All Past Perfect Grammar

8/2/2019 All Past Perfect Grammar

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Name___________________________________________ Date_____________________

Verb Tense Review

In the blanks supply appropriate forms of the verbs given in the parentheses.

EXAMPLES: a. (be) They have been in Chicago for twenty years.b.c. (see) I saw a wonderful movie last night.

b. (go) We didnt go anywhere special on our last vacation.

1.- (take) Fortunately, that problem ___________________ care of yesterday.

2.- (listen) Sh! Someone ________________ to our conversation.

3.- (fix) Im not wearing my watch because it __________________________.

4.- (happen) Nothing much _________________ when I got to the meeting.

5.- (be) My parents ________________ in Los Angeles two weeks from today.

6.- (make) I _________________ two mistakes in the last quiz.

7.- (sleep) I was tired yesterday because I _______________ well the night before.

8.- (do) Nothing _________________ about the problem until tomorrow.

9.- (be) This ______________ an easy quiz so far.

10.- (take) Unfortunately, just as we got to the airport, their plane ____________ off.

11.- (go) They _________________ to the movies only once in a while.

12.- (send) They ________________ any Christmas cards last year.

13.- (get) I ________________ up at 7:30 every morning.

14.- (fix) When I got to the garage, my car ____________ yet.

15.- (give) When I got to class late yesterday morning, a quiz _______________.

16.- (reveal) I promise that I ________________ this secret to anyone.

17.- (make) I was angry that I ____________ such a foolish mistake.

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Verb Tense Review Continued Page2

18.- (leave) I think Bob _________________ for Paris at this very moment.

19.- (graduate) Our daughter _______________ from the university yet.

20.- (live) Mary _________________ with her family, is she?

21.- (win) Unfortunately, our team _____________ any games last year.

22.- (quit) He ________________ his job a couple of weeks ago.

23.- (live) He ________________ by himself since his recent divorce.

24.- (do) We _________________ twenty-four sentences so far.

25.- (baptize) He ___________________ when he was three days old.

26.- (go) She _________________ to the doctor once a year for a physical examination.

27.- (land) I predict that by the year 2000, man _____________ on Mars.

28.- (eat) Please dont call around 6:00 tomorrow evening because we _____________.

29.- (come) This quiz _____________________ to an end.

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GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE PROGRAM

I.- PRESENT PERFECT TENSE1. - Verb Tense Review2. - Duration of an Event3. - Duration with Present Perfect Tense

4. - Contractions, Neg. Form, andAlways/Never5. - Negative Verb Phrases

6. - Time Clauses withSince/Interrogative Sentences7. - Length of an Event8. - Events at an Indefinite Time in the Past

9. - Yes-No Questions withEverandAlways

10. -Justin Verb Phrases11. - Finally in Verb Phrases12. -Recently in Verb Phrases13. - Clause of Reason withBecause14. -Already/Yet15. -Already in Verb Phrases16. - Neg. Verb Phrases and Yet17. - Still/Yet18. - Yes-No Questions with YetandAlready19. - Repeated Events in the Past

20. - Irregular Past Participles21. - Present Perfect Continuous Tense

22. - Yes-No & Information Questions23. -Situation andReason24. - Simple Past vs. Present Perfect Tense25. - Review

- Simple Present- Simple Past- Tag Questions- Too, Either, And&But-So andNeither

26. - Contrasting Present, Past, Future, and Present Perfect Tenses27. - Preposition Review

28. -Have and Got29. - UsingHave Gotto show Possession30. - Reviewing Information Words as Subjects

31. - How Come32. -Be Going to + Base Form in Past Tense

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II.- PAST PERFECT TENSE1.- Events preceding Events in Past Time2.- Contrasting the Past Continuous Tense with Past Perfect Tense3.- Verb Phrases withJust

4.- Verb Phrases withAlready5.- Negative Verb Phrases and Yet6.- Verb Phrases withNever7.- Clauses of Reason withBecause8.- Yes-No Information Questions9.- Past Perfect Tense in Main Clauses10.- Past Perfect Continuous Tense11.- Simple Past Tense vs. Past Perfect Tense12.- Reviewing Too, Either, And, &But13.- ReviewingSo andNeither14.- Reviewing Prepositions

III.- MODAL AUXILIARES1.- Modal Auxiliaries Review2.- Modal Auxiliaries & Related Idioms3.- Present Continuous Forms with Modals4.-Shouldand Ought to5.- Past Forms ofShouldand Ought to6.-Shouldin Neg. Verb Phrases7.- Questions withShould8.- Past Forms ofMay andMight9.- Slight Probability and Conjecture with May/Might

10.- Past Forms with Could11.- Slight Probability and Conjecture with Could12.- Impossibility with Could Not13.- Asking Questions with Could14.- Past Forms withMust15.- Strong Possibility with Must16.- Past Continuous Forms with Modals

a.-Should/Ought tob.-May/Mightc.-Mustd.- Could

17.- Reviewing Past Forms of Modals

18.- Used to + Base Form19.- Past Custom with Used to + Base Form20.- Used to + Base Form in Main Clauses21.- Would Like22.- Would Like + Infinitive23.- Would Rather+ Base Form24.-Had Better+ Base Form25.-Have Got to + Base Form

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IV.- ADVERBIAL CLAUSES1.-Subordinate Clauses2.- Reviewing Time Clauses3.- Reviewing Clauses of Reason withBecause4.- Clauses of Reason withSince

5.- Result Clauses6.-So + Adjective (+ Prepositional Phrase) + That7.-So + Adverb (+ Prepositional Phrase) + That8.- Purpose Clauses with So That9.-So (That) Introducing Purpose Clauses10.- Expressing Purpose with In Order+ Infinitive11.-In Order+ Infinitive Phrase12.- For Phrases vs. Infinitive Phrases13.- Result Clauses withSuch That14.- Such +A (An) + Adjective + Singular Countable Noun + That15.-Such + Adjective + Plural Countable Noun (+ Prep. Phrase) + That16.-Such + Adjective + Uncountable Noun (+ Prepositional Phrase) + That17.-Such Thatin Clauses of Reason Introduced byBecause18.-ButClauses of Unexpected Result19.-StillinButClauses of Unexpected Result20.-StillorAnyway/Anyhow inButClauses of Unexpected Result21.- Clauses of Concession22.- Main Clauses of Unexpected Result23.- Clauses of Concession withEven Though24.- Clauses of Concession with Even Though/Though/Although25.-Despite andDespite the Fact (That)26.- Adverbial ThatClauses after Adjectives of Feeling and Emotion27.- Adverbial ThatClauses

28.- Future-Possible Real Conditions29.- Other Forms in Future-Possible Real Conditions30.- Present Continuous Tense inIfand Result Clauses31.- Imperative Mood in Result Changes32.- ReviewingIfand Result Clauses33.- Modals and Idioms in Conditional and Result Clauses34.- Modals, Idioms, and Questions in future-Possible Real Conditions35.- Present-Unreal Conditions36.- Other Forms in Present-Unreal Conditions37.- Mixed Forms in Present-Unreal Conditions38.- Past-Unreal Conditions

39.- Present-Unreal Conditions40.- Other Forms in Past-Unreal Conditions41.- Could and Might42.- Could Have in If Clauses43.- Questions with Past-Unreal Conditions44.- Past-Unreal Conditions45.- Reviewing Future-Possible and Unreal Conditions46.- Present Result Clauses Following Past-Unreal IfClauses

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47.- Present Result Following Past-Unreal Conditions inIfClauses48.- Unless49.- Unless Clauses in Future-Possible Real Conditions50.- Present-Unreal and Past-Unreal Conditions in Unless Clauses51.- Generalizations with Real Conditions52.- Past Custom with Would+ Base Form

V.- NOUN CLAUSES1.- Direct and Indirect Objects2.- Indirect Objects with To3.- Indirect Objects without To4.- No Indirect Objects5.- Verbs of Mental Activity6.- Noun Clauses Following Verbs of Mental Activity7.- Verb Agreement/The Rule of Sequence of Tenses8.- Direct and Indirect Speech9.- Following the Rule of Sequence of Times10.- Near Past vs. Distant Past in Indirect Speech11.- Indirect Statements about Events in the Distant Past12.- Noun Clauses Derived from Yes-No Questions13.- Whether or Notin Indirect Statements14.- Noun Clauses Derived from Information Questions15.- Yes-No Questions Containing Noun Clauses16.- Infinitive Phrases in Indirect Speech17.- Present Time18.- Noun Clauses Following Wish for Present Time19.- Wish in Past Time20.- Noun Clauses Following Wish for Past Time

