All Veterinary Drugs

Compiled by: Dr. Rai M Sajid

V e t e r i n a r i a n s

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2012Edition 1

Page 37

Cattle

Horse

Sheep

Goat

Camel

Dog

Cat

Pig

Bird

Wild

All Veterinary DrugsDrugs Salt & Dose Rates

Compiled by Dr. Rai M Sajid

Knowledge should be free for all !


Contents :

Dose Rates of Penicillins: Elimination, Distribution, and Clearance of Penicillins: Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Pencillins: Dose Rates of Cephalosporins : Elimination, Distribution, and Clearance of Cephalosporins: Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Cephalosporins: Dose Rates of Aminoglycosides: Elimination, Distribution, and Clearance of Aminoglycosides: Dosage Modifications of Aminoglycosides in Renal Failure: Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Aminoglycosides: Classes of Quinolones: Dose Rates of Quinolone : Dose Rates of Sulfonamides: Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Sulfonamides: Dose Rates of Potentiated Sulfonamides: Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Potentiated Sulfonamides: Dose Rates of Tetracyclines: Elimination, Distribution, and Clearance of Tetracyclines: Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Tetracyclines: Dose Rates of Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol: Elimination and Distribution of Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol: Dose Rates of Macrolides: Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Macrolides: Dose Rates of Lincosamides:

Dose Rates of Polyene Macrolide Antibiotics: Commonly Used Cardiovascular Drugs and Dosages : Drugs Used to Stimulate Appetite : Emetic Drugs : Antiemetic Drugs: Antiulcerative Drugs: Antidiarrheal Drugs: Drugs Used for Chronic Colitis: Prokinetic Drugs: Cathartic and Laxative Drugs: Dosages of Antistaphylococcal Antibiotics: Dosages of Antifungal Medications: Antihistamine Dosages: Glucocorticoids: Psychotropic Drugs Used for Skin Disorders: Competitive Nondepolarizing Agents and Antagonists: Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Anabolic Steroids: Anticonvulsant Drugs: Drugs Used for Treatment of Status Epilepticus: Tranquilizers and Sedatives without Analgesic Effects: Analgesics: Antitussive Drugs: β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Drugs: Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Small Animals: Dosages of Diuretics: Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Incontinence: Dose Rates of Imidazoles: Dose Rates of Griseofulvin: Dosage Rates of Antiviral Drugs : Actions of Inflammatory Mediators: Relative Potencies of Commonly Used

Corticosteroids: Mechanisms of Action, Indications, and Toxicities of Selected Antineoplastic Agents: Natural Steroid Hormones for Consideration

I m happy to compiled this data, & I m sure t

You can get this data from every where

You can easily find any drug by pressing keys ( Ctrl

This effort is dedicated to all veterinarians.

“ This is only picture in which almost all class mates are


Mechanisms of Action, Indications, and Toxicities of Selected Antineoplastic

: roid Hormones for Consideration

as Growth Promoters: Synthetic Steroid Hormones for Consideration as Growth Promoters:Antibacterial Growth Promoters for Potential Use in Livestock Production:

data, & I m sure this will help you in any matter about drugs.

You can get this data from every where , but in one softcopy never find.

You can easily find any drug by pressing keys ( Ctrl .F ) .

This effort is dedicated to all veterinarians.

This is only picture in which almost all class mates are together.

(Errors & Omissions are accepted )

Dr. Rai M Sajid

Synthetic Steroid Hormones for Consideration as Growth Promoters:Antibacterial Growth Promoters for Potential Use in Livestock Production:

his will help you in any matter about drugs.

together.”

(Errors & Omissions are accepted )


Dose Rates of Penicillin:

Penicillin Dosage, Route, and FrequencySodium penicillin G 10,000-20,000 IU/kg, IV or IM, qid Potassium penicillin G 25,000 IU/kg, PO, qid Procaine penicillin G 10,000-30,000 IU/kg, IM or SC,

sid-bid Benzathine penicillin G 10,000-40,000 IU/kg, IM (horses)

or SC (cattle), every 48-72 hrPenicillin V 15,000 IU/kg or 8-10 mg/kg, PO,

tid Cloxacillin 10 mg/kg, IM or PO, qid Ampicillin 5-10 mg/kg, IV, IM, or SC, bid-tid

10-25 mg/kg, PO, bid-qid Amoxicillin 4-7 mg/kg, IM, sid-bid 11 mg/kg,

PO, bid (dogs) or sid-bid (cats)Sodium carbenicillin 10-20 mg/kg, IV or IM, bid- tid Potassium clavulanate:amoxicillin (1:4) 10-20 mg/kg (amoxicillin) and 2.5-

5 mg/kg (clavulanate), PO, bid Probenecid (prolongs blood levels of penicillins that have short plasma half-lives or that are costly)

1-2 mg/1,000 IU penicillin G (dogs), PO, qid

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 10-20 mg/kg, PO, bid- tid Imepenem 1-7 mg/kg, IV or IM, tid- qid Ticarcillin 15-110 mg/kg, IM or IV, every 4-8

hr

Elimination, Distribution, and Clearance of Penicillins:

Penicillin Species Elimination Half-life (min)

Volume of Distribution (mL/kg)

Clearance (mL/kg/min)

Penicillin G Dogs 30 156 3.6Horses 38 301 5.5

Ampicillin Dogs 48 270 3.9Amoxicillin Cattle 84 493 4.0 Ticarcillin Dogs 48 347 4.9Carbenicillin Cattle 122 330 5.5

Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Pencillins :

Penicillin Species Withdrawal Time (days) Milk Discard Time (days)

Procaine penicillin G

Cattle 10 (at label dosage) 30 (at 20,000 IU/kg, bid)

3

Sheep 9


Pigs 7Benzathine penicillin G

Cattle 30

Ampicillin Cattle 6Preruminant calves

15

Amoxicillin Cattle 30 2

*All administered IMDose Rates of Cephalosporins :

Cephalosporin Dosage, Route, and FrequencyCephalothin 20-35 mg/kg, IM or IV, tid- qid Cephapirin 30 mg/kg, IM or IV, every 4-6 hrCefazolin 20-25 mg/kg, IM or IV, tid- qid Cephalexin 10-30 mg/kg, PO, tid- qid Cefadroxil 22 mg/kg, PO, bid Ceftiofur 1.1 mg/kg, IM, sid

*All for use in small animals, except ceftiofur, which is for use in cattle.Elimination, Distribution, and Clearance of Cephalosporins:

Cephalosporin Species Elimination Half-life (min)


Clearance (mL/kg/min)

Cefazolin Horses 45 188 5.5 Cefotaxime Sheep 25 134 9.0Cephalexin Dogs 84 — —Cefadroxil Dogs 120 — —

Cats 150-180 — —Ceftiofur Cattle ~360 — —

Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Cephalosporins:

Cephalosporin Withdrawal Time Milk Discard Time Ceftiofur 0 days Sodium cephapirin (intramammary)

4 days before slaughter 4 days

Benzathine cephapirin (dry-cow treatment)

42 days after latest infusion 3 days after calving—milk not used for food

Dose Rates of Aminoglycosides:

Aminoglycoside Dosage, Route, and FrequencyGentamicin 3-6 mg/kg, IM or SC, sid- bid Kanamycin 12-15 mg/kg, IM or SC, sid-bid Streptomycin/dihydrostreptomycin 7.5-12.5 mg/kg, IM or SC, bid


Amikacin 5-7.5 mg/kg, IM or SC, bid Netilmicin 3-6 mg/kg, IM or SC, sid- bid Neomycin 15 mg/kg, PO, sid- bid

0.5-1 g/quarter, intramammary, sid

Elimination, Distribution, and Clearance of Aminoglycosides:

Aminoglycoside Species Elimination Half-life (min)

Volume of Distribution (mL / kg)

Clearance (mL / kg /min)

Gentamicin Dogs 75 335 3.10Horses 110 190 1.23Foals 200 300 1.04

Kanamycin Dogs 60 255 3.05Horses 85 174 1.43Sheep 110 217 1.52

Dosage Modifications of Aminoglycosides in Renal Failure:

Plasma creatinine (mg/dL)

Dose and Dosage Interval

<1 Full dose at usual dosage interval2 Full dose doubling the usual dosage interval3 Full dose tripling the usual dosage interval4 Half dose doubling the usual dosage interval, or full dose quadrupling

the usual dosage interval >5 Aminoglycosides contraindicated

Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Aminoglycosides:

