armies at Salonika Front (1917 1918)Divisional General / Marshal Louis Franchet d'Esprey Commander of the Allied armies atSalonika Front (1918)Brigadier General Milan Rastislav tefnik General of French Army, Commander ofCzechoslovak Legions

British Empire

George V King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of IndiaH. H. Asquith Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Until 5 December 1916)David Lloyd George Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (From 7 December 1916)Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener Secretary of State for War (5 August 1914 5 June1916)General William Robertson Chief of the Imperial General Staff (23 December 1915 February1918)General Henry Wilson Chief of the Imperial General Staff (February 1918 February 1922)General John French Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (4 August 1914 15 December 1915)General / Field Marshal Douglas Haig Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force(15 December 1915 11 November 1918)General Hugh Trenchard Commander of Royal Flying Corps (August 1915 January 1918)Winston Churchill First Lord of the Admiralty (1911 May 1915)Arthur Balfour- First Lord of the Admiralty (May 1915 December 1916)Edward Carson First Lord of the Admiralty (10 December 1916 17 July 1917)Eric Geddes First Lord of the Admiralty (July 1917 January 1919)Admiral of the Fleet John "Jackie" Fisher First Sea Lord (1914 May 1915)Admiral Henry Jackson First Sea Lord (May 1915 November 1916)Admiral John Jellicoe Commander of the Grand Fleet (August 1914 November 1916); FirstSea Lord (November 1916 December 1917)Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss First Sea Lord (December 1917 November 1919)Admiral David Beatty Commander of the Grand Fleet (November 1916 April 1919)General Edmund Allenby Commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (June 1917 November 1918)

Dominion of Canada



Robert Borden Prime Minister of Canada (191418)Sam Hughes Minister of Militia and Defence (1914 January 1915)Joseph Flavelle- Chairman of Imperial Munitions Board (191519)

General Julian Byng (June 1916 June 1917) Canadian Corps commanderLieutenant-General Edwin Alderson Commander of the unified Canadian Corps of the CanadianExpeditionary Force (26 January 1915 September 1915)General Arthur Currie Commander of the unified Canadian Corps of the Canadian

Expeditionary Force (June 1917 )[19]

Commonwealth of Australia

Joseph Cook Prime Minister of Australia (until 17 September 1914)Andrew Fisher Prime Minister of Australia (17 September 1914 27 October 1915)Billy Hughes Prime Minister of Australia (from 27 October 1915)General John Monash Commander of the Australian Corps (all five Australian infantry divisionsserving on the Western Front) (May 1918 )Major General William Holmes Commander of the Australian Naval and Military ExpeditionaryForce (August 1914 February 1915)General Harry Chauvel Commander of Desert Mounted Corps (Sinai and Palestine) (August1917 )

British India

Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst Viceroy of India 19101916Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford Viceroy of India 19161921Austen Chamberlain Secretary of State for IndiaLieutenant-General John Nixon commander of the British Indian Army (active in the Middle East)

Union of South Africa

General Louis Botha Prime Minister of South AfricaGeneral Jan Smuts Led forces in South-West Africa Campaign and East African Campaign, latermember of the Imperial War Cabinet

New Zealand

William Massey Prime Minister of New Zealand General Sir Alexander Godley Commandant of New Zealand Military Forces (to October

1914); Commander of the New Zealand Expeditionary ForceMajor General Sir Alfred William Robin Quartermaster-General and Commandant of NewZealand Military Forces (from October 1914)



Dominion of Newfoundland

Sir Edward Morris Prime Minister of Newfoundland (19091917)Sir John Crosbie Prime Minister of Newfoundland (19171918)Sir William Lloyd Prime Minister of Newfoundland (19181919)