21.- Responding to a Situation with Wish22.- Abridgment of Noun Clauses Following Wish andHope23.- Abridgment of Noun Clauses Following Wish24.-Hope25.- Wishes with Would26.-Might Have + Past Participle in That Clauses27.- Noun Clauses Derived from Requests28.- ThatClauses after Verbs of Urgency29.- ThatClauses after Adjectives of Urgency

VI.- -ING FORMS AND INFINITIVES1.- Gerunds2.- Gerunds and Gerund Phrases as Subjects3.- Gerunds as Objects of Certain Verbs4.- Gerund Phrases as Objects of Verbs5.- Gerund or Infinitive6.- Gerunds as Objects of Prepositions and in Time Phrases7.- Gerund Phrases as Objects of Prepositions

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8.-Be Used to and Get Used to9.- Gerunds and Gerund Phrases Following the Preposition For10.- Gerunds in Time Phrases11.- -IngForms or Bases Forms Following Certain Verbs12.- -IngForms as Objects of Sense Perception Verbs13.-Make, Let, andHelp14.- Infinitives Following Information Words15.- -IngParticiples as Modifiers16.- Reviewing Prepositions with Gerunds

VII.- ADJECTIVE CLAUSES1. - Essential and Nonessential Adjective Clauses

2. - Who and Thatas Subjects of Essential Adjective Clauses3. - Who orThat4. - Whose Introducing Essential Adjective Clauses5. - Essential Adjective Clauses Used in Definitions

6. - Relative Pronouns as Objects of Verbs and Prepositions7. - Unmarked Essential Adjective Clauses8. - Relative Adverb Introducing Adjective Clauses

9. - Where Introducing Essential Adjective Clauses10. - Present Perfect Tense in Essential Adjective Clauses11. - Nonessential Adjective Clauses12. - Commas with Nonessential Clauses13. - Expressing Contrast with Nonessential Clauses

VIII.- PASSIVE VOICE1. Voice

2. Past Participle in Passive Verb Phrases3. Affirmative Verb Phrases in the Passive Voice4. Negative Verb Phrases in the Passive Voice5. Adverbs in Passive Verb Phrases6. Present and Past Continuous Tenses7. Passive Verb Phrases Containing Modal Auxiliaries8. Present Continuous Tense9. Past Continuous Tense10. Modal Auxiliaries and Related Idioms11. Transforming Active Verb Phrases into Passive Verb Phrases

12. Yes-No and Information Questions

13. Questions14. Causative Forms and Giving Instructions

15. Causatives withHave + Doer + Base Form16. Instructions with Get+ Past Participle17. Persuasion with Get+ Infinitive18. Be Supposed to

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IX.- FUTURE PERFECT TENSE AND REVIEW1.- Events Preceding Events in the Future2.- Future Perfect Tense

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A REVIEW OF VERB TENSES

1.- The SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE is used for (a) a generally known fact or condition:There are 360 degrees in a circle; Water contains no nitrogen; (b) a state of being: Theyare in love; The giraffe is the tallest of existing animals; and ( c) a habitual activity or

occurrence: Many animals hibernate every winter; The sun always rises in the east; Leapyearcomes every four years.

2.- Though not discussed as such, the simple present tense is sometimes used for futuretime: The shipsails at dawn; The sun rises at 6:18 tomorrow morning; The bankopens atnine oclock tomorrow morning.

3.- The PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE is used for (a) an event that is occurring at thismoment (now): We are beginningthis book; You are lookingat this page now; (b) an eventthat is taking place temporarily: The patientis takingpenicillin; She is livingin a hotel forthe time being(temporarily); and ( c) an event in future time: The astronauts are leavingfor the moon tomorrow; The curtain at the theateris risingat 8:30 tomorrow night.

4.-Be going to + a base form is also used for a coming event: Were going to learn a lot ofnew things in this course; Hesgoing to take another course after this one.

5.- Be going to + be + a present participle is used to emphasize the duration of a futureevent: We are going to be studying together for several months; The earth is going to berevolvingaround the sun for millions of more years.

6.- The SIMPLE PAST TENSE is used for an event at a definite point of time in the past:Jesus diedon the Cross almost two thousand years ago; Buddha lived from c. 563 to 483B.C.; Columbus discoveredAmerica in 1492.

7.- The PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE is used (a) to emphasize an event at one point inpast time;Everyone was sleepingat the time of the earthquake; Everyone in the theaterwas cryingat the end of the movie; and (b) to emphasize the duration of an event in pasttime: His grandfatherwas workinghard from the beginning to the end of the day; Theywere celebratingtheir victory at the Olympics all night long.

8.- The past continuous tense is most frequently used in complex sentences where the pastcontinuous time (in a main clause) is interrupted by a definite past action (in a subordinateclause): They were talkingabout me when I interrupted their conversation; The sun wasshiningwhen the climbers reachedthe top of Mt. Everest.

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PAGE 2

9.- Besides simple futurity, the FUTURE TENSE is used to express (a) promise: I willalways love you;I will never breakthis promise; (b) determination: We will never give upour freedom;We will die for our religion; ( c) inevitability: The twentieth century willcometo an end; Springwill bringnew life; and (d) prediction: Itwill rain tomorrow; Everyonein the class will speakEnglish well.

10.- The FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE is used (a) to emphasize an event at one pointin future time:Ill be seeingyou at the beginning of the game; Our plane will be taking offin a few minutes; and (b) to emphasize the duration of an event in future time: He will bethinkingabout only his girlfriend until she returns;I will be workingall day long.

11.- Like the past continuous tense, the future continuous tense is used in complexsentences where the future continuous time (in a main clause) is interrupted by a definitefuture action (in a subordinate clause): It will probably be raining when we get to thebeach; Iwill be waitingfor you at the airport when your plane comes in.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE I

Focus: Present (Continuous) Tense, Past (Continuous) Tense, Future (Continuous)Tense,Be going to + a base form,Be going to + be + a Present Participle.

Reminder:Be going to and the future tense are essentially interchangeable.

1.- (rain) When I left the house this morning, it___________________________________.

2.- (have) I didnt take a vacation because I ____________________________ any money.

3.- (win) Who _____________________________________________ in the nextelection?

4.- (rise) The sun _____________________________________ at 6:38 yesterday morning.

5.- (live) They ___________________________ in an apartment temporarily because theycant find an inexpensive house.

6.- (eat) I _______________________________________Italian food only once in awhile.

7.- (ring) The bell __________________________________________ and the class began.

8.- (blow) A hard wind _______________________ while we were climbing the mountain.

9.- (understand) He __________________________________ anything at the last meeting.

10.- (enter) Who __________________________________ the university next September?

11.- (talk) When I came into the room, everyone __________________________ aboutme.

12.- (give) How often does your teacher ___________________________ the class a quiz?

13.- (go) We ________________________________ anywhere in particular next weekend.

14.- (fight) We _________________________________ our enemy until our last man falls.

15.- (talk) My secretary __________________________________ on the phone right now.

16.- (begin) The movie _________________________________________________ soon.

17.- (take) When he goes on a business trip, he usually ______________________ hiswife.

18.- (set) The sun never ____________________________________________ in the east.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE I PAGE 2

19.- (set) The sun ____________________________________ at 5:48 tomorrowafternoon.

20.- (enter) The patient ________________________ operating room at this very moment.

21.- (fall) Our little girl ____________________________ down and hurt herself seriously.

22.- (take) Who ______________________________________ care of your children now?

23.- (speak) I __________________________________ to anyone on the phone last night.

24.- (make) I ______________________________ a few mistakes on the last examination.

25.- (shine) When I get up tomorrow morning, the sun_____________________________.

26.- (be) The assassination of President Kennedy ________________ a shock to the world.

27.- (be) We _______________________________________ at the beginning of this book.

28.- (live) Few people ______________________________________ in the Sahara Desert.

29.- (fall) Listen! Some rain ________________________________________ on the roof.

30.- (fall) The leaves usually _____________________________ from the trees inOctober.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE II

Focus: Present (Continuous) Tense, Past (Continuous) Tense, Future (Continuous)Tense,Be going to + a base form,Be going to + be + a Present Participle.

Reminder:Be going to and the future tense are essentially interchangeable.

1.- (graduate) He ___________________________________ from the university nextJune.