Route Approximate Withdrawal Time (days)Oral 20-30 (3 for neonatal pigs)Parenteral 100-200 (40 for neonatal pigs [often not approved for food

animals])Udder infusion 2-3* (often not approved for food animals)

*Milk discard time

Classes of Quinolones:

Quinolone carboxylic acids:

Enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, orbifloxacin, pefloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin, rosoxacin, acrosoxacin, oxolinic acid

Naphthydridine carboxylic acids:

Enoxacin, nalidixic acid

Cinnoline carboxylic Cinoxacin


acids:Pyridopyrimidine carboxylic acids:

Pipemidic acid, piromidic acid

Quinolizine carboxylic acids:

Ofloxacin, flumequine

Dose Rates of Quinolones :

Quinolone Species Dosage, Route, and FrequencyNalidixic acid Cats, dogs 3 mg/kg, PO, qid Norfloxacin Dogs 10-20 mg/kg, PO, bid Enrofloxacin Cats 5 mg/kg, PO, sid or divided bid

Dogs 5-20 mg/kg, PO, sid or divided bid 2.5 mg/kg, SC, once then PO

Beef cattle (not veal or dairy)

7.5-12.5 mg/kg, SC, once

2.5-5 mg/kg, SC, sid Pigs 2.5-5 mg/kg, PO or IM, sid Preruminant calves 2.5-5 mg/kg, PO or SC, sid

Marbofloxacin Cats, Dogs 2.75-5.5 mg/kg, PO, sid Difloxacin Dogs 5-10 mg/kg, PO, sid Orbifloxacin Cats, dogs 2.5-7.5 mg/kg, PO, sid

*Use of fluorinated quinolones in food-producing animals is extra-label in the USA.

Dose Rates of Sulfonamides:

Sulfonamide Species Dosage, Route, and Frequency

Sulfathiazole Horses 66 mg/kg, PO, tid Cattle, sheep, pigs 66 mg/kg, PO, every 4 hr

Sulfamethazine Cattle 220 mg/kg, PO or IV, sid (initial dose; half for subsequent doses)

Sulfadiazine All 50 mg/kg, PO, bid Sulfadimethoxine All 55 mg/kg, PO, sid (initial

dose; half for subsequent doses)

Sulfaethoxypyridazine Cattle 55 mg/kg, PO, sid Pigs 110 mg/kg, PO, sid (initial

dose, half for subsequent doses)

Sulfapyridine Cattle 132 mg/kg, PO, bid (initial


dose, half for subsequent doses)

Succinylsulfathiazole All 160 mg/kg, PO, bid (initial dose, half for subsequent doses)

Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Sulfonamides:

Sulfonamide Species Withdrawal Time (days)

Milk Discard Time (hr)

Sulfamethazine Cattle 10* 96 Pigs 14

Sulfabromethazine Cattle 10 96 Triple sulfonamide solution†

Cattle 10 96

Sulfadimethoxidine Cattle 7 60

*28 days for slow-release bolus†8% sodium sulfamethazine, 8% sodium sulfapyridine, 8% sodium sulfathiazole

Dose Rates of Potentiated Sulfonamides:

Combination Dosage, Route, and FrequencyTrimethoprim/sulfadiazine 15-60 mg/kg, PO, IV, or IM, sid Ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine 55 mg/kg, PO, sid (initial dose; half for

subsequent doses)

Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Potentiated Sulfonamides:

Combination Withdrawal Time (days) Milk Discard Time (days) Trimethoprim/sulfadiazine 3 7 Trimethoprim/sulfadoxine 5 (PO)

28 (parenteral)

Dose Rates of Tetracyclines:

Tetracycline Species Dosage, Route, and Frequency

Tetracycline Cats, dogs 7 mg/kg, IM or IV, bid 20 mg/kg, PO, tid

Oxytetracycline Cats, dogs 7 mg/kg, IM or IV, bid 20 mg/kg, PO, tid

Cattle, sheep, pigs 5-10 mg/kg, IM or IV, sid Calves, foals, lambs, piglets 10-20 mg/kg, PO, bid-tid Horses 5 mg/kg, IV, sid-bid

Doxycycline Dogs 5-10 mg/kg, PO, sid 5 mg/kg, IV, sid


Elimination, Distribution, and Clearance of Tetracyclines:

Tetracycline Species Elimination Half-life (hr)

Volume of Distribution

(mL / kg)

Clearance (mL / kg /min)

Oxytetracycline Dogs 6 3,000 4.23Calves (<3 mo old)

10-13 1,500-2,400 3.45

Cattle 7-10 800-1,000 3.33Horses 8-10 1,100 2.89

Minocycline Dogs 7 2,000 3.21

Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Tetracyclines:

Tetracycline Species Withdrawal Time (days) Oxytetracycline* Cattle 15-22

Pigs 22 Poultry 5

Oxytetracycline (long-acting)*

Cattle 28

Chlortetracycline Cattle 10Pigs 1-7

*Not for use in lactating dairy cowsDose Rates of Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol:

Drug Species Dosage, Route, and Frequency

Chloramphenicol Cats 45-60 mg/kg, PO, IV, or IM, bid

Dogs 45-60 mg/kg, PO, IV, or IM, tid- qid

Horses 50 mg/kg, PO, tid- qid, or IV, every 2-4 hr

Florfenicol Cattle 20 mg/kg, IM, repeated in 48 hr

Elimination and Distribution of Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol:

Drug Species Elimination Half-life (hr)


Chloramphenicol Cats 5.1 2,360Dogs 4.2 1,700Calves (<1 wk old)

5.0 1,080


Cattle 3.0 1,580Horses 0.9 950

Florfenicol Cattle 18.3 700

Dose Rates of Macrolides:

Macrolide Species Dosage, Route, and FrequencyErythromycin Cattle 8-15 mg/kg, IM, sid-bid

Cats 15 mg/kg, PO, tid Foals 25 mg/kg, IM, tid

Tylosin Cattle 10-20 mg/kg, IM, sid-bid Pigs 10 mg/kg, IM, sid-bid 7-10 mg/kg, PO,

tid Cats 10 mg/kg, IM, bid

Tilmicosin Cattle 10 mg/kg, SC, once

Drug Withdrawal and Milk Discard Times of Macrolides:

Macrolide Species Withdrawal Time (days)

Milk Discard Time (hr)

Erythromycin Cattle 14 36-72 Pigs 7

Tylosin Cattle 21 96 Pigs 14

Tilmicosin Cattle 28 0

Dose Rates of Lincosamides:

Lincosamide Species Dosage, Route, and Frequency

Lincomycin Cattle 10 mg/kg, IM, bid Pigs 10 mg/kg, IM, bid

7 mg/kg, in-feedDogs 20 mg/kg, PO, sid Cats 10 mg/kg, IM, bid

25 mg/kg, PO, bid Clindamycin Dogs, cats 5-10 mg/kg, PO, bid

Dose Rates of Polyene Macrolide Antibiotics:

Polyene Macrolide Dosage, Route, and FrequencyAmphotericin B (0.1 mg/mL in 5% dextrose)

0.1-1 mg/kg, given IV slowly, 3 times/wk Total dose: 4-11 mg/kg

Nystatin 50,000-150,000 U, PO, tid (dogs)Pimaricin (5% ophthalmic solution) 1 drop, instilled into the eye, every 1-2 hr


Commonly Used Cardiovascular Drugs and Dosages :

Drug DoseAmrinone Dog and cat: 1-3 mg/kg, IV, loading dose, then 30-100

µg/kg/min, IV, CRI*

Amlodipine Dog: 0.1 mg/kg, PO, sid Cat: 0.18 mg/kg, PO, sid (0.625-1.25 mg/cat, PO, sid)

Aspirin, antiplatelet Dog: 5-10 mg/kg, PO every 24-48 hrCat: 80 mg, PO every 48-72 hr

Atenolol Dog: 0.25-1 mg/kg, PO, sid- bid Cat: 2-3 mg/kg, PO, bid

Benazepril Dog and cat: 0.25-0.5 mg/kg, PO, sid Boldenone undecylenate† Horse: 1.1 mg/kg, IM, every 3 wkDesmopressin Dog: 0.4 mg/kg, SC; 1 mg/kg in 20 mL saline, IV over