Russia

Nicholas II Russian Emperor, King of Poland, and Grand Prince of Finland. (Until 15 March1917)Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich Commander-in-chief (1 August 1914 5 September 1916)and viceroy in the CaucasusIvan Goremykin Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (1 August 1914 2February 1916)Boris Strmer Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (2 February 1916 23November 1916)Alexander Trepov Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (23 November 1916 27 December 1916)Nikolai Golitsyn Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (27 December 1916 9 January 1917)General of the Cavalry Alexander Samsonov Commander of the Russian Second Army for theinvasion of East Prussia (1 August 1914 29 August 1914)General of the Cavalry Paul von Rennenkampf Commander of the Russian First Army for theinvasion of East Prussia (1 August 1914 November 1914)General of the Artillery Nikolay Ivanov Commander of the Russian army on the SouthwesternFront, (1 August 1914 March 1916) responsible for much of the action in GaliciaGeneral Adjutant Aleksei Brusilov Commander of the South-West Front, then provisionalCommander-in-Chief after the Tsar's abdication (February 1917 August 1917)General of the Infantry Lavr Georgievich Kornilov Commander of the South-West Front, thenCommander-in-Chief (August 1917)General of the Infantry Aleksey Kuropatkin Commander of the Northern Front (October 1915 1917)General of the Infantry Nikolai Yudenich Commander of the Caucasus (January 1915 May1917)Admiral Andrei Eberhardt Commander of Black Sea Fleet (191416)Admiral Alexander Kolchak Commander of Black Sea Fleet (191617)Admiral Nikolai Essen Commander of Baltic Fleet (1913 May 1915)

Serbia



Peter I King of SerbiaCrown Prince Alexander Regent, Commander-in-ChiefNikola Pai Prime Minister of SerbiaField Marshal Radomir Putnik Chief of the General Staff of the Serbian Army (19141915)General / Field Marshal ivojin Mii Deputy Chief of General Staff (1914), Commander ofFirst Army (19141915; 1917), later Chief of General Staff (1918)General / Field Marshal Petar Bojovi Commander of First Army (1914), Deputy Chief ofGeneral Staff (19151916), Chief of General Staff (19161917) later Commander of First Army(1918)General / Field Marshal Stepa Stepanovi Commander of Second Army (19141918)General Pavle Jurii turm Commander of Third Army (19141916)Colonel Duan Stefanovi Minister of War (1914)Colonel Radivoje Bojovi Minister of War (19141915)Colonel / General Boidar Terzi Minister of War (19151918)General Mihailo Rai Minister of War (1918)Colonel / General Milo Vasi Commander of First Army (1916; 1917), Commander of ThirdArmy (1916)

Montenegro

Nicholas I King of Montenegro, Commander-in-ChiefGeneral Serdar Janko Vukoti Prime Minister, Commander of 1st Montenegrin Army

General Boidar Jankovi Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (19141915) Colonel Petar Pei Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (1914

1915), later Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (19151916)Crown Prince Danilo II Petrovi-Njego In the staff of the 1st Montenegrin ArmyBrigadier Krsto Popovi In the staff of the 1st Montenegrin Army, Aide-de-camp to SerdarJanko VukotiGeneral Anto Gvozdenovi King's Aide-de-campGeneral Mitar Martinovi Commander of several detachments in the Montenegrin army ( Drinaand Herzegovina detachments together in 19141915, Kotor detachment in 1916 )

Greece

Eleftherios Venizelos: Prime minister of Greece after 13 June 1917.Constantin I: King of Greece, he retired from the throne, without formally resigning.George: Crown Prince of Greece, designated King after his father retired form the throne, herefused to become the new king and followed his father in exile.Alexander: King of Greece, he became King of Greece after his father and brother retired from thethrone.



Panagiotis Danglis: Greek general in the Hellenic Army.

Belgium

Albert I of Belgium King of the Belgians (23 December 1909 17 February 1934) andCommander-in-chief of the Belgian armyCharles de Broqueville Prime Minister (19121918); replaced by Grard Cooreman in June1918 shortly before the end of the war.Flix Wielemans Chief of Staff of the Belgian ArmyGrard Leman general commanding the defense of LigeThophile Figeys general in the Hundred Days' OffensiveCharles Tombeur commander of the colonial Force Publique in the East African theater

Italy

Victor Emmanuel III King of ItalyAntonio Salandra Prime Minister (until 18 June 1916)Paolo Boselli Prime Minister (18 June 1916 29 October 1917)Vittorio Emanuele Orlando Prime Minister (from 29 October 1917)Luigi Cadorna Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Italian ArmyArmando Diaz Chief of General Staff of the Royal Italian armyLuigi, Duke of Abruzzi Commander-in-Chief of the Adriatic Fleet of Italy (191417)Paolo Thaon di Revel Admiral of the Royal Italian Navy