2.- (get) Everyone in my office usually ____________________________ to work by9:30.

3.- (be) People ____________________________________________ sometimes difficult.

4.- (find) She wont quit her present job until she ________________________ a new one.

5.- (blow) We didnt go sailing in our boat because the wind ________________________.

6.- (keep) He ____________________________________ a car because its too expensive.

7.- (take) A very important meeting ____________________ place at the White House acouple of days ago.

8.- (go) We _____________________ to a nice beach tomorrow because the weather isntgoing to be nice.

9.- (think) A selfish person always _____________________________ about only himself.

10.- (be) Everyone at the last meeting _______________________ surprised by thepresidents decision to resign.

11.- (be) There ______________________ no one in the house when I got home last night.

12.- (be) The party ___________________ a success because there werent enough people.

13.- (enter) Everyone will stand up when the King ________________________ the room.

14.- (feel) I didnt go to work because I _____________________________________well.

15.- (be) The chicken ________________________________ any good at dinner lastnight.

16.- (arrive) When the telegram ____________________, please let me know immediately.

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17.- (make) During the examination, he was angry at himself because he_______________ a lot of mistakes.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE II PAGE 2

18.- (take) Everyone in my office usually _________________ a coffee break in themiddle of the afternoon.

19.- (be) When I got to work, nobody ______________________________________there.

20.- (fly) We ___________________________ on air France when we went on our lasttrip.

21.- (take) He never ________________________________ his car when he goes to work.

22.- (sleep) When I got home, the children ______________________________________.

23.- (be) All of us ________________ a little nervous when we came into this room today.

24.- (do) When the phone rang, I ____________________________ anything in particular.

25.- (come) The world ______________________________________ to an end tomorrow.

26.- (learn) We ___________________________________ a lot of new things in thisbook.

27.- (be) Good health _____________________________ our most precious possession.

28.- (finish) We _____________________________________________ this exercise now.

29.- (mail) He __________________________ the package in time for his sisters birthday.

30.- (hike) We ___________________________ up the northwest trail on our last attempt.

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THE DURATION OF AN EVENT1.- The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE is used to express the duration of an event thatbegan at a definite point in past time and has continued to the present and will probablycontinue into future time: The earth has existedfor millions of years; Elizabeth IIhas been

the Queen of the United Kingdom since 1952.

2.- To form the present perfect tense, we use the verb have as an auxiliary and a PASTPARTICIPLE as the main verb of a verb phrase. Have occurs as an -s form in the thirdperson singular.

Singular Plural

First person I have worked weSecond person you you have workedThird person he they

she has workedit

3.- Regular past participles are formed by adding -ed to a base form (simple form) of averb. The rules for spelling regular past participles are the same as those for spellingregular past forms:

(a) When a regular base form ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -iand add -ed: (bury) They have buriedmany people since the beginning of the famine;(carry) I have carriedmy bosss responsibilities since he became sick.

(b) When the final -y is preceded by a vowel, no change is made: (stay) He hasstayed

home for two weeks; (play) The children haveplayedall day long.

(c ) When a regular base form ends with a single consonant preceded by a single stressedvowel, the consonant is doubled before adding -ed: (stop) My watch has stopped; (permit)The police havepermittedus to pass through the barricades.

(d) When a regular base form ends in -e, only -d is added: (change) Life in Cuba haschangedsince the revolution; (smoke) He hassmokedsince he was eighteen.

4.- When we express the duration of an event from past to present time, the preposition foris used in a prepositional phrase when the amount of time is given: He has been here for

three hours; I have lived in this countryfor seven years. The use offoris optional: He hasbeen here (for) three hours; I have known her (for) seven years.

5.- A prepositional phrase withsince is used when the exact moment, time, day, or year thatthe event began is given: They have been here since one oclock yesterday afternoon;They have been marriedsince 1973; They have lived in Londonsince 1974.

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6.- When one event follows another, the preposition since also occurs:Life in Lebanon hasbeen differentsince the civil war; They have been happysince their marriage; His parentshave lived in Hong Kongsince the end of the war in Vietnam.

7.- Since occurs as a subordinate conjunction when it introduces a past time clause(subordinate clause) to a sentence: He has made a lot of money since he started work atthecompany; They have lived in San Franciscosince they arrived in the United States.Reminder: A time phrase never has a subject or a verb, but a time clause always does.Compare:

Time Phrase Time Clause

since the beginning of the party. since the party began.since the end of the war. since the war ended.

8.- The adverb ago appears with the simple past tense only: His grandfatherdied manyyears ago. However, ago may appear in a time clause or phrase introduced by since when

the verb phrase in the main clause of a sentence is in the present perfect tense: He has beenin the hospitalsince he got sick five weeks ago (since the beginning of his illness fiveweeks ago).Special Note: The simple present tense is never used for the duration of an event from pastto present time. Compare:

Wrong Correct

I am married for five years. I have been married for five yearsShe lives here since 1973. She has livedhere since 1973.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE III

Focus: The Duration of an Event.

Supply have or has in the first blank andsince orforin the second.

1.- The earth _____________ been in existence _________ millions of years.

2.- Cuba ____________ been a socialist country ____________ 1959.

3.- Korea and Germany ___________ been divided nations _________ quite a few years.(Quite a few means many; the expression may modify countable nouns only: They havehad quite a fewproblems.)

4.- Latin __________ been a dead language _____________ the decline of Rome.

5.- Bill and his best friend ___________ known each other ___________ many years.

6.- Life in China ___________ been very different ___________ the Peoples Revolution.

The people ____________ changed.

7.- Israel __________ been a state _____________ 1948.

8.- Canada and Australia ___________ been a part of the British Commonwealth_________ quite a few years.

9.- Islam _____________ been the most important religion in the Middle East _________

approximately 1,400 years.

10.- Life __________ been a magnificent puzzle _____________ the beginning of time.

11.- All of the students _________ studied hard __________ the beginning of the course.

The class ___________ been in session ________________ September 1.

12.- Buddhism ___________ been a major religion in the Far East ___________ more thantwo thousand years.

13.- The sun ____________ been in the center of our solar system ____________ millionsand millions of years.

14.- My parents ___________ had their house ___________ quite a few years.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE III PAGE 2

15.- Washington D.C., ___________ been the capital of the United States ___________1800.

16.- I __________ known my best friend ______________ I was six.

17.- The Eiffel Tower _____________ been a famous tourist attraction __________ thetime of its erection for the Paris Exhibition in 1889.

18.- Relations between those two countries ___________ been bad ___________ the endof the last war.

19.- Christianity ___________ been an important religion _________ almost two thousandyears.

20.- The Red Cross ____________ been an important international organization ________

1864.

21.- The Soviet Union _____________ been a socialist state _____________ 1917.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE IV

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Focus: Duration with the Present Perfect Tense.

Fill in the first blank with an appropriate verb phrase in the present perfect tense andsupply since orforin the second. Use past participles made out of the base forms inthe following list: be, do, have, know, live, love, speak, work.

1.- I _____________________ my car ____________ three years.

2.- We _____________________ in this classroom _____________ ten oclock.

3.- S/he _________________________ him/her secretly _____________ many years.

4.- He ___________________ a great deal of money _____________ the day he was born.(A great deal ofmeans much. The expression modifies only uncountable nouns: There is agreat deal ofmoney in his account.)

5.- My best friend ____________________ in New York, ___________ he was born.

6.- They _________________ a great deal of trouble with their car ______________ theday they bought it.

7.- The weather ______________________ beautiful _____________ the beginning of the

month. We ____________________ sunshine ______________ almost three weeks.

8.- The President ________________________ in office ______________ some years.

9.- Bill and his father _______________________________ together in the same company

____________ more than ten years.

10.- Everyone _____________________ well _____________ the beginning of the course.

11.- Our little boy _____________________ an infection in his ear _________________he went swimming in the lake a couple of weeks ago.

12.- I ___________________ English ________________ only a couple of years.

13.- My next-door neighbor _______________________ very inactive _____________ shebecame ill.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE IV PAGE 2

14.- He _________________ a great deal of trouble with his boss ______________ hestarted working for the company.

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15.- Betty Smith, a good friend of mine, ____________________________ a veryunhappy

woman ________________ the death of her husband.

16.- My house plants ____________________ much better ___________________ I fedthem with a new kind of organic fertilizer.

17.- I __________________ my best friend __________________ more than fifteen years.

18.- My parents _______________________ their car ______________ 1951. It hasbecome an antique.