10 minDiltiazem Dog: 0.5-1.5 mg/kg, PO tid

Cat: 0.5-2.5 mg/kg, PO, tid CARDIZEM® CD (diltiazem) Cat: 10 mg/kg, PO, bid DILACOR XR® (diltiazem) Cat: 15-30 mg/kg, PO, sid Digoxin‡ Dog: 0.0055-0.011 mg/kg, PO, bid; 0.22 mg/m2, PO, bid

Cat: 0.005-0.01 mg/kg, PO, every 24-48 hrDobutamine Dog: 2-20 µg/kg/min, IV, CRI

Cat: 0.5-10 µg/kg/min, IV, CRIDopamine Dog: 2-15 µg/kg/min, IV, CRIEnalapril§ Dog and cat: 0.5 mg/kg, PO, sid-bid ¶

Epoetin alfa Dog and cat, initial: 100 U/kg, SC, 3×/wkDog and cat, maintenance: 75-100 U/kg, SC, 2-3×/wk

Folic acid Dog: 5 mg, PO, sid Cat: 2.5 mg, PO, sid

Heparin, high dose Dog: 150-250 U/kg, SC, tid Cat: 250-375 U/kg, SC, bid

Heparin, low dose Dog and cat: 75 U/kg, SC, tid Horse: 25-100 U/kg, SC, tid

Hydralazine Dog: 0.5-3 mg/kg, PO, bid Cat: 0.5-0.8 mg/kg, PO, bid

Iron (dextrans)# Pig, neonate: 100 mg, IM¶Iron (ferrous sulfate) Dog: 100-300 mg, PO, sid

Cat: 50-100 mg, PO, sid Lidocaine** Dog: 1-2 mg/kg, IV; 40-80 µg/kg/min, IV, CRIMexiletine Dog: 4-10 mg/kg, PO, tid

(continued)Nandrolone decanoate Dog: 1-1.5 mg/kg, IM, weekly


Cat: 1 mg/kg, IM, weeklyHorse: 1 mg/kg, IM, every 4 wk

Nitroglycerin ointment (1 in. = 15 mg)

Dog: 4-15 mg, topically, tid

Cat: 2-4 mg, topically, tid Nitroprusside Dog: 1-10 µg/kg/min, IV, CRIOxymetholone Dog and cat: 1-5 mg/kg, PO, every 18-24 hrPhenytoin Dog: 30-50 mg/kg, PO, tid Pimobendan Dog: 0.1-0.3 mg/kg, PO, bid Procainamide Dog: 10-30 mg/kg, PO, qid; 10-40 µg/kg/min, IV, CRI

Cat: 3-8 mg/kg, PO, tid-qid; 10-20 µg/kg/min, IV, CRI Horse: 25-35 mg/kg, PO, tid; 1 mg/kg/min, IV to a maximum of 20 mg/kg

Propranolol Dog: 0.1-2 mg/kg, PO, tid Cat: 2.5-5 mg/cat, PO, tid

Quinidine sulfate Dog and cat: 4-20 mg/kg, PO, tid-qid Horse: 22 mg/kg, PO every 2 hr

Quinidine gluconate Horse: 1-1.5 mg/kg, IV every 5-10 minStanozolol†† Dog: 1-4 mg, PO, bid; 25-50 mg, IM, weekly¶

Cat: 1 mg, PO, bid; 25 mg, IM, weekly¶Horse: 0.55 mg/kg, IM, weekly for up to 4 wk¶

Tocainide Dog: 15-20 mg/kg, PO, tid tPA Cat: 0.25-1 mg/kg/hr, IV (total dose 1-10 mg/kg)Vitamin B12# Dog: 100-200 µg, PO or SC, sid

Cat: 50-100 µg, PO or SC, sid Warfarin sodium Dog and cat: 0.1-0.2 mg/kg, PO, sid

Horse: 0.067-0.167 mg/kg, PO, sid

*CRI = continuous rate infusion†Approved by FDA for adjunctive therapy in treating debilitated horses.‡Approved by FDA for initial and chronic treatment of heart failure and supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation in dogs.§Approved by FDA for treatment of mild, moderate, or severe heart failure in dogs due to mitral regurgitation and/or reduced ventricular contractility.¶FDA/CVM approved dosage regimen#Several FDA-approved products are available.**Several FDA-approved products are available; however, none are specifically approved for control of cardiac arrhythmias.††Approved by FDA as a sterile suspension and oral tablets for use in dogs, cats, and horses.

Drugs Used to Stimulate Appetite :

Drug DosagePrednisone 1 mg/kg, PO, every other dayStanozolol 0.25-3 mg/kg, PO, sid; 2-10 mg/kg, IM, once


weeklyBoldenone undecylenate 2.5 mg/kg, IM, every 2-4 wkDiazepam Cats: 0.005-0.4 mg/kg, IM or IV, sid; 1 mg/kg,

PO, sid Oxazepam Cats: 2 mg, PO, bid Cyproheptadine Cats: 1-4 mg, PO, bid Megestrol acetate Dogs: 5 mg/kg, PO, sid

Emetic Drugs :

Drug DosageApomorphine Dogs: 4 mg/kg, PO; 0.02 mg/kg, IV; 0.3

mg/kg, SC; 0.25 mg in the conjunctival sacXylazine Cats: 0.4-0.5 mg/kg, IV or IMSyrup of ipecac 3-6 mL/kg, POHydrogen peroxide Dogs: 5-10 mL, POSalt Dogs: 1 tsp of table salt into pharynx

Antiemetic Drugs:

Drug DosageAcepromazine 0.025-0.2 mg/kg, IV, IM, SC, maximum 3 mg;

1-3 mg/kg, POChlorpromazine 0.5 mg/kg, IV, IM, SC, tid-qid Prochlorperazine 0.1 mg/kg, IM, tid-qid; 1 mg/kg, PO, bid Isopropamide 0.2-1.0 mg/kg, PO, bid Propantheline 0.25 mg/kg, PO, tid Dimenhydrinate 4-8 mg/kg, PO, tid Diphenhydramine 2-4 mg/kg, PO, tid Cyclizine 4 mg/kg, PO, tid Meclizine 4 mg/kg, PO, sid Butorphanol 0.2-0.4 mg/kg, IM, sid-bid Metoclopramide 0.1-0.5 mg/kg, IM, SC, or PO, tid; 0.01-0.02

mg/kg/hr, IV infusionOndansetron 0.1-0.2 mg/kg, PO, sid-bid ; 0.22 mg/kg, IV,

bid-tid Dolasetron 0.6 mg/kg, IV, sid

Antiulcerative Drugs:

Drug DosageAntacids 2-10 mL, PO, every 2-4 hrCimetidine Dogs: 5-10 mg/kg, PO, qid Horses: 4 mg/kg, IV, bid; 18 mg/kg, PO, bid Ranitidine Dogs: 0.5 mg/kg, PO, SC, or IV, bid Horses: 1.3 mg/kg, IV, bid; 11 mg/kg, PO,

bid


Famotidine Dogs: 0.5-1 mg/kg, PO or IV, sid Horses: 0.4 mg/kg, IV, bid; 3 mg/kg, PO, bid Sucralfate Cats: 250 mg, bid-tid Dogs: 500 mg to 1 g, tid-qid Foals: 1-2 g, qid Omeprazole Dogs: 0.5-1 mg/kg, PO, sid Horses: 4 mg/kg, PO, sid for treatment; 2 mg/kg, PO,

sid to prevent recurrenceMisoprostol Dogs: 2-5 µg/kg, PO, tid-qid

Antidiarrheal Drugs:

Drug DosageKaolin-pectin 1-2 mL/kg, PO, qid Activated charcoal 2-8 g/kg, POBismuth subsalicylate 1-3 mL/kg/day in divided doses, POAminopentamide 0.1-0.4 mg, IM, SC, or PO, bid Isopropamide 0.2-1.0 mg/kg, PO, bid Propantheline 0.25-0.5 mg/kg, PO, bid-tid Paregoric 0.06 mg/kg, PO, tid Diphenoxylate 0.05-0.1 mg/kg, PO, qid Loperamide 0.08 mg/kg, PO, tid-qid

Drugs Used for Chronic Colitis:

Drug DosageSulfasalazine 10-30 mg/kg, PO, bid-tid Tylosin 40-80 mg/kg, sid Metronidazole 10-30 mg/kg, PO, sid-tid Prednisone 2-4 mg/kg, PO, every other dayRaw linseed oil 1 oz/day in the feedAzathioprine 50 mg/m2, PO, sid for 2 wk, then every other

day

Prokinetic Drugs:

Drug DosageMetoclopramide Dogs and cats: 0.2-0.5 mg/kg, PO or SC, tid;

0.01-0.02 mg/kg/hr, IV infusion Horses: 0.125-0.25 mg/kg, diluted in 500 mL of polyionic solution and administered IV over 60 min

Domperidone 0.1-0.5 mg/kg, IM; 0.5-1.0 mg/kg, POCisapride Dogs: 0.1 mg/kg, PO, tid Cats: 2.5 mg/cat, tid

for cats <5 kg, and 5.0 mg/cat for cats >5 kg Horses: 0.1 mg/kg, PO, tid

Erythromycin 0.5-1.0 mg/kg, PO, bid-tid Ranitidine 1-2 mg/kg, PO, bid Nitazidine 2.5-5 mg/kg, PO, bid Neostigmine 0.02 mg/kg, SC, as needed


Lidocaine Horses: 1.3 mg/kg as a bolus followed by a continuous infusion of 0.05 mg/kg/min

Cathartic and Laxative Drugs:

Drug DosageCastor oil Dogs: 5-25 mL, PO Foals: 25-50 mL, POBisacodyl Dogs: 5-20 mg, PO, sid- bid Cats: 2.5-5.0 mg, PO,

sid- bid Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) Dogs: 5-25 g, PO Cats: 2-5 g, PO Horses: 30-100 g,

POMagnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia)

Dogs: 5-10 mL, PO Cats: 2-6 mL, PO Horses: 1-4 L, PO

Lactulose Dogs: 5-15 mL, PO, tid Cats: 2-3 mL, PO, tid Docusate sodium, docusate calcium, docusate potassium

Dogs and cats: 2 mg/kg, PO, sid Horses: 10-20 mg/kg in 2 L water, PO, every other day

Dosages of Antistaphylococcal Antibiotics:

Drug DosageCephalosporinsCephalexin 20-30 mg/kg, bid Cephadroxil Dogs: 20 mg/kg, bid Cats: 20 mg/kg, sid Cefaclor 10-25 mg/kg, bid PenicillinsAmoxicillin-clavulanate 13.75 mg/kg, bid Oxacillin 22 mg/kg, tid FluoroquinolonesEnrofloxacin 5 mg/kg, sid Marbofloxacin 2 mg/kg, sid Orbifloxacin 2.5 mg/kg, sid SulfonamidesTrimethoprim-sulfadiazine 15-30 mg/kg, bid Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 15-30 mg/kg, bid Macrolides and lincosamideErythromycin 15-30 mg/kg, tid Clindamycin Dogs: 10-20 mg/kg, bid Cats: 12.5-25 mg/kg, bid Lincomycin 10-20 mg/kg, bid

Dosages of Antifungal Medications:

Drug DosageGriseofulvinMicrosize 25-60 mg/kg, PO, bid Ultramicrosize 2.5-15 mg/kg, PO, bid Ketoconazole 10 mg/kg, PO, sid; 20 mg/kg, PO, every 48 hr


Itraconazole 5-10 mg/kg, PO, sid Fluconazole 10-20 mg/kg, PO, bid Amphotericin B Dogs: 0.25-0.75 mg/kg, IV, 3 times/wk to total

cumulative dose of 4-8 mg/kg or until azotemia develops Cats: 0.1-0.25 mg/kg, IV, 3 times/wk to cumulative dose of 4-6 mg/kg

Flucytosine 25-50 mg/kg, PO, tid-qid Potassium iodine Dogs: 40 mg/kg, PO, sid-bid with food Cats:

20 mg/kg, PO, sid-bid with food

Antihistamine Dosages:

Drug DosageDiphenhydramine 2-4 mg/kg, bid-tid Hydroxyzine 0.5-2 mg/kg, tid-qid Clorpheniramine Cats: 2-4 mg, bid

Dogs (<20 kg): 4 mg, tid Dogs (>20 kg): 8 mg, tid; 0.25-0.5 mg/kg, tid

Cyproheptadine 0.25-0.5 mg/kg, tid; 1.1 mg/kg, bid Terfenadine 5 mg/kg, bid Clemastine Cats: 0.05 mg/kg, bid

Dogs: 0.1 mg/kg, bid Trimeprazine 1 mg/kg, bid

Glucocorticoids:

Drug Relative Potency Duration of EffectHydrocortisone (cortisol) 1 <12 hrPrednisolone 4 12-36 hrPrednisone 4 12-36 hrMethylprednisolone 5 12-36 hrTriamcinolone 5 12-36 hrFlumethasone 15-30 36-48 hrBetamethasone 25 >48 hrDexamethasone 30 >48 hr

Psychotropic Drugs Used for Skin Disorders:

Drug DosageAntidepressantsClomipramine Dogs: 1-3 mg/kg, bid

Cats: 0.5-1.5 mg/kg, sid Amitriptyline 1-3 mg/kg, bid Doxepin 0.5-2 mg/kg, bid


Fluoxetine 1 mg/kg, sid AnxiolyticsDiazepam 1-2 mg/kg, bid Phenobarbital 0.5-2.2 mg/kg, bid

15 mg/cat, twice weeklyHydroxyzine 2.2 mg/kg, tid Opiate AntagonistNaltrexone 2.2 mg/kg, sid

Competitive Nondepolarizing Agents and Antagonists:

Drug DosageTubocurarine chloride Horses: ≤0.22-0.25 mg/kg , IV Dogs, cats: ≤0.4

mg/kg, IVGallamine triethiodide All species (except pigs): 0.8-1 mg/kg, IV Pancuronium bromide Dogs, cat : 0.6 mg/kg, IV Alcuronium chloride Dogs, cats: 0.1 mg/kg, IV Atracurium besylate Dogs, cats: 0.5 mg/kg, IV AntagonistsNeostigmine 0.04 mg/kg, with atropine at 0.04 mg/kg, IV Pyridostigmine 0.2-0.25 mg/kg, with atropine at 0.04 mg/kg,

IV Edrophonium 0.125 mg/kg, IV

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants:

Drug DosageMethocarbamol Dogs, cats: 44 mg/kg, IV, up to 330 mg/kg/day

for tetanus or strychnine poisoning; 132 mg/kg/day, PO, divided bid-tid Horses: 4.4-55 mg/kg, IV

Guaifenesin Dogs: 44-88 mg/kg, IV Horses, ruminants: 66-132 mg/kg, IV

Diazepam Cats: 2-5 mg, PO, tid, for urethral obstructionDantrolene Horses: 15-25 mg/kg, slow IV, qid; 2 mg/kg,

PO, sid, for prevention of exertional rhabdomyolysis Swine: 3.5 mg/kg, IV

Phenytoin Horses: 6-8 mg/kg, PO, sid, increase by 1 mg/kg every 3 days until rhabdomyolysis is prevented or the horse appears sedated

Anabolic Steroids:

Drug DosageBoldenone undecylenate Horses: 1.1 mg/kg, IM, every 3 wkNandrolone decanoate Dogs: 1-5 mg/kg, IM, once/wk Cats: 10-20 mg, IM, once/wk


Stanozolol Dogs: 1-4 mg, PO, bid; 25-50 mg, deep IM, once/wk Cats: 1-2 mg, PO, bid; 25 mg, deep IM, once/wk Horses: 0.55 mg/kg, deep IM, once/wk

Anticonvulsant Drugs:

Anticonvulsant Drug

Dosage and Frequency

Half-life Time to Steady State

Therapeutic Level

Adverse Effects/Comments

First-line Anticonvulsant Drugs:

Phenobarbital Dogs: 2-4 mg/kg, PO, bid (starting dose); up to 10 mg/kg, bid

40-90 hr (Beagles 25-38 hr)

10-24 days 15-45 µg/mL (66-200 µmol/L), preferably keep values within 20-35 µg/mL (85-150 µmol/L)

Sedation, polydipsia, induces P450 system, increase in liver enzymes; liver disease is uncommon. Adjust dosage by monitoring serum levels.