Romania

Ferdinand I King of RomaniaGeneral Constantin Prezan Chief of the General Staff of RomaniaIon I. C. Brtianu Prime Minister of RomaniaVintil Brtianu Secretary of WarField Marshal Alexandru Averescu Commander of the 2nd Army, 3rd Army, then Army GroupSouthGeneral Eremia Grigorescu Commander of the 1st Army

United States

Woodrow Wilson President of the United States/Commander-In-Chief of the U.S. armed forcesNewton D. Baker U.S. Secretary of WarJosephus Daniels United States Secretary of the NavyMajor General / General John J. Pershing Commander of the American Expeditionary ForceRear Admiral / Vice Admiral William Sims Commander of U.S. Naval Forces in European



The use of naval convoys to transport U.S.troops to France, 1917.

WatersBrigadier General Mason Patrick Commander of the United States Army Air Service

Japan

Emperor Taish Emperor of Japankuma Shigenobu Prime Minister of Japan (16April 1914 9 October 1916)Terauchi Masatake Prime minister of Japan (9October 1916 29 September 1918)Hara Takashi Prime minister of Japan (29September 1918 4 November 1921)Kz Sat Commander of the Second Special TaskFleetKamio Mitsuomi Commander of Allied land forcesat Tsingtao

Portugal

Bernardino Machado President of Portugal (until 12 December 1917)Afonso Costa Prime Minister of Portugal (until 15 March 1916; then again 25 April 1917 10December 1917)Antnio Jos de Almeida Prime Minister of Portugal (15 March 1916 25 April 1917)Sidnio Pais Prime Minister of Portugal and War Minister (11 December 1917 9 May 1918)and President of Portugal (from 9 May 1918)Jos Norton de Matos War Minister (until 10 December 1917)Joo Tamagnini Barbosa Interim War Minister (9 May 1918 15 May 1918)Amlcar Mota Secretary of State for War (15 May 1918 8 October 1918)lvaro de Mendona Secretary of State for War (from 8 October 1918)Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu Commander of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP)Jos Augusto Alves Roadas Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Southern AngolaJos Lus de Moura Mendes Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (until June1916)Jos Csar Ferreira Gil Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (from June1916)Sousa Rosa Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (from 1917)

Siam

See main Article: Siam in World War I



A pie-chart showing the militarydeaths of the Allied Powers.

Vajiravudh King of SiamChakrabongse Bhuvanath Commander of Siamese Expeditionary Forces in Western Front.General Phya Pijaijarnrit Supreme Commander Siamese Force in World War I

Brazil

See main Article: Brazil during World War I

Venceslau Brs President of BrazilAdmiral Pedro Frontin, Chief of DNOG (Brazilian Expeditionary Fleet)General Napoleo Felipe Ach, Chief of Brazilian Military Mission in France (19181919)

M.D. Nabuco Gouveia Chief of Brazilian Military Medical Commission

Personnel and casualties

These are estimates of the cumulative number of differentpersonnel in uniform 19141918, including army, navy andauxiliary forces. At any one time, the various forces were muchsmaller. Only a fraction of them were frontline combat troops.The numbers do not reflect the length of time each country wasinvolved. (See also: World War I casualties.)



Alliedpower

Mobilizedpersonnel

Killed inaction

Wounded inaction

Totalcasualties

Casualtiesas % of

totalmobilized

Australia 412,9531 61,928[20] 152,171 214,099 52%

Belgium 267,0003 38,172[21] 44,686 82,858 31%

Canada 628,9641 64,944[22] 149,732 214,676 34%

France 8,410,0003 1,397,800[23] 4,266,000 5,663,800 67%

Greece 230,0003 26,000[24] 21,000 47,000 20%

India 1,440,4371 74,187[25] 69,214 143,401 10%

Italy 5,615,0003 651,010[26] 953,886 1,604,896 29%

Japan 800,0003 415[27] 907 1,322



3 August Germany France

4 August Germany Belgium United Kingdom Germany

5 August Montenegro Austria-Hungary

6 August Austria-Hungary Russia Serbia Germany

9 August Montenegro Germany11 August France Austria-Hungary12 August United Kingdom Austria-Hungary22 August Austria-Hungary Belgium23 August Japan Germany25 August Japan Austria-Hungary1 November Russia Ottoman Empire2 November Serbia Ottoman Empire3 November Montenegro Ottoman Empire