19.- We __________________ in this room _________________ about an hour and a half.

CONTRACTIONS, THE NEGATIVE FORM, ANDALWAYS/NEVER

1.- Contractions of have or has with subject pronouns occur in informal usage: Theyvebeen sick for days; Shes lived by herself for years.

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Singular Plural

First person Ive weveSecond person youve youve been

Third person hes been theyveshesits

2.- It is sometimes difficult for students to determine whether the contraction s is has oris.Two general rules to follow are: (a) When a past participle (sometimes preceded by anadverb) follows s, it is the contraction ofhas; for example,Its (has) been a beautiful day:Hes (has) already had his car for three years; Shes (has) spoken French since she waslittle. (b) When s is followed by articles, adjectives, and -ingforms, it is the contractionsof is; for example, Its (is) a beautiful day, Hes (is) homesick; Shes (is) talking about hervacation.Reminder: Some past participles occur as adjectives: Hes (is) tired; Its (is) broken; Hes

(is) drunk.

3.- A negative verb phrase is formed by inserting not between the auxiliary and main verb:Ihave not spoken Spanish since I returned to Toronto from Mexico; She has not spoken tome since we had that argument three weeks ago.

I weyou have not been you have not beenhe theyshe has not beenit

4.- The contractions havent (have not) and hasnt (has not) occur in informal usage: Ihaventdone anything about my visa problem; My fatherhasnt played football for years.

5.- The adverbs always and never are also inserted between the auxiliary and the mainverb: My motherhas always driven a Ford car; Ihave never known a person as nice asyou.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE V

Focus: Contractions andAlways/Never

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Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb phrases in the present perfect tensecontaining the adverbs always or never. Practice using contractions. Use pastparticiples made out of the base forms in the following list.

be eat live obey see study work drink have love respect sing use worrydrive like make run speak want

1.- I __________________________________________ my parents.

2.- Unfortunately, they ____________________ a great deal of trouble with their son.

3.- I __________________________ tropical climate.

4.- He ________________________ a Rolls-Royce.

5.- They _______________________ a lot of money in their business.

6.- It _____________________ cold at the North Pole.

7.- She ____________________ a selfish/generous person.

8.- I ______________________ to take a trip around the world.

9.- John ___________________ to go on a trip through the Sahara.

10.- I ____________________ my mothers favorite child.

11.- You __________________ respect for yourself.

12.- She __________________ an excellent student.

13.- Ann ___________________ a poor student.

14.- He ____________________ English well.

15.- We ____________________ English during the classes.

16.- They ___________________ each other very much.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE V PAGE 2

17.- Fortunately, she _____________________ good health.

18.- I _____________________ wine with my meals.

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19.- We ___________________ Japanese food.

20.- They ___________________ about their son.

21.- I _________________ hard drugs. (Hard drugs means any of the addictive drugs suchas heroin, morphine, oropium.)

22.- I ______________________ a woman as beautiful as her.

23.- Jim ____________________ for General Motors.

24.- We _____________________ in Los Angeles.

25.- I _____________________ to go to the dentist a lot.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE VI

Focus: Negative Verb Phrases

Fill in the blanks with appropriate negative verb phrases in the present perfect tense.Use past participles made out of the base forms in the following list.

appear call drink feel have rain send take

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be do drive get occur see speak work

1.- I _______________________ time to sit down for a second since I got to work.

2.- Grandpas health ______________________ good for years.

3.- Grandma _______________________ able to walk well since she fell down and broke

her hip two years ago. It _________________ easy for her.

4.- That actor ____________________ in a movie for quite a few years.

5.- A major earthquake ___________________ in San Francisco since 1906.

6.- It ________________ for more than a month, and the countryside is very dry.

7.- Bill ___________________ since he retired four years ago.

8.- Shes worried because her boyfriend __________________ her for more than a month.

9.- I ______________________ a really good movie for a long time.

10.- In spite of the inflation, they _________________ many financial problems. They

______________________ any vacations, however.

11.- That student _______________________ any homework since the beginning of thecourse.

12.- That unfortunate person __________________ happy since the beginning of thecourse.

13.- Life ____________________ easy for him since he lost his job.

14.- The doctor is extremely busy, and she _________________ the chance (opportunity)to go to bed since early yesterday morning.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE VI PAGE 2

15.- I _____________________ the chance to sit down since I got up this morning.

16.- We ___________________ good weather since the beginning of the year.

17.- I ____________________ any alcohol since I started taking penicillin.

18.- Because he is angry at his brother, he ____________________ to him for more than ayear.

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19.- I _____________________ my native country for two years.

20.- Because of his poor vision (eyesight), my grandfather __________________ a car forquite a few years.

21.- I _____________________ my parents for quite a long time.

22.- This _______________________ a difficult exercise.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE VII

Focus: Time Clauses withSince

The adverb evermay occur as an intensifier of the subordinate conjunctionsince: hes beenmadly (very much) in love with herever since he first met her; Ive felt wonderful eversince I stopped smoking; Shes been unhappy ever since her husband died.Note: This pattern is used more informally than formally.

Fill in the blanks with past forms made out of the base forms given in theparentheses.

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1.- (inherit) Shes been a difficult person ever since she ______________ a great deal of

money. (happen) Her life has changed completely ever since this ____________________.

2.- (take) The patient has felt much better ever since he _______________ the new drug.

(begin) Everyone in his family has felt much better ever since his condition ___________to improve.

3.- (drop) Theyve been worried about their son ever since he ______________ out of

school. (To drop out ofmeans to quit. The idiom is most often used in reference to quittingschool. a person who drops out f school is called a dropout.)

4.- (move) Dick has been happy ever since he ___________________ to New York.

5.- (win) His father has had a great deal of luck ever since he _______________ a lot of

money in the lottery.

6.- (break) Shes been unhappy ever since he __________________ his promise to her.

7.- (enter) Their daughter has been a very good student ever since she __________ school.

(leave) Her life has been completely different ever since she _____________ home for theuniversity.

8.- (be) Theyve been in love with each other ever since they _______________ children inschool.

9.- (get) Theyve been very happy ever since they __________________ married.

10.- (introduce) His company has been very successful ever since it ________________ anew mouse-trap to the market.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE VII PAGE 2

11.- (buy) My life has been different ever since I ___________________ a new car.

12.- (meet) Weve had a lot of fun together ever since we _____________________.

13.- (graduate) Their son has made a lot of money ever since he ______________ from theuniversity.

14.- (arrive) My life has been very different ever since I ________________ in thiscountry.

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INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES (Questions)

1.- Yes-No questions in the present perfect tense are formed by putting the subject of asentence after the auxiliary: Have they been happy since their marriage? Has time gonefast since the beginning of the course?

Singular Plural

First person I weSecond person have you have you goneThird person he gone they

has sheit

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2.- Always and never follow the subject in yes-no questions: Have we always hadpollution? Haveyou neverbeen in Europe?

3.- In negative questions, havent or hasnt precedes the subject: Havent you eatenanything since last night? Hasnt your fatherfound a job? Why havent you been busy atwork?

4.- In formal usage in negative questions, have (has) and notare not contracted, and notfollows the subject: Has she notbroken her promise to you? Have I notdone the rightthing? Why has thegovernment notdone more for the poor?Reminder: Negative questions are used to show anger, surprise, or irritation.

5.- Inyes-no answers, have or has follows the subject of the answer: Have you been backto your hometown since 1975? Yes, I have; No,I havent; Has she always lived here? Yes,shehas; No, she hasnt.

6.- In tag questions, have orhas occurs in the tag endings: Youve been at this school forquite a few months, havent you? She has never studied English, has she? John hasntbeen sick, has he?

7.- To ask for the length of an event that began in the past and has continued to the present,the information words how long occur in information questions with the present perfecttense. As inyes-no questions, the subject follows have orhas: How longhave you knownyour best friend? The prepositionformay precede how long, but its use is optional: (For)how long has he been a teacher? How many + years, days, etc., also occurs: How manyyears have you been married?How many days has the class been in session?

GRAMMAR EXERCISE VIII

Focus: The Length of an Event

Pronunciation Note: How long have sounds like how long-of; how long has sounds likehow long-iz (longz). Written contractions of noun subjects and have or has do not occur:however, children have many sound like children-of; Mary has may sound like Marys.

Supply appropriate past participles in the blanks.

1.- How long has the United States _________________ an independent nation?

2.- How long has pollution ____________________ a serious world problem?