Cats: 1-2 mg/kg, PO, bid (starting dose) Horses: 3-5 mg/kg, PO, sid; up to 11 mg/kg, PO, sid Foals: 20 mg/kg diluted to 30 mL with normal saline IV over 30 min, then 9 mg/kg dilutedand infused as above tid; 8 mg/kg, PO, tid

34-43 hr 18 hr 13 hr

10-30 µg/mL 10-40 mg/ml (43-175 mmol/L)

Liver enzymes do not increase in cats. Adjust dose in all species by monitoring serum levels.

Bromide (potassium salt)

Dogs, horses: 20-40 mg/kg, PO, sid or divided bid if GI upset. Dogs: loading dose 400-600 mg/kg, PO or per rectum,

Dogs: 20-46 days Cats: 10 days Horses: 5 days

Dogs: 100-200 days Cats: 6 wk

Bromide alone: 1-3 mg/mL (15-20 µmol/L) Bromide/phenobarbital combined: 1-2 mg/mL

Sedation, weakness, polydipsia vomiting, polyphagia, skin rash. Respiratory problems occur in cats (may be fatal). Use with extreme caution in cats and monitor with


divided into 4 doses, given over 24 hr

thoracic radiographs.

Bromide (sodium salt)

17-30 mg/kg, PO, sid or divided bid if GI upset

Reduce dose with renal insufficiency. High chloride intake increases bromide elimination. Chloride content of diet should be stable. Decrease the dose by 15% for the sodium salt to account for the higher bromide content.

Diazepam Dogs: 0.5-2 mg/kg per rectum at onset of seizure; repeat up to 3 times in 24 hr Cats: 0.25-2.0 mg/kg, PO, divided bid-tid Horses: 25-50 mg/kg, IV; repeat in 30 min if necessary

Dogs: 2.5-3.2 hr Cats: 5.5 hr Horses: 7-22 hr

Client treatment at home for cluster seizures or status epilepticus. Sedation, liver failure in cats.

Foals: 0.02-0.4 mg/kg, IV; repeat in 30 min if necessary

Second-line (Add-on) Anticonvulsant Drugs:

Clonazepam Dogs: 0.1-0.5 mg/kg, PO, bid -tid

1.5-3 hr 22-77 ng/mL Extremely potent benzodiazepine; sedation, withdrawal signs if drug stopped abruptly.

Clorazepate Dogs: 2-6 mg/kg, PO, bid

5-6 hr 1-2 days 20-75 µg/L 15 times less potent than clonazepam; sedation, withdrawal


seizures.Felbamate Dogs: 15

mg/kg, PO, tid; increase by 15 mg/kg biweekly until seizures controlled; maximal (toxic) dosage 300 mg/kg

5-6 hr 1 day 125-250 µmol/L*

Blood dyscrasia; induces P450 system, liver disease. Use with care with other potentially hepatotoxic drugs.

Gabapentin Dogs: 25-60 mg/kg, PO, divided tid -qid; 100-300 mg/dog, tid

3-4 hr <24 hr 4-16 mg/L*

(70-120 µmol/L)

Sedation, dizziness, ataxia, fatigue, diarrhea; reduce dose with renal dysfunction.

Levetiracetam Dogs: 20 mg/kg, PO, tid; 500-4,000 mg/day

4-10 hr 2-3 days 35-120 µmol/L*

Restlessness, vomiting, ataxia at dosages >400 mg/kg/day.

Topiramate Dogs: 5-10 mg/kg/day, PO, divided bid

12-30 hr 3-5 days 2-25 mg/L (15-60 µmol/L)*

GI upset, irritability

Valproic acid Dogs: 10-60 mg/kg, PO, tid

90-120 min <24 hr Probably ineffective due to very short half-life; liver toxicity and pancreatitis.

Zonisamide Dogs: 4-8 mg/kg/day, PO, divided; up to 10 mg/kg, bid

15-20 hr 3-4 days 10-40 mg/L (45-180 mmol/L)*

Sedation, ataxia, loss of appetite

*Therapeutic range established for humans

Drugs Used for Treatment of Status Epilepticus:

Drug Dosage and FrequencyDiazepam 0.5-1.0 mg/kg, IV bolus; can repeat 2-3 times

at intervals of 5-10 minPhenobarbital 2-4 mg/kg/ IV bolus; can repeat at 20- to 30-

min intervals to a total dosage of 20 mg/kgPentobarbital 2-15 mg/kg, IV, to effect to stop motor activity


Propofol 1-2 mg/kg, IV, to effect to stop motor activity; constant rate infusion: 0.1-0.6 mg/kg/min to effect

Tranquilizers and Sedatives without Analgesic Effects:

Drug DosageDogs Cats Ferrets Rabbits Horses Cattle Pigs

Benzodiazepines

Diazepam 1 mg/kg, IV or PO

1 mg/kg, IV

2 mg/kg, IM

2 mg/kg, IV; 5-10 mg/kg, IM or IP

0.05-0.4 mg/kg, IV

0.5-1.5 mg/kg, IV

0.5-10 mg/kg, IM; 0.5-1.5 mg/kg, IV

Midazolam 2 mg/kg, IM or IV

Butyrophenone

Azaperone 0.4-0.8 mg/kg, IM

2.2 mg/kg, IM

Phenothiazines

Acepromazine maleate

0.05-0.1 mg/kg, IV, IM, or SC; 0.55-2.2 mg/kg, PO, tid-qid

0.11-0.22 mg/kg, IV, IM, or SC; 1.1- 2.2 mg/kg, PO, bid-tid

0.1-0.25 mg/kg, IM or SC

1-5 mg/kg, IM

0.04-0.1 mg/kg, IV, IM, SC, or PO, sid

0.05-0.1 mg/kg, IV, IM, or SC


Chlorpromazine hydrochloride

0.55-4.4 mg/kg, IV; 1.1-6.6 mg/kg, IM; 3.2 mg/kg, PO, tid-qid as needed

1-2 mg/kg, IV or IM, bid

3 mg/kg, IV or IM (may produce myositis)

0.5-4.0 mg/kg, IM

Promazine 2-6 2-4.4 0.4-1 mg/kg, 0.4-1 0.4-1


hydrochloride mg/kg, IV, IM, or PO, tid -qid

mg/kg, IV, IM, or PO, tid-qid

IV or IM; 1-2 mg/kg, PO

mg/kg, IV or IM; 1.6-2.8 mg/kg, PO

mg/kg, IV or IM

Triflupromazine hydrochloride

1.1-2.2 mg/kg, IV; 2.2-4.4 mg/kg, IM

4.4-8.8 mg/kg, IM

0.22-0.33 mg/kg, IV or IM (maximum 100 mg/horse/day)

Analgesics:

