Upload
aubrey-harris
View
214
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
All things on Earth can be classified into one of two categories
BIOTIC ABIOTIC
insects
fungi
bacteria
plants
birds
mammals
reptiles
amphibians
fish
substrate
precipitation
temperature
sunlight
wind
disturbances (fire, hurricanes)
nutrients
BIOLOGY = the study of living things
What things make something “living” vs. “nonliving”?
1. reproduction (DNA)
2. movement
3. metabolism
4. growth
5. stimulus response to the environment
atoms
molecules
cells
subatomic particles
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms
populations
communities
ecosystems
biosphere
Earth
Hierarchy of Life
ecosystem
community
population
organism
a community of species combined with their abiotic (nonliving) environment
any single life form
a group of interacting organisms of the same species that occupy a specific area at the same time
populations of all the different species occupying a particular place at the same time
E = energy
The single most essential requirement for living things.
Without it, cells cannot work and all biological processes stop.
ENERGY FLOW IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
What is the ultimate source of energy for living things on Earth?
The ultimate source of energy for life on Earth is the sun
CO2
H2Oyields sugar + O2
photosynthesis converts the radiation E of the sun into chemical bond E stored in sugar (glucose)
Living things access this stored E by breaking these bonds during metabolism
RESPIRATION
so….
• energy comes to our planet from the sun
• is converted into chemical bond energy by photosynthetic organisms
• is accessed for use by organisms through aerobic or anaerobic respiration
- all life is linked in food chains and webs -
Green plants are called producers because they “produce” food for the rest of the planet
The sun = E source
Primary consumers eat producers (green things).They are also known as herbivores (“herb eaters”).
Secondary consumers eat primary consumers.They are also known as carnivores (“meat eaters”).
FOOD CHAIN
secondary consumer
primary consumer
tertiary consumer
primary producer
tertiary consumer
secondary consumer
primary consumer
primary producer
FOOD PYRAMID
tertiary consumer
secondary consumer
primary consumer
primary producer
DECOMPOSERS…turning a food chain into a food cycle
• feed on dead producers and consumers• are necessary for the renewal of life because they recycle nutrients and biological molecules making them available to be used again by producers
Energy flows along the chains in one direction from the sun.
At each link in the chain, there is energy loss.
tertiary consumer
secondary consumer
primary consumer
primary producer
10%
10%
10%
Only about 10% (5%-20% range) of the E stored in biological mass at onelevel of the food pyramid is converted to biological mass at the next level
The other 90% of energy is lost in transfer – largely as heat
In the 1800’s, sea otters were hunted to near extinction
The main food of sea urchins = kelp
kelp creates kelp forests critical habitat: providing food and shelter for hundreds of marine species
Sea Otter Sea Urchins Kelp forestall species dependent
on kelp forest
As Sea Otter population recovered, this trend was reversed
The main food of sea otters = sea urchins
1. Understanding food webs allows us to better understand and predict how impacts to ecosystems will influence all species.
sea algaeAdelie penguins
krill
As global warming diminishes Antarctic sea ice, the algae that inhabit the substructure of the sea ice disappear.
In turn, krill that feed on the algae decline, leaving little food for the penguins that feed on krill.
2. They allow us to trace the movement of materials through ecosystems
foodwebs are often used to trace the bioaccumulation of toxins in wildlife
Methylmercury is absorbed by algae and plankton in the ocean and biomagnifies/ bioconcentrates as it moves up the food chain.