3.- How many days have they _________________ out of town?

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4.- For how many years has Cuba _________________ a socialist government?

5.- For how many years have you _______________ your best friend?

Now make appropriate information questions with how long and how many. Thefollowing pretends will indicate the questions that may be asked.

Examples: Pretend you are talking to a friend about his or her car.How many yearshave you had your car?

Pretend you are talking to a little girl.How long have you had your doll?

6.- Pretend you are talking to a little boy or girl._________________________________________________________________________7.- Pretend you are talking to someone about his or her best friend._________________________________________________________________________8.- Pretend you are a doctor talking to a patient._________________________________________________________________________

9.- Pretend you are a lawyer talking to a client._________________________________________________________________________10.- Pretend you are talking to a person about religion._________________________________________________________________________11.- Pretend you are talking to another student at school._________________________________________________________________________12.- Pretend you are having a conversation about politics._________________________________________________________________________13.- Pretend you are talking to the President._________________________________________________________________________14.- Pretend you are talking to a scientist about the world in general.

_________________________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR VIII PAGE 2

Now complete the following sentences.

15.- How many years have___________________________________________________?

16.- How many days has ____________________________________________________?

17.- For how long have _____________________________________________________?

18.- How many weeks has ___________________________________________________?

19.- How long ____________________________________________________________?

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20.- For how long__________________________________________________________?

21.- How many months _____________________________________________________?

EVENTS AT AN INDEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST

1.- Besides expressing the duration of an event form a definite point in the past time to thepresent, the present perfect tense may also be used to describe an event at an indefinite timein the past:I have been in Europe; She has studiedFrench; Theyve finishedthe job.

2.- Even though these events occurred in past time, they are directly related to events inpresent time because they are the cause (reason) for situations that now exist. We call thisrelationship the cause and effect(reason and situation) relationship. Compare:

Cause (an event at an indefinite Effect (now)time in the past)

Its rained a lot. The streets are all wet.Ive eaten lunch. Im not hungry now.Ive spoken to my lawyer. Im not worried about the problem now.Ive been in Europe. I know what its like.

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3.- The present perfect tense is never used for an event at a definite point of time in thepast. Reminder: The simple past tense is used for an event at a definite point of time in thepast. Compare:

Wrong Correct

Ihave been there yesterday. I was there yesterdayIhave gone two days ago. I wenttwo days ago.She has done it last night. She didit last night.

Reminder: Adverbs such as yesterday and ago may appear in sentences that contain thepresent perfect tense but only in subordinate clauses (or time phrases) like those introducedby since: She hasnt felt wellsince she got up yesterday morning; He has lived in Texassince he graduated from Cornell University three years ago.

4.- Adverbs of indefinite time like recently, finally, and just are used in verb phrasescontaining the present perfect tense. Their usual position is following the auxiliary: The

military has recently overthrown the government; The mail has finally arrived; Her petbirdhas justdied.

5.- Justmay appear only within a verb phrase, but recently and finally may appear in theinitial or final position as well:Recently, I have made a great deal of money; The childrenhave come homefinally.Punctuation Reminder: When an adverb occurs in initial position, a comma usuallyfollows the word:Finally, spring has come.

6.- A good response to a sentence like He has recently finished schoolis a question Howrecent is recently? Recently can mean a week ago, a month ago, perhaps a couple of monthsago, or possible even a year ago. The period of time is very indefinite.

7.- Just is more specific than recently. We do not know exactly when the event has takenplace, but we know that it has happened close to the present time - for example, They havejust arrived(they still have on their coats and are talking about the cold weather). When weuse just, we know that the event has taken place almost right before the moment ofspeaking.

8.-Finally means more than just a sense of time; it suggests that we have been anticipatingthe event, and we are happy or relieved that it has happened: The war has finally ended,and everyone in the nation is relieved that the soldiers can now come home.

9.- These adverbs also appear in verb phrases containing the simple past tense. When thisoccurs, adverbial expressions of definite time may follow just and finally: He just gotmarriedlast week; They finally arrivedyesterday; however, definite adverbs of time neverappear with recently: He recently got out of the hospital; His horse recently won animportant race.

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10.- When the adverb ever occurs in yes-no questions with the present perfect tense, itmeans at any time in this life: Have you ever (at any time in this life) been in China?

GRAMMAR EXERCISE IX

Focus: Yes-No Questions withEverandAlways

Supply have or has in the first blank and an appropriate past participle in the second;use past participles made out of the base forms in the following list. Practice yes-noanswers.be cut eat keep ride see take wear break do fall live ring shake talk catch drive have play rise swim tell

1.- ___________ you ever _________________ in love?

2.- ___________ your brother always _______________ his homework for the class?

3.- ___________ you ever ____________ a bone (for example, one of your arms)?

4.- ___________ you ever ____________ the Presidents hand?

5.- ___________ your neighbor always ____________ a Ford car?

6.- ___________ you ever ____________ in the Pacific Ocean?

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7.- ___________ you ever ____________ a French film (movie)?

8.- ___________ the seat of the Catholic Church always ___________ in Rome?

___________ the Pope ever ____________ in the Americas?

9.- ___________ you ever _______________ Japanese food?

10.- ___________ Washington, D.C., always ____________ the capital of the United

States? _____________ you ever _____________ there?

11.- _____________ you ever __________ yourself seriously with a knife?

12.- _____________ you ever __________ a bikini (a brief bathing suit)?

13.- _____________ your phone ever __________ while you were in the shower?

14.- _____________ you ever __________ on a horse?

15.- _____________ you ever __________ a serious lie?

GRAMMAR EXERCISE IX PAGE 2

16.- _____________ you ever __________ penicillin?

17.- _____________ your teacher ever __________about Shakespeare?

18.- _____________ your family always __________ in California?

19.- _____________ it always __________ hot at the Equator?

20.- _____________ you ever __________ a Rolls-Royce?

21.- _____________ you ever __________ a shark (a very big fish)?

22.- _____________ you ever __________ in an earthquake/a hurricane?

23.- _____________ you ever __________ a broken heart (disappointment in love)?

24.- _____________ your brother ever __________ on an important team?

Now complete the sentences.

25.- Have you ever _________________________________________________________?

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26.- Has your father/ mother/ teacher ever ______________________________________?

27.- Have your children always _______________________________________________?

28.- Has the community always_______________________________________________?

29.- Has Richard ever ______________________________________________________?

30.- Have the students always ________________________________________________?

31.- Have the new media always ______________________________________________?

32.- Has it ever ____________________________________________________________?

33.- Has the convention ever _________________________________________________?

34.- Have they ever ________________________________________________________?

35.- Has your garden ever ___________________________________________________?

GRAMMAR EXERCISE X

Focus:Justin Verb Phrases

Fill in the blanks with have (has) +just+ a past participle.

1.- (make) I ___________________________ a very foolish mistake.

2.- (spill) Darn it! I _____________________________ bottle of ink.

3.- (inherit) You wont believe this, but I ______________________ a great deal of money.

(become) I _______________________ a millionaire.

4.- (get) Can you believe it? I ___________________________ a telegram from the

President. (give) My secretary _________________________ to me.

5.- (break) Hes extremely upset. His girlfriend _________________________ her promise

to marry him. (tell) He _________________________ me about it.

6.- (hear) I __________________________ a very funny story about you.

7.- (get) I must tell you about the wonderful news I ____________________ from home.

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8.- (lose) How terrible! Several people ___________________ their lives in a fire in anearby hotel.

9.- (meet) He ______________________ a new girl, and he wants to tell me about her.

(enter) She ______________________ our school.

10.- (find) Its hard to believe, but I ______________________ a hundred-dollar bill onthe

street. (have) I ______________ a stroke of luck. (happen) It ___________________.

11.- (have) His wife ___________________ a baby, and hes very excited about it. (come)

He _____________________________ back from the hospital.

12.- (hear) Congratulations! We _________________________ the new about your most

recent success. (tell)Your boss _____________________ us.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE X PAGE 2

13.- (get) Mary and Tom ________________________ married secretly, and all their

friends are surprised. (hear) They _____________________ about it.


14.- My best friend _________________________________________________________.

15.- The rain ______________________________________________________________.

16.- The sun ______________________________________________________________.

17.- Im still sleepy because __________________________________________________.

18.- Hurry up! The class_____________________________________________________.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE XI

Focus: Finally in Verb Phrases

Fill in the blanks with have (has) +finally + a past participle.