Drug Dosage

Dogs Cats Ferrets Rabbits

Horses Cattle Pigs

Opioid Analgesics *

Buprenorphine 0.01-0.02 mg/kg, SC, bid

0.005-0.01 mg/kg, SC or IM, bid

0.01-0.03 mg/kg, IV, IM, or SC, bid-tid

0.02-0.05 mg/kg, SC, IM, or IV, bid

0.005-0.02 mg/kg, IM or IV, bid-qid

Butorphanol tartrate

0.2-0.4 mg/kg, IM or SC; 0.55 mg/kg, PO, every 4 hr

0.1-0.2 mg/kg, IV; 0.2-0.4 mg/kg, IM or SC, every 4 hr

0.4 mg/kg, IM, every 4-6 hr

0.1-0.5 mg/kg, IV, every 4 hr


0.1-0.3 mg/kg, IM

Meperidine hydrochloride

2-10 mg/kg, IM or SC, every 2 hr

2-10 mg/kg, IM or SC, every 2 hr

5-10 mg/kg, IM or SC, every 2-4 hr

10-20 mg/kg, IM or SC, every 2-3 hr

0.2-0.4 mg/kg, IV; 1-3 mg/kg, IM or SC

500 mg/cow, IV

4-10 mg/kg, IM or IV

Morphine sulfate

0.22-0.88 mg/kg, IM or SC, every 4-6 hr as needed

0.1 mg/kg, IM or SC, as needed

0.5-5 mg/kg, IM or SC, qid

2-5 mg/kg, SC or IM, every 2-4 hr

0.2 mg/kg, IV; 0.2-0.4 mg/kg, IM

0.2-1 mg/kg, IM, every 4 hr

Nalbuphine 0.5-2.0 mg/kg, SC,

1.5-3.0 mg/kg, IV, every 3 hr

1-2 mg/kg,


every 4-8 hr

IV, every 4 hr

Oxymorphone hydrochloride

0.22 mg/kg, IV, IM, or SC, sid

0.1-0.2 mg/kg, IV, IM, or SC, sid

5-10 mg/kg, SC, IM, or IV, every 4 hr

0.02-0.03 mg/kg, IV or IM

0.15 mg/kg, IM

Pentazocine lactate

2-3 mg/kg, IM, every 4 hr; 15 mg/kg, PO, tid


10-20 mg/kg, SC or IM, every 4 hr; 5 mg/kg, IV, every 2-4 hr

0.33 mg/kg, IV; 1-3 mg/kg, SC or IM

2-5 mg/kg, IM, every 4 hr

Nonopioid Sedative AnalgesicsXylazine hydrochloride

0.5-1 mg/kg, IV; 1-2 mg/kg, IM or SC

0.5-1 mg/kg, IV; 1-2 mg/kg, IM or SC

1 mg/kg, IM or SC

0.1-1 mg/kg, IV; 0.5-1.0 mg/kg, IM or SC

0.05-0.1 mg/kg, IV; 0.1-0.2 mg/kg, IM

2 mg/kg, IM

Detomidine 0.02-0.04 mg/kg, IV

Nonpsychotropic AnalgesicsAcetaminophen

15 mg/kg, PO, qid as needed

Contraindicated

Aspirin 10-25 mg/kg, PO, bid

10 mg/kg, PO, every 48 hr

0.5-20 mg/kg, PO, sid-tid

5-20 mg/kg, PO, sid

30-47.5 mg/kg, PO, bid-qid

26 mg/kg, IV; 100-124 mg/kg, PO, bid

10-20 mg/kg, PO, every 4 hr as needed


Carprofen 4 mg/kg, IV or SC, sid

4 mg/kg, IV or SC, sid

1.5 mg/kg, PO, bid



Dipyrone 28 mg/kg, IV, IM, SC, or PO, tid

28 mg/kg IV, IM, SC, or PO, tid

5-10 g/horse, IV or IM, tid as needed

50 mg/kg, IV, IM, or SC

50 mg/kg, IV, IM, or SC

Flunixin meglumine

1-2 mg/kg, PO, IV, or IM, sid up to 3 days

1 mg/kg, PO; 0.3-1 mg/kg, IM or SC, sid up to 5 days

0.5-2 mg/kg, SC, sid-bid

1.1 mg/kg, SC or IM, bid

1-2.2 mg/kg, IV; 2.2 mg/kg, IM or PO, sid

1.1-2.2 mg/kg, IM or PO, sid -tid

1-2 mg/kg, IV or IM, sid

Ibuprofen 5-10 mg/kg, PO, sid-bid

5 mg/kg, PO, sid

10-20 mg/kg, IV, every 4 hr

Indomethacin 10 mg/kg, PO, sid

10 mg/kg, IV or PO, every 4 hr

1.5 mg/kg, sid

Ketoprofen 2 mg/kg, SC, IM, or IV, sid up to 3 days; 1 mg/kg, PO, sid up to 5 days

1 mg/kg, sid, SC up to 3 days, or PO up to 5 days

3 mg/kg, IM

2.2 mg/kg, IV, sid

2.2 mg/kg, IV; 3 mg/kg, IM, sid

Meclofenamic acid

2.2 mg/kg, PO, sid

2.2 mg/kg, PO, sid

2.2 mg/kg, PO, sid

Naproxen 5 mg/kg, PO, initial dose; 1.2-2.8 mg/kg, PO, sid for maintenance

5 mg/kg, IV; 10 mg/kg, PO, bid

Phenylbutazon 22 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, IV, 4.4 2-5 2-5


e PO; 15 mg/kg, IV, tid(maximum 0.8 g/dog/day)

tid; 10-14 mg/kg, PO, bid

mg/kg, PO, bid on day 1; 2.2 mg/kg, PO, bid for 4 days; 2.2 mg/kg, PO, sid or every other day

mg/kg, IV; 4-8 mg/kg, PO

mg/kg, IV; 4-8 mg/kg, PO

*Recommended dosages of opiates may produce excitement in cats and horses.Antitussive Drugs:

Drug DosageMorphine Dogs: 0.1 mg/kg, IM,tid-qid Codeine Dogs: 1-2 mg/kg, PO, bid-qid Hydrocodone Dogs: 0.25 mg/kg, PO, bid-qid Dextromethorphan Dogs, cats: 0.5-1 mg/kg, PO, tid-qid Butorphanol Dogs: 0.055-0.11 mg/kg, SC, bid-qid; or 0.055-1.1

mg/kg, PO, bid-qid

β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Drugs:

Drug DosageEpinephrine Dogs: 0.05-0.5 mg, intratracheally or IV Cats: 0.1 mg, IV or IM Large

animals: 0.1 mg/kg, IV, SC, or IMIsoproterenol Dogs: 0.1-0.2 mg, IM or SC, qid Cats: 4-6 µg, IM, every 3 min as

needed Horses: 0.4 µg/kg, IV (diluted)Terbutaline Dogs, cats: 0.1 mg/kg, SC, every 4 hr, or 0.03 mg/kg, PO, tid Horses:

0.0033 mg/kg, IV, or 0.2-0.6 mg/kg, PO, bid Albuterol Dogs: 0.05 mg/kg, PO, tid Horses: 8 µg/kg, PO, bid Clenbuterol Horses: 0.8-3.2 µg/kg, PO, bid

Methylxanthine Bronchodilators:

Drug DosageTheophylline (parenteral) Dogs: 10 mg/kg, IV (slow) or IM Horses: 15 mg/kg, IV

(slow)Theophylline (oral) Dogs: 5-7 mg/kg, PO, tid Cats: 3 mg/kg, PO, bid Horses:

10-15 mg/kg, PO, bid


Theophylline (extended-release tablets)

Dogs: 20 mg/kg, PO, sid Cats: 25 mg/kg, PO, sid Horses: 15 mg/kg, PO, sid

Aminophylline (parenteral) Dogs: 10 mg/kg, IV (slow) Cats, horses: 5 mg/kg, IV (slow)Aminophylline (oral) Dogs: 10 mg/kg, PO, tid Cats: 5 mg/kg, PO, bid Horses: 15

mg/kg, PO, bid

Drugs Commonly Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Small Animals:

Drug Dosage Typical Antimicrobial Activity Mean Urine Concentration (mg/mL)

Amoxicillin 11 mg/kg, PO, tid

Staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, Proteus

201

Ampicillin 25 mg/kg, PO, tid


309

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid

25 mg/kg, PO, tid


201

Cephalexin/cefadroxil 30 mg/kg, PO, tid

Staphylococci, streptococci, Proteus, Escherichia coli , Klebsiella

500

Ceftiofur 2.0 mg/kg, SC, sid

E coli , Proteus 8

Enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg, PO, sid

Staphylococci, some streptococci, some enterococci, E coli , Proteus , Klebsiella , Pseudomonas , Enterobacter

200

Gentamicin 4-6 mg/kg, SC, sid

Staphylococci, some streptococci, some enterococci, E coli , Proteus , Klebsiella , Pseudomonas , Enterobacter

107

Nitrofurantoin 5 mg/kg, PO, tid

Staphylococci, some streptococci, some enterococci, E coli , Klebsiella , Enterobacter

100

Tetracycline 18 mg/kg, PO, tid

Streptococci, some activity against staphylococci and enterococci at high urine concentrations

300

Trimethoprim/sulfa 15 mg/kg, PO, bid

Streptococci, staphylococci, E coli , Proteus , some activity against enterococci and Klebsiella

55/246

Dosages of Diuretics:


Drug DosageFurosemide 4-6 mg/kg IV, IM, or SC for acute therapy Dogs: 2-4 mg/kg, PO,

sid-tid Cats:1-2 mg/kg, PO, sid-bid Large animals: 0.5-1.0 mg/kg, IV or IM, sid

Hydrochlorothiazide Dogs and cats: 2-4 mg/kg, PO, sid-bid Chlorothiazide Dogs and cats: 20-40 mg/kg, PO, sid-bid Spironolactone Dogs: 2-4 mg/kg, PO, bid Mannitol 0.25-0.50 g/kg, IVDimethyl sulfoxide Large animals: 1 g/kg, IV or via nasogastric tube

Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Incontinence:

Drug DosageDiethylstilbestrol Dogs: 0.1-0.3 mg/kg/day, PO, for 7-10 days,

followed by 1 mg/dog/wkPhenylpropanolamine Dogs: 1.5-2 mg/kg, PO, sid-tid Ephedrine Dogs: 1.2 mg/kg, PO, bid-tid Cats: 2-4 mg/kg,

PO, bid-tid Pseudoephedrine Dogs >25 kg: 30 mg/dog, PO, tid Dogs <25 kg:

15 mg/dog, PO, tid Testosterone propionate Dogs: 2.2 mg/kg, IM, every 2-3 daysTestosterone cypionate Dogs: 2.2 mg/kg, IM, every 30-60 days

Dose Rates of Imidazoles:

Imidazole Dosage, Route, and FrequencyEnilconazole 10 mg/kg in 5-10 mL, bid for 7-14 daysFluconazole 5-10 mg/kg, PO, sid-bid Itraconazole 5-10 mg/kg, PO, sid-bid Ketoconazole 5-20 mg/kg, PO, bid (dogs)Thiabendazole 44 mg/kg, PO, sid, or 22 mg/kg, PO, bid

Dose Rates of Griseofulvin:

Species Dosage, Route, and FrequencyDogs, cats Microsized: 10-30 (up to 130) mg/kg, PO, sid

or divided bid-tid; Ultramicrosized: 5-10 (up to 50) mg/kg, PO, sid

Horses, cattle 5-10 mg/kg, PO, sid for 3-6 wk, or longer if required

Dosage Rates of Antiviral Drugs :


Drug Preparation Dose, Route, and Frequency

Indication

Idoxuridine 0.1% ophthalmic solution

1 drop, topical, every 5-6 hr

0.5% ophthalmic solution

1 drop, topical, every 1-2 hr

Trifluridine 1% ophthalmic solution

1 drop, topical, every 2 hr initially (2 days) then 3-8 times daily

Ocular herpesvirus infection

Vidarabine 3% ophthalmic solution

0.4-1 cm ointment, topical, every 5-6 hr; 3-6 times daily

Ocular herpesvirus infection

200-mg/mL suspension for injection

10-30 mg/kg, IV, sid as CRI for 12-24 hr

Acyclovir 200-mg capsules or tablets

200 mg, PO, qid, every 4 hr, or 5 times/day

Feline herpesvirus

5% cutaneous ointment

Cover lesion, topical, every 3 hr, 6 times/day

200 mg/5 mL suspension

80 mg/kg (mixed with peanut butter), PO, sid for 7-14 days

Pacheco’s disease in birds

500 mg/vial powder 250-500 mg/m2, IV, tid, infused over at least 1 hr

Ganciclovir 500 mg/vial powder 2-5 , IV, bid-tid Ribavirin 11 mg/kg, IV, sid for

7 daysSusceptible viral infections

6 g/100 mL vial powder

Using SPAC-2 nebulizer only, inhalation, 8-18 hr period daily

Amantadine 100- and 500-mg capsules

100 mg total (humans), PO, sid-bid

Syrup 10 mg/mL 100 mg total (juveniles), PO, sid

Rimantadine 200-300 mg total (humans), PO, sid

Interferon α-2 3 × 106 IU/vial 3×106 IU/human, SC, IM, sid 0.5-5.0 U/kg, PO, sid 100,000 U/kg, SC, sid

FeLV-associated disease

FeLV-associated


disease1 U, PO, sid FeLV appetite

stimulant15-30 U, PO, IM, SC, sid on alternate weeks

FIP, FIV

*CRI = controlled-rate infusion; FeLV = feline leukemia virus; FIP = feline infectious peritonitis; FIV = feline immunodeficiency virus.

Actions of Inflammatory Mediators:

Action Mediators*

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability

Histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, C3a, C5a, LTC4, LTD4, PGI2, PGE2, PGD2, PGF2, activated Hageman factor, kinonogen fragments, fibrinopeptides

Vasoconstriction TXA2, LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, C5aSmooth muscle contraction C3a, C5a, histamine, LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, TXA2, serotonin, PAF,

bradykininMast cell degranulation C5a, C3aStem cell proliferation IL-3, G-CSF, GM-CSF, M-CSFChemotaxis C5a, LTB4, IL-8, PAF, 5-HETE, histamine, othersLysosomal granule release C5a, IL-8, PAFPhagocytosis C3b, iC3bPlatelet aggregation TXA2, PAFEndothelial cell stickiness IL-1, TNF-α, LTB4

Granuloma formation IL-1, TNF-αPain PGE2, bradykinin, istamine, serotoninFever IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2

*C = complement, LT = leukotriene, PG = prostaglandin, TX = thromboxane, PAF = platelet activating factor, IL = interleukin, CSF = colony stimulating factor, HETE = hydroxyeicosatetranoate, TNF = tumor necrosis factor.

Relative Potencies of Commonly Used Corticosteroids:

Compound Relative Glucocorticoid Activity

Relative Mineralocorticoid Activity

Biological Half-life (hr)

Cortisol 1 1 8-12Cortisone 0.8 0.8 8-12Prednisone 5 0.8 12-36Prednisolone 5 0.8 12-36Methylprednisolone 5 0.5 12-36


Triamcinolone 5+ 0 24-48Dexamethasone 25 0 36-72Betamethasone 25 0 36-72

Mechanisms of Action, Indications, and Toxicities of Selected Antineoplastic Agents:

Drug Mechanism of Action

MajorIndications

Acute Toxicities

Delayed Toxicities

Alkylating AgentsCyclophosphamide

Undergoes hepatic biotransformation to active metabolites that alkylate DNA; alkylation leads to miscoding of DNA and cross-linking of DNA strands

Lymphoma, sarcomas, mammary adenocarcinoma, lymphocytic leukemia

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia

Severe myelosuppression, alopecia, sterile hemorrhagic cystitis

Melphalan Alkylates DNA causing miscoding and cross-linking of DNA strands

Multiple myeloma Nausea, vomiting,anorexia (infrequent)

Moderate myelosuppression, alopecia (infrequent)

Chlorambucil Alkylates DNA causing miscoding and cross-linking of DNA strands; slowest-acting alkylating agent

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma


Moderate myelosuppression

Carmustine Alkylates DNA causing miscoding and cross-linking of DNA strands; inhibits both DNA and RNA synthesis; not cross resistant with other alkylating agents

CNS neoplasias (astrocytomas and gliomas), GI carcinomas, multiple myeloma


Moderate myelosuppression (may be delayed for 4-6 wk), nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity


Streptozocin Inhibits DNA synthesis; high affinity for pancreatic β cells

Temporary remission of hypoglycemia resulting from functional pancreatic islet cell tumor

Severe, potentially fatal nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity; nausea, vomiting, anorexia*

Mild myelosuppression, renal toxicity

Dacarbazine Undergoes hepatic biotransformation to active metabolites that alkylate DNA; inhibits RNA synthesis

Lymphoma (for use in protocols after relapse)

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia; extravasation results in tissue damage; hepatotoxic

Moderate myelosuppression, alopecia, hepatotoxicity

Busulfan Alkylates DNA, causing miscoding and cross-linking of DNA strands

Chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia (may be less severe than others in class)

Moderate myelosuppression (may persist for 1-2 yr), pulmonary toxicity

AntimetabolitesMethotrexate Inhibition of

dihydrofolate reductase that is required for formation of tetrahydrofolate, a necessary cofactor in thymidylate synthesis; thymidylate essential for DNA synthesis and repair

Lymphoma, Sertoli cell tumor, osteosarcoma, metastatic transmissible venereal tumor

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia; ulceration; stomatitis; hepatoxicity; pulmonary toxicity

Moderate myelosuppression, alopecia

5-Fluorouracil Pyrimidine analog; interferes with DNA synthesis and may be incorporated into RNA to cause toxic effects

GI, lung, liver, and mammary carcinomas (systemic); cutaneous carcinomas (topical)

Systemic: nausea, vomiting, anorexia; GI ulceration; neurotoxicity; hepatotoxicity Topical: local irritation, pain,

Moderate myelosuppression, oral and enteric ulcers, neurotoxicity


hyperpigmentation†

Cytarabine Pyrimidine analog; incorporates into DNA causing steric hindrance and inhibition of DNA synthesis