5 November United Kingdom France Ottoman Empire

191523 May Italy Austria-Hungary3 June San Marino Austria-Hungary21 August Italy Ottoman Empire14 October Bulgaria Serbia

15 October United Kingdom Montenegro Bulgaria

16 October France Bulgaria

19 October Italy Russia Bulgaria

19169 March Germany Portugal15 March Austria-Hungary Portugal

27 August Romania Austria-Hungary Italy Germany

28 August Germany Romania30 August Ottoman Empire Romania1 September Bulgaria Romania

19176 April United States Germany7 April Cuba Germany



10 April Bulgaria United States13 April Bolivia Germany20 April Ottoman Empire United States

2 July Greece

Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

22 July Siam Germany Austria-Hungary4 August Liberia Germany

14 August China Germany Austria-Hungary6 October Peru Germany7 October Uruguay Germany

26 October Brazil Germany[38]

7 December United States Austria-Hungary7 December Ecuador Germany10 December Panama Austria-Hungary16 December Cuba Austria-Hungary

191823 April Guatemala Germany

8 May Nicaragua Germany Austria-Hungary23 May Costa Rica Germany12 July Haiti Germany19 July Honduras Germany10 November Romania Germany

See also

Triple EntenteParticipants in World War ICentral PowersAllied leaders of World War IAllies of World War II

Footnotes



1. ^ Karel Schelle, The First World War and the Paris Peace Agreement (http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4lsOsKQz3AQC&pg=PA24&dq=Czechoslovakia+Triple+Entente+alliance+emigrant+government&hl=en&ei=Cwt2TvjKGoKb1AX70qiXCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Czechoslovakia%20Triple%20Entente%20alliance%20emigrant%20government&f=false),GRIN Verlag, 2009, p. 24

2. ^ First World War.com Feature Articles The Causes of World War One(http://www.firstworldwar.com/origins/causes.htm)

3. ^ a b US Declaration of War (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usawardeclaration.htm)

4. ^ a b Tucker&Roberts pp. 1232, 1264

5. ^ a b Tucker&Roberts p. 15596. ^ Perry (2004), p.xiii7. ^ Griffiths, William R. (1986). Thomas E. Griess, ed. The Great War. Wayne, NJ: Avery Publishing Group.

ISBN 0-89529-312-9. Page 1638. ^ S.N. Broadberry, Mark Harrison. The Economics of World War I. illustrated ed. Cambridge University

Press, 2005, pgs. 78. (http://books.google.com/books?id=Y9GP9gtGlkgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0)

9. ^ As Hawaii and Alaska were not yet U.S. states, they are included in the parenthetical figures.10. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East:

From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. P1562.

11. ^ a b c Jelavich, Barbara. Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 18061914. P26212. ^ Afflerbach, Holger; David Stevenson, David. An Improbable War: The Outbreak of World War 1 and

European Political Culture. Berghan Books. 2012. P. 293.13. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East:

From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. P1556.14. ^ http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Tema-nedelje/125-godina-sa-Amerikom/t31701.lt.html

15. ^ a b c Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 19141917. P155.

16. ^ a b c d e Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 19141917. P194.

17. ^ a b Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 19141917. P194-198.18. ^ Abdullah I of Jordan; Philip Perceval Graves (1950). Memoirs. p. 186.19. ^ first Canadian to attain the rank of full general20. ^ Australia casualties

Included in total are 55,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85-.The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military

dead.4-

Totals include 2,005 military deaths during 1919215-. The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330 Army war

dead1,237.21. ^ Belgium casualties

Included in total are 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85 Figures include 13,716 killedand 24,456 missing up until Nov.11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the records being

incomplete." 1,352.



22. ^ Canada casualties

Included in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.6,85

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.4

Totals include 3,789 military deaths during 191921 and 150 Merchant Navy deaths5-. The losses ofNewfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war

dead1,237.23. ^ France casualties

Included in total are 1,186,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85. Totals include the deaths of

71,100 French colonial troops. 7,414-Figures include war related military deaths of 28,600 from 11/11/1918 to

6/1/1919.7,414

24. ^ Greece casualtiesJean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat related deaths

and 3,255 missing8,339, The Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000 including 15,000

military deaths due disease6,160

25. ^ India casualtiesBritish India included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.


Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 191921 and 1,841 Canadian Merchant Navy dead5. The 1922

War Office report listed 64,454 Army war dead1,237

26. ^ Italy casualties

Included in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85

Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official data9.

27. ^ War dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army10,111.

28. ^ a b c Monaco 11-Novembre : ces Mongasques morts au champ d'honneur | Nice-Matin(http://www.nicematin.com/article/societe/monaco-11-novembre-ces-monegasques-morts-au-champ-dhonneur.40790.html)

29. ^ Jain, G (1954) India Meets China in Nepal, Asia Publishing House, Bombay P9230. ^ New Zealand casualties



Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919215. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war

dead1,237.31. ^ Portugal casualties

Figures include the following killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,332

in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW1,354.32. ^ Romania casualties

Military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire from the

International Labour Office"6,64. Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of

wounds6,85.



References

^1 The War Office (2006) [1922]. Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during theGreat War 19141920. Uckfield, East Sussex: Military and Naval Press. ISBN 1-84734-681-2.OCLC 137236769 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137236769).^2 Gilbert Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-521077-8.OCLC 233987354 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233987354).^3 Tucker Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia.New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-3351-X.^4 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Annual Report 2005-2006"(http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/6%20Statistics.pdf) (PDF).^5 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Debt of Honour Register"(http://www.cwgc.org/debt_of_honour.asp?menuid=14).

33. ^ Russia casualties

Included in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85. The estimate of total

Russian military losses was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis.6,4657

34. ^ Serbia casualties

Included in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.The estimate of totalcombined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet researcher Boris

Urlanis6,6264

35. ^ South Africa casualties

Included in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85


Totals include 380 military deaths during 19192115. The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war

dead1,237.36. ^ UK and Crown Colonies casualties



Military dead total includes 34,663 deaths during 191921 and 13,632 British Merchant Navy deaths5. The

1922 War Office report listed 702,410 war dead for the UK1,237, 507 from "Other colonies"1,237 and the

Royal Navy (32,287)1,339.

The British Merchant Navy losses of 14,661 were listed separately 1,339; The 1922 War Office report detailed

the deaths of 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK1,674678.37. ^ United States casualties

Official military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[1](http://siadapp.dior.whs.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/WCPRINCIPAL.pdf), The US Coast Guard lost an

additional 192 dead 11,481.38. ^ Declarations of War, 19141918

(http://www.academicamerican.com/progressive/worldwar1/docs/declarationsww1.htm)



^6 Urlanis Boris (2003) [1971, Moscow]. Wars and Population. Honolulu: University Press of thePacific. OCLC 123124938 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123124938).^7 Huber Michel (1931). La population de la France pendant la guerre, avec un appendice surLes revenus avant et aprs la guerre (in French). Paris. OCLC 4226464(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4226464).^8 Bujac Jean Lopold Emile (1930). Les campagnes de l'arme Hellnique 19181922 (inFrench). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. OCLC 10808602 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10808602).^9 Mortara Giorgio (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra (in Italian).New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. OCLC 2099099(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2099099).^10 Harries Merion, Harries Susie (1991). Soldiers of the Sun The Rise and Fall of the ImperialJapanese Army. Random House. ISBN 0-679-75303-6. OCLC 32615324(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32615324).^11 Clodfelter Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualtyand Other Figures, 15002000 (2nd ed.). London: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.OCLC 48066096 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48066096).

Sources

See List of World War I books

Ellis, John and Mike Cox. The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for Allthe Combatants (2002)Esposito, Vincent J. The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 19001918 (1997) despite the titlecovers entire war; online maps from this atlas(http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/great%20war/great%20war%20index.htm)Falls, Cyril. The Great War (1960), general military historyHigham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. Researching World War I: A Handbook (2003),historiography, stressing military themesPope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War(1995)Strachan, Hew. The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (2004)Trask, David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy, 19171918 (1961)Tucker, Spencer, ed. The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History(5 volumes) (2005), online at eBook.comTucker, Spencer, ed. European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (1999)

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