1.- (come) Its about time! Its three oclock in the morning, but our son _______________

________________ home. (Its about time! meansfinally!)

2.- (become) Its hard to believe, but our cat and dog __________________________ good

friends. (stop) They ___________________________ fighting.

3.- (come) At last! The guests ___________________________________; now we can

have cocktails. (begin) The party _________________________.

4.- (become) Its about time! The weather ________________________ nice after a long

hard winter. (come) Spring _________________________.

5.- (become) After many years of study, their daughter ______________________ a

medical doctor. (graduate) She ________________________________.

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6.- (find) Bob ____________________________ an interesting job. (come) His longsearch

____________________________ to an end.

7.- (improve) Were very relieved. Our mothers health ____________________________.

8.- (finish) It took a long time, but I ___________________________________ theproject.

9.- (get) At last! I __________________________________ a letter from my parents.

10.- (be) Fortunately, he ____________________________________ able to stopsmoking.

(break) He _____________________________________ his dirty habit.

11.- (come) At last! The war ______________________________ to an end.

12.- (decide) At the age of seventy-four, my grandfather _____________________ toretire.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XI PAGE 2

13.- (graduate) Its about time! All of our children ________________________ from the

university. (realize) We ________________________________________ our dreams.

14.- (get) What a surprise! Tom and Marilyn ______________________________ married.

15.- (become) After more than twenty years, his father _________________________ the

president of the company.


16.- At last! The movie______________________________________________________.

17.- Its about time! The bus _________________________________________________.

18.- Well, the children ______________________________________________________.

19.- Their son/daughter _____________________________________________________.

20.- The rain/snow _________________________________________________________.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE XIIFocus:Recently in Verb Phrases.

Fill in the blanks with have (has) + recently + a past participle.

1.- (lose) He _____________________ a lot of weight. (see) I ____________________

him, and he looks terrific. (To put on weight means to gain weight.) (Terrific meansgreat.)

2.- (develop) A research team at the hospital _______________________ a new kind of

treatment for cancer. (read) I ______________________________________ about it.

3.- (lose) They ___________________________ their house in a fire, so theyre living in a

hotel for the time being.

4.- (inherit) A friend of mine _______________________________ a great deal of money.

5.- (graduate) Their son __________________________________ from OxfordUniversity.

6.- (develop) a scientist in my company ____________________________________ a new

method for collecting solar energy. (receive) He ______________________________ a

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grant (a sum of money) from the Federal government.

7.- (paint) They _______________________________ their house, and it looks wonderful.

8.- (read) I ______________________________________ a wonderful book about animal

life in Africa. (write) The same author __________________________ a book aboutinsect life.

9.- (receive) She _____________________________________ an important literary prize.

10.- (have) His wife ____________________________ a baby, and he is still bragging(boasting) about it.

11.- (quit) Hes taking it easy because he __________________________________ his job.

12.- (find) We _____________________________________ a faster way to get up to our

cabin in the mountains. (A cabin in a small house or cottage.)

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XII PAGE 2

13.- (buy) We _____________________________________ a cottage beside a lovely lake.


14.- My mother/father ______________________________________________________.

15.- My sister/brother ______________________________________________________.

16.- The President/Queen ___________________________________________________.

17.- A friend of mine _______________________________________________________.

18.- My boss/ teacher/ roommate _____________________________________________.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE

Focus: Clauses of Reason withBecause

We often use the present perfect tense in a clause of reason introduced by the subordinateconjunction because: Shes extremely sadbecause shes just lost a very old friend.Reminder: A because clause usually occurs in the final position of a sentence (see aboveexample), but we may also put it in the initial position. When we do this, a comma followsthe clause:Because we havent had much rain, all of the flowers in our garden are dying.

Remember that a because clause always tells why: Why is he a success? . . . because hesworked long and hard.

Fill in the blanks with have (has) (+ not) + a past participle.

1.- (come) The children are excited because their father _______________________ home.

(have) Were all hungry because we ________________________________ our dinner.

2.- (find) Im thrilled because I ___________________________ a wonderful job. (decide)

My present boss is angry because I ____________________________________ to quit.

3.- (score) Everyone is cheering because our team ___________________________apoint.

4.- (get) Im worried because I __________________________ any news from myparents.

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(write) Because I __________________________ any letters to them, I haventreceived

any. (hear) Because they _______________________ from me for a long time, theyre

theyre beginning to get worried.

Now complete the sentences with appropriate because clauses.

5.- Im in a very good/bad mood today _________________________________________.

6.- ________________________________________________, I am very happy/ unhappy.

7.- S/hes excited __________________________________________________________.

8.- ___________________________________________, my parents are very angry at me.

9.- I am worried about a friend of mine _________________________________________.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XII PAGE 2

10.- Hes a failure _________________________________________________________.

11.- Shes a great success ___________________________________________________.

12.- Im angry at myself ____________________________________________________.

13.- Im hungry/ thirsty _____________________________________________________.

14.- S/he speaks English well ________________________________________________.

15.- ______________________________________________________, the team is ready.

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ALREADY AND YET

1.- When the adverb already occurs in a verb phrase containing the present perfect tense, itusually suggests recent to fairly recent time in the past: Theyve already gone home (anhour ago); My birthday has already passed (a couple of weeks ago). However, in somecircumstances already may occur in statements about the distant past: I dont want to go toMexico; Ive already been there (fifteen years ago).

2.- Like other adverbs (e.g., just, finally, not) already is inserted between the auxiliary and

the main verb: Theyve already had three children, but she wants one more; Theyvealready done their homework, so they can watch TV.

3.- In less formal usage, already occurs in the final position of a sentence: The mailmanhas come and gone already; The children have gone to bedalready.

4.- The adverb yetusually occurs in the final position of a simple sentence or in the finalposition of a main clause in a complex sentence: The rain hasnt startedyet; I havent madea decision yet , but I will soon. Yetis used in negative verb phrases and yes-no questionsonly. Note: In more formal usage, and sometimes informal, one could say: Rain hasntyetstarted; I haventyetmade a decision.

5.- Yet shows expectation (something that we plan to do) and is closely related to a comingevent in future time: We havent reached the top of the mountain yet, but with luck anddetermination we will soon; Our child hasnt begun to speakyet, but he will soon.

6.- Yetoccurs inyes-no questions more frequently than the other adverbs of indefinite time:Have you had lunchyet? Hasnt your team won a gameyet? Besides the usual no answers,the responseNo, notyet, may occur in response to ayes-no question.

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7.- Abridged (shortened) main clauses containing will, be going to, and hope to often occurin sentences with yet: We havent done anything about the problem yet, but we will (sosomething); They havent arrived yet, but theyregoing to (arrive) soon; I havent seen thatmovie yet, but Ihope to (see it).

8.- This kind of abridgment also occurs with the verbs like and want: Her boyfriend doesntlike to dance, but she likes to (dance); I havent gone to Japan yet, but Iwant to (go).

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XIII

Focus:Already in Verb Phrases

Fill in the blanks with have (has) + already + a past participle.

1.- (eat/leave) The guests ___________________________ and _____________________.

2.- (write/send) I _____________________________ and __________________ the letter.

3.- (have) No, thank you. I dont care for another drink because I_____________________

four. (get) I ___________________________________ a little drunk.

4.- (go) Jack is still here, but his wife _____________________________________ home.

5.- (see) I dont want to see that movie because I ________________________________it.

6.- (rise) Please lets go home. The sun __________________________ and Im dead tired

(very tired). (leave) Most of the other guests _____________________________________.

(be) We __________________________________________________________ for hours.

7.- (take) Dont worry about the problem because I ___________________________ care

of it. (speak) I _______________________________________ to my lawyer about it.

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8.- (hear) You dont have to tell me about the scandal because I ______________________

about it. (be) It ________________________________ in all the newspapers; (cover) even

television _______________________________ it.

9.- (speak) I _______________________________________ to her about the matter, andIm not going to speak to her about it again.

10.- (do) Fortunately, I ________________________________ my homework, so I can goout with you.

11.- (have) Bill hasnt taken his vacation yet, but his sister ______________________ one.

(come/go) She __________________________ home and _______________ back towork.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XIII PAGE 2

12.- (be) I dont want to go to Rome again on my vacation because I __________________there five times. I want to go some place new.

13.- (blossom) Its only the middle of March, but the cherry trees in Washington_________

_____________________________.

14.- (get) Its only the beginning of October, but it ____________________________ cold.