Lymphoma (including CNS), leukemias

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity

Moderate myelosuppression, alopecia

Dactinomycin (Actinomycin D)

Intercalates and binds to DNA, disrupting helical structure and DNA template; inhibits RNA and DNA polymerases; causes DNA topoisomerase II-mediated chain scission; generates free radicals that cause DNA scission and cell membrane damage

Choriocarcinoma, testicular carcinoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, lymphoma

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, phlebitis, severe tissue reaction if extravasated

Severe myelosuppression, alopecia, stomatitis

Antibiotic AntineoplasticsDoxorubicin Intercalates and

binds to DNA, disrupting helical structure and DNA template; inhibits RNA and DNA polymerases; causes DNA topoisomerase-II-mediated chain scission; generates free radicals that cause DNA scission and cell membrane

Lymphoma, acute lymphocytic and granulocytic leukemia, sarcomas (osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, rhabdomyo-sarcoma) and carcinomas (mammary, ovarian, small cell lung, thyroid, testicular, prostatic, transitional cell, squamous cell of

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, hemorrhagic colitis, red urine (not hematuria), transient ECG changes, arrhythmias, nephrotoxicity, urticaria, pruritus, anaphylactoid reactions, severe tissue reaction if extravasated

Cumulative, dose-related, digitalis-unresponsive congestive heart failure, severe myelosuppression, alopecia, stomatitis, anorexia and GI irritation, cutaneous reactions


damage the head and neck, cervical), plasma cell myeloma, hepatoma, neuroblastoma

Mitoxantrone Topoisomerase-II-mediated chain scission; DNA aggregation, oxidation, and strand breakage

Lymphoma, carcinomas (squamous cell, transitional cell, mammary, thyroid, renal), fibrosarcoma, hemangiopericytoma

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, depression, less severe side effects than others in this group

Moderate myelosuppression

Bleomycin Mixture of glycopeptides; generates oxygen radicals that cause chain scission and fragmentation of DNA

Carcinomas (testicular, squamous cell of head and neck, cervical, penile) lymphoma, seminoma, malignant teratoma

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, allergic reactions including anaphylaxis

Pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, mild myelosuppression, alopecia, hyperpigmentation, skin ulceration, stomatitis

Mitotic InhibitorsVinblastine Binds to tubulin,

leading to disruption of mitotic spindle apparatus and arrest of cell cycle

Lymphoma and leukemias, mastocytoma

Mild nausea, vomiting, anorexia, phlebitis, severe tissue reaction if extravasated

Severe myelosuppression, neurotoxicity with high doses, stomatitis, paralytic ileus, alopecia, inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Vincristine Binds to tubulin, leading to disruption of mitotic spindle apparatus and arrest of cell cycle

Transmissible venereal cell tumors, lymphoma and leukemias, CNS tumors, mast cell tumors, mammary adenocarcinoma, soft-tissue sarcomas,

Mild nausea, vomiting, anorexia, phlebitis, severe tissue reaction if extravasated

Slowly reversible sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy and muscle weakness, constipation, paralytic ileus, alopecia,


immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, mild myelosuppression

MiscellaneousCisplatin Reacts with

proteins and nucleic acids; forms cross-links between DNA strands and between DNA and protein; disrupts DNA synthesis

Osteosarcoma, carcinomas (transitional cell, testicular, squamous cell of head and neck, ovarian, cervical, bladder, and lung), mesothelioma

Intense nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, anaphylaxis, severe tissue reaction if extravasated

Extreme nephrotoxicity, renal potassium and calcium wasting, ototoxicity, moderate to severe myelosuppression, peripheral neuropathy, hyperuricemia, hypermagnesemia‡

l-Asparaginase Inhibits protein synthesis by hydrolyzing tumor cell supply of asparagine

Acute lymphocytic and lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylaxis especially after repeated doses

Hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, pancreatitis, CNS effects, inhibition of coagulation and immune responsiveness (B and T cells), mild myelosuppression

Mitotane (o,p¢DDD)

Destroys adrenal zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

Pituitary hyperadrenocorticism, palliation of adrenal cortical tumors

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea

Adrenal insufficiency, CNS depression, dermatitis

Hydroxyurea Inhibits conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides by destroying ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase

Polycythemia vera, mastocytoma, granulocytic and basophilic leukemia, thrombocythemia


Mild myelosuppression, alopecia, sloughing of claws, stomatitis, dysuria


Etoposide Causes topoisomerase-II-mediated DNA scission

Carcinomas (testicular, small cell lung)

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, hypotension, anaphylaxis, cutaneous reactions, fever

Myelosuppression, peripheral neuropathy, allergic reactions, hepatotoxicity, alopecia

HormonesPrednisolone Lympholytic;

inhibits mitosis in lymphocytes

Lymphoma, mast cell tumors, palliative treatment of brain tumors

Sodium retention, GI ulceration, pancreatitis

Protein catabolism, muscle wasting, delayed wound healing, suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immunosuppression

Tamoxifen Anti-estrogenic; blocks the effects of estrogen on target tissues

Estrogen-receptor-positive mammary carcinomas

Vomiting, abnormalities in estrous cycle

—

Flutamide Anti-androgenic; competes with testosterone for binding to androgen receptors

Testosterone-receptor-positive prostatic tumors; surgical castration preferred

— —

Leuprolide GnRH analog that initially stimulates, then decreases, the secretion of FSH and LH; reduced FSH and LH lead to decreased concentration of testosterone (males) and estrogen (females)§

Testosterone-receptor positive prostatic carcinomas or perianal tumors; surgical castration preferred

— —

*Toxicities are so severe that use is very limited.†Topical administration in cats has resulted in fatal neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.‡Severe, potentially fatal pulmonary edema may develop in cats.


§GnRH = gonadotropin-release hormone, FSH = follicle-stimulate hormone, LH = luteinizing hormone

Natural Steroid Hormones for Consideration as Growth Promoters:

Hormone Form* Content of Implant

Duration of Effect (days)

Animal Growth Response

Potential Side Effects

Estradiol 1 Pellet 20 mg EB†

+ 200 mg P4‡

100-120 Steers 10-15% Transient increase in sexual behavior

2 Pellet 20 mg EB + 200 mg testosterone propionate

100-120 Heifers, cull cows

5-15% Udder development

3 Pellet 10 mg EB + 100 mg P4

100-120 Veal calves

0-8%

4 Silastic rubber

45 mg estradiol

365 Steers 10-15% Transient increase in sexual behavior

5 Silastic rubber

24 mg estradiol


6 Polylactic acid

28 mg estradiol


Progesterone See 1 and 3 above

Testosterone See 2 above

*Implants must be placed SC between the ear cartilage and skin to comply with label instructions so that consumption of residues may be avoided.†Estradiol benzoate‡Progesterone

Synthetic Steroid Hormones for Consideration as Growth Promoters:

Hormone Method of Administration

Content of Implant

Duration of Effect (days)

Animal Growth Response

Potential Side Effects

TBA* Pellet implant 140, 200, or

60-90 Heifers, cull

5-12%


300 mg cows, steers

TBA + EB†

Pellet implant 140 mg TBA + 20 mg EB

60-100 Steers, veal calves

10-20% Transient increase in sexual behavior

Zeranol Pellet implant 36 mg zeranol

90-120 Cattle 10-15%

Zeranol Pellet implant 12 mg zeranol

90-120 Lambs 10-15%

MGA‡ In feed 0.25-0.5 mg/day, PO

As long as it is given

Heifers, cull cows

3-10% Increased mammary development after longterm administration

*Trenbolone acetate†Estradiol benzoate‡Melengestrol acetate

Antibacterial Growth Promoters for Potential Use in Livestock Production:

Compound Class Absorption EffectsBambermycins Phosphoglycolipid Not absorbed Increase FCE*, growth promotion in

poultry, cattleLasalocid sodium

Ionophore Increase FCE in cattle

Monensin sodium

Ionophore Poorly absorbed

Increase FCE, increase DLWG† in cattle and lambs

Salinomycin Ionophore Increase DLWG and FCEVirginiamycin Peptide Not absorbed Growth promotion in poultryZinc bacitracin Peptide Not absorbed Growth promotion in poultry

*Feed conversion efficiency†Daily liveweight gain

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