(have) We _______________________________ a few snowfalls.

15.- (set) Lets go home. The sun ______________________________ and its getting late.

(leave) Everyone in the office __________________________________ for home.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE XIV

Focus: Negative Verb Phrases and Yet

Fill in the blank with have (has) + not+ a past participle.

1.- (get) He _______________________________ over his recent divorce yet, but he will.

2.- (arrive) The guests __________________________________ yet, but I expect themanyminute. (Any minute means very soon.)

3.- (sit) We ____________________________ down to dinner yet, but were going to anyminute now. (Now may be added to any minute.)

4.- (enter) Their son ________________________________ the army yet, but he wants to.

5.- (get) He ____________________________________ over his last love affair yet, buthe

eventually will. (find) He ____________________________________ a new girlfriendyet.

6.- (see) I _________________________________________ that movie yet, but I hope to.

7.- (begin) The movie _________________________________ yet, but it will any minute.

8.- (call) I ________________________________ my boss yet, but I will in a few minutes.

9.- (write) I _________________________________ my parents yet, but I will tomorrow.

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10.- (go) My headache ______________________________ away yet, but it will because

Ive taken a few aspirins. (take) They _________________________________ effect yet.

11.- (begin) It _________________________________ to rain yet, but it will any minute.

12.- (get) I _______________________________ any news from the university about my

application yet, but I will any day now.

13.- (do) I ______________________________ anything about the problem yet, but I will.

14.- (choose) We _____________________________ a name for out new baby yet, but wewill by the end of today.

15.- (fall) Our enemies ____________________________________ yet, but they willsoon.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XIV PAGE 2

16.- (get) They ___________________________ married yet, but they expect to very soon.

17.- (set) The sun _________________________ yet, but it will in a few minutes.

18.- (meet) I ________________________________ her new boyfriend yet, but I expect to

tonight. (introduce) She _________________________________ him to her family yet,

but

shes going to soon. (propose) He ___________________________ to her yet, but hewants

to. (make) She _________________________________ up her mind yet.

19.- (grow) We _______________________ any tomatoes in our garden yet, but we plan to

next summer. (have) We _____________________ time yet.

20.- (deliver) They ______________________ our new refrigerator yet, but they will anyday now.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE XV

Focus:Stilland Yet

A negative response with yet frequently follows an affirmative statement with still: Hesstill single; he hasnt found a wife yet.

Fill in the blanks with have (has) + not+ a past participle.

1.- (make) Jack and Tina are still angry at each other; they ____________________ up yet.

(reconcile) They ___________________ their differences yet, but they will.

2.- (make) The actress is still not ready to go on the stage; she _________________ up yet.(To make up can also mean to apply cosmetics to ones face: Little girls often like to makeup with their mothers cosmetics.)

3.- (make) I still dont want to go home; I ____________________ up a good excuse togive my parents yet. (To makeup [a story/ excuse/ alibi] means to invent- sometimes usedmeaning to lie.)

4.- (make) Im still waiting for my wife; she ______________________ up yet.

5.- (make) I still dont know where Im going on my vacation; I _________________ upmy mind yet. (To make up ones mindmeans to make a decision.)

6.- (get) His mother is still in the hospital; she _______________________ over herserious

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illness. yet. (recover) She _____________________ yet.

7.- (come) Were still waiting for the bus; it _______________________ yet.

8.- (get) Hes still very unhappy; he _____________________ over the loss of his wifeyet.

9.- (finish) The students are still writing; they _________________________ the exam yet.

(reach) They __________________________ the hard part yet.

10.- (hear) Hes still worried about his mother; he _____________________ from her yet.

(get) He ________________________ any news yet.

11.- (eat) Im still hungry; I ______________________ enough yet.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XV PAGE 2

12.- (make) Im still waiting for an answer; they _____________________ their minds yet.

(come) They ___________________________ to a decision yet.

13.- (fix) My watch is still broken; they _____________________ it yet.

14.- (come) The leaves are still on the trees; fall _____________________ yet.

15.- (sleep) Im still tired; I ____________________________ enough yet.

16.- (open) The bank is still closed; it ___________________________ yet.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE XVI

Focus: Yes-No Questions with YetandAlready

Make (aloud and/or in writing) appropriate yes-no questions withyetor already. The

pretends in the parentheses will indicate the questions that can be asked.

Example: (Pretend it is six oclock in the evening.)Have you eaten dinner yet?

(Pretend you are at an office at nine oclock in the morning.)

Has your boss already gotten to his office?

1.- (Pretend it is one oclock in the afternoon.)______________________________________________________________2.- (Pretend it is 11:30 at night.)

______________________________________________________________3.- (Pretend you are at a train station.)

______________________________________________________________4.- (Pretend you are at a newsstand.)

______________________________________________________________

5.- (Pretend you are a nurse talking to a doctor.)______________________________________________________________6.- (Pretend it is seven oclock in the morning.)

______________________________________________________________7.- (Pretend you are at a radio and TV repair shop.)

______________________________________________________________8.- (Pretend it is in the middle of summer.)

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______________________________________________________________9.- (Pretend you are giving a party.)

______________________________________________________________10.- (Pretend you are standing at the box office of a theater.)

______________________________________________________________

11.- (Pretend you are talking to the police.)______________________________________________________________12.- (Pretend you are talking to a friend about another friend.)

______________________________________________________________13.- (Pretend it is Christmas Eve.)

______________________________________________________________14.- (Pretend you are sitting in a classroom.)

______________________________________________________________

REPEATED EVENTS IN THE PAST

1.- A third and frequent use of the present perfect tense is to express events that have takenplace once or more than once in past time: He has been married once, but now hesdivorced; There have been two world wars in this century; Many countries have becomeindependent nations since the end of World War II.

2.- When the present perfect tense is used for repeated events in past time, there is theexpectation that the event may occur again in future time: We have gone to Europe threetimes (and we expect to go again); There have been many little wars over the past fortyyears (and there will probably be more); Shes fallen in love only twice (and she will

probably fall in love again.)

3.- When we express repeated events in past time with the simple past tense, there is noexpectation that the event will be repeated. Compare:

The Simple Past Tense The Present Perfect TenseThere were many national revolutions in There have been many national revolutionsLatin America during the nineteenth since the beginning of the twentiethcentury. (the nineteenth century is over) century. (the twentieth century hasnt ended

yet)I saw two movies last month. (last month is

over)

I have seen two movies this month. (this

month hasnt ended yet)

Note: When neveris used with the simple past tense, the expectation is reversed. Ineverwent to Europe implies you will continue not to go; Ihave never gone to Europe impliesthere is still a chance you will go.

4.- The information words how many times orhow many + nouns may occur in informationquestions when we ask about repeated events in past time: How many revolutions has

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Bolivia had? How many times have you been in China? How many times has the earthrevolved around the sun? How many cookies have you eaten today?

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XVII

Focus: Repeated Events in the Past

Fill in the blanks with have(has) + a past participle. Supply appropriate words in theparentheses. Do not use negative forms in this exercise.

1.- (be) Jane ______________________________ married only once.

2.- (live) I ____________________ in (_______________) countries.

3.- (have) My mother ___________________ (___________________) children.

4.- (see) I __________________ (____________________) movies this month.

5.- (go) She _____________ (not) ______________ to the dentist (___________ times)this year.

6.- (ring) My telephone ____________________ at least fifty times since I got to work thismorning (At leastmeans the minimum of.)

7.- (have) His father __________________ at least thirty jobs since he started working.

8.- (have) Steve ____________ (___________________) jobs since he started working.

9.- (fall) I _____________ (never) ________________ in love once/twice (___________times).

10.- (be) He ____________ (never) _______________ in Europe(___________________).

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11.- (be) The President of the United States _____________ (never) ________________in

Argentina/ France/ England (__________________).

12.- (be) One of the most beautiful women in the world _____________________ married

(______________).

13.- (be) One of the most famous men in the world _______________ in my nativecountry

(________________).

14.- (be) There _______________________ very little rainfall recently.

15.- (send) I _____________________ (________________) letters this month.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XVII PAGE 2

16.- (deliver) Dr. Smith __________________________ around two thousand babies sincehe started practicing medicine twenty - seven years ago.

17.- (have) My best friend and I _____________________ many good times together, andwe expect to have more.

18.- (do) We _________________ (_________________) exercises in this program.

19.- (make) Since the beginning of this program, I __________________(_____________)new friends.

20.- (see/do) Since I arrived in this country, I ___________________ and________________________ many interesting things.

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE XVIII

Focus: Repeated Events in the Past

Supply have or has in the first blank and an appropriate past participle in the second,using the verbs in the following list.

attend borrow fall fly lend receive seebe break feed go lose ride speak

bet do find have make rob win

1.- How many times ____________ you ________________ in love?

2.- How many times ____________ that fellow _____________ a womans heart?

3.-How many times ____________ [supply name] ____________ _____________married?

4.- How many times ____________ you _______________ to the doctor this year?

5.- How many countries ____________ you __________________ in?

6.- How many times ____________ you _______________ on Pan American?

7.-How many trips _______________ your father ______________ around the world?

8.- How many jobs _____________ you _____________ since you started working?

9.- How many academic degrees (e.g.,B. A., M. A., Ph.D.) ___________________ you

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__________? How many schools _____________ you ___________________?

10.- How many exercises _______________ we in this section?

11.- How many houses ________________ the thief ___________________?

12.- How many times ____________ s/he _______________ money?

13.- How many times ____________ you _________________ sugar from your neighbor?

14.- How many times ____________ your friend _____________ money in the lottery?

15.- How many times ____________ you _______________ ice skating?

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XVIII PAGE 2

16.- How many times ____________ your sister _____________ money to you?Note: We borrow from and we lend to.

17.- How many times ____________ you ____________ money on a horse?

18.- How many times ____________ Alice ____________ her earrings?

19.- How many times ____________ the President of the United States ___________ in

your native country? How many times _____________ you _____________ him?

20.- How many dogs, cats, or birds ____________ you _______________ in yourlifetime?

21.- How many movies ________________ Janet ______________ this month?

22.- How many times ______________ your boss _________________ to his lawyer aboutthe problem?

23.- How many times ____________ you _______________________ on a horse?

24.- How many times ____________ Kim _________________ the cat today?

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GRAMMAR EXERCISE XIX

Focus: Irregular Past Participles

Fill in the blanks with have (has) + a past participle.

1.- (blow) Darn it! One of our tires ________________ out.

2.- (hide) Where ______________ you ______________ your money?

3.- (bite) ________________ a dog ever ____________ you? (sting) _____________ a bee

ever _________________ you?

4.- (freeze) How many pounds of meat ________________ you ________________?

5.- (forbid) Why _________________ your father _____________ you to go to the party?

6.- (lend) ______________ your bank recently _____________ money to the government?

7.- (find) Its about time! I _____________ my shoes under my bed.

8.- (bet/won) How many times ____________ you ___________ and ____________money on a long shot? (A long shotis a bet made at and against great odds, as in a horserace, with only a slight chance of winning.)

9.- (throw) Why ________________ the baby suddenly ____________ up? Is she sick?(To throw up means to vomit.)

10.- (grow) ______________ you ever _____________ roses in your garden?

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11.- (hold) ______________ your teacher ever _____________ class in the park?

12.- (hang) Where _____________ your father _____________ up his jacket?

13.- (hit) How many homeruns ____________ your favorite player ________________this

season. (make) How many fouls _____________ he ________________?

14.- (fight) __________ your favorite boxer ever ____________ with the worldchampion?

15.- (feed) ____________ you always ____________________ your dog that kind offood?

16.- (understand) ______________ your parents always _______________ your problems?

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XIX PAGE 2

17.- (beat) At last! My favorite team ______________ finally ______________ its most

important rival. (win) It _______________ finally _________________ a really big game.

(lose) For a change, it _____________ not _______________.

18.- (sing) _______________ your favorite soprano ever ____________ for theMetropolitan Opera Company in New York?

19.- (grind) _______________ you ____________up the coffee/ meat/ chicken yet? (Togrind up means to grind completely.)

20.- (hurt)His recent actions ____________________ his parents feelings.

21.- (begin) Hurry up! The movie _____________ already _______________.

22.- (keep) ___________________ your boyfriend always _______________ his word?

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THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1.- To form the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE, we use have and been (as asecond auxiliary) and a present participle as a main verb. Have occurs as an -s form in thethird person singular.Notis inserted between have and been in negative verb phrases.

Singular PluralFirst person I weSecond person you have (not) been going you have (not) been going

Third person he theyshe has (not) been goingit

2.- Inyes-no and information questions, a subject follows have:Have you been working onany interesting projects lately? How longhave you been studying English?

3.- The form is used to emphasize the duration of an event that began at a definite point oftime in the past and has continued to the present and possibly into the future: She has beenstudying Englishfor several years; Its been raining hardsince last night.

4.- Also, we may use the form for repeated events in the past: Weve been going to a lot ofinteresting places recently; Theyve been goingto the theater a lotthis month.

5.- Sometimes, the form is used to express a temporary situation: Theyve been living(orare living) in a hotel for the time being; Ive been using (oram using) Johns typewritertemporarily.

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6.- Justand recently may occur in verb phrases with the present perfect continuous tense:Ive just(recently) been talking to the police about the matter; however, never, already,finally, and how many times never occur with the form.

7.- For expressing the duration of an event, the present perfect tense and its continuousform are essentially interchangeable; the continuous form only emphasizes the duration:They have been living (orhave lived) in Rome since 1971; I have been smoking (orhavesmoked)since I was sixteen; I have been driving(orhave driven)for a long time.

8.- As in the present continuous tense, non-action verbs such as be, cost, need, prefer, andwant, etc., do not usually occur in the present perfect continuous tense; however, when weexpress a temporary feeling or action, a non-action verb occurs as a main verb in a phrase:This vacation has been costinga lot(but out vacations have always cost a lot);Ive beenwanting to tell you the secret ever since I heard about it last week (but I have alwayswantedto travel around the world).

PAGE 2

9.- Have does not occur as a main verb in the present perfect continuous tense when itmeans possession only (I have had my car for three years). However, the verb occursidiomatically with certain nouns:I have been having a lot oflucklately; Hes been havingtrouble with his boss; Theyve been havingproblems with their son; Weve been having agood (bad) time on this vacation; Weve been having a lot ofparties recently; Weve beenhaving very coldweatherthis year; Shes been having private English lessons.

10.- The expressionsso far, up to now, and until now are used in sentences containing verb

phrases in the present perfect (continuous) tense. They usually occur at the end of asentence, but they are sometimes put at the beginning and followed by a comma: Wevebeen enjoying ourselves on this vacation so far; So far , weve been having wonderfulweather; Up to now, everything has been great.

11.-Now (meaningso far) is also used with the present perfect (continuous) tense: Theyvebeen living in Paris for seven years now(so far);Hes been at the university for three yearsnow(so far).

SPELLING BEE (CONTEST)

Transform the base forms in the following list into present participles.

EXAMPLES: a: do doingb: try trying

1.- carry_____________________________

8.- run ______________________________

2.- lie _______________________________ 9.- get ______________________________3.- begin ____________________________ 10.- cry _____________________________

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4.- hit_______________________________

11.- drip ____________________________

5.- stop _____________________________ 12.- beg _____________________________6.- die ______________________________ 13.- omit ____________________________7.- stay _____________________________ 14.- leave ___________________________

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XX

Focus: The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Fill in the blanks with have (has) + been + a present participle.

1.- (wear) Our daughter _____________________________ lipstick since she was sixteen.

2.- (rain) It _________________________________________ steadily for three days now.

3.- (take) I __________________________ care of my neighbors cats while theyre away.

(feed) I ____________________________________________________ them twice a day.

4.- (have) We ____________________________ a lot of problems with our new car lately.

(burn) It _________________________________________ too much gas.

5.- (worry) Everyone in the world _________________________ about the situation in the

Middle East for years. (happen) A lot of things _______________________ there recently.

6.- (play/win) We _______________________________ cards for the past couple of hours,

and everyone except me __________________________________________ money so far.

7.- (fight) Dick and Janet _______________________________ with each other ever sincethe day they were married.

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8.- (wait) Shes angry because her boyfriend hasnt shown up yet, and she______________

______________________ for more than three hours.

9.- (talk) He __________________________ about me behind my back, and I dont like it.

(spread) He ________________________________________ rumors about me.

10.- (work) We _______________________________ on a lot of interesting projectslately.Note: We work onprojects, but we do work or a job.

11.- (have) We ________________________________ beautiful weather this month so far.

12.- (study) Our daughter _______________________ at the university for three years

now.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE XX PAGE 2

13.- (get) The children ________________________________ on my ne

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