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PRENTICE HALL

UNITED STATES HISTORY RECONSTRUCTION TO THE PRESENT

Emma J. Lapsanky-WernerPeter B. Levy

Randy RobertsAlan Taylor

PEARSONUpper Saddle River, New Jersey

Boston, MassachusettsChandler, ArizonaGlenview, Illinois

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ISBN-13: 978-0-13-318918-6 ISBN-10: 0-13-318918-X

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CHAPTER 5 Immigration and Urbanization (1865–1914) .......................................126 1 The New Immigrants ........................128 2 Cities Expand and Change .................136 American Issues Connector: Migration and Urbanization .....................141 3 Social and Cultural Trends .................144 Quick Study Guide and Assessment .......150CHAPTER 6 The South and West Transformed (1865–1900) .......................................154 1 The New South ................................156 2 Westward Expansion and the American Indians ..............................................160 American Issues Connector: American Indian Policy ...........................165 3 Transforming the West ......................169 Quick Study Guide and Assessment .......178CHAPTER 7 Issues of the Gilded Age (1877–1900) .......................................182 1 Segregation and Social Tensions .........184 American Issues Connector: Women in American Society ...................190 2 Political and Economic Challenges ........193 3 Farmers and Populism .......................197 Quick Study Guide and Assessment .......204Reflections: Little Bighorn .....................208

Emergence of the Modern United States 1890–1920CHAPTER 8 The Progressive Era(1890–1920) .......................................210 1 The Drive for Reform ........................212 2 Women Make Progress ......................221 American Issues Connector: Social Problems and Reforms ..................227 3 The Struggle Against Discrimination ....228

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CHAPTER 5 Immigration and Urbanization1865–1914

This colorized photograph shows Mulberry Street in New York City’s “Little Italy” around 1900. IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Colorized photo of an early 20th-century city street teaming with people at an open-air market.

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WITNESS HISTORY The New American City Midwestern clergyman Josiah Strong was both fascinated and distressed by rapid urban growth. Americans bought more than 130,000 copies of his 1885 book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis. In it, Strong explains:

“The city is the nerve center of our civilization. It is also the storm center…. During the half century preceding 1880, population in the city increased more than four times as rapidly as that of the village and country. In 1800 there were only six cities … which had a population of 8,000 or more. In 1880 there were 286…. The city has become a serious menace to our civilization, because … it has a peculiar attraction for the immigrant…. Our ten larger cities contain only nine per cent of the entire population, but 23 per cent of the foreign…. The rich are richer, and the poor are poorer, in the city than elsewhere; and, as a rule, the greater the city, the greater are the riches of the rich and the poverty of the poor.” —Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, 1885

Chapter Preview

Chapter Focus Question: How did American urban life change between 1875 and 1914?

Section 1 The New Immigrants Section 2 Cities Expand and Change Section 3 Social and Cultural Trends

Use the Quick study Timeline at the end of this chapter to preview chapter events.

Note Taking Study Guide Online For: Note Taking and American Issues Connector www.pearsonschool.com/ushist

Immigrant train ticket to San Francisco. IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Emigrant passage ticket from the Union & Central Pacific Railroad Line to Omaha, Nebraska.

Early skyscraper. IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Black-and-white photo of an 11-story brick building in the city. About three cars flank the entrance on the street.

Early bicycle. IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Photo of 2 riders in late 19th-century dress riding a cycle with 2 large and 2 small guider wheels.

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SECTION 1 The New Immigrants

Two young Polish women at Ellis Island around 1910. IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Photo of two young females in headscarves, blouses, skirts, and boots. Both are carrying large bundles of clothing and blankets.

WITNESS HISTORY Looking Forward and Back Life was difficult for many immigrants in the United States during the late 1800s, but it also offered freedoms they had never known in their homelands.

“Not the looking forward made me go, but the looking backward made me search a new life and struggle a hard battle…. [I]t is hard still now to bear the homesickness, loneliness, among strange people not knowing the language doing hard [work] without a minute of joy. But when I look back into my childhood …, always under a terrible fear … I think that there is not anything harder. … America means for an Immigrant a fairy promised land that came out true, a land that gives all they need for their work, a land which gives them human rights, a land that gives morality through her churches and education through her free schools and libraries.” — young Russian Jewish womanObjectives• Compare the “new immigration” of the late 1800sto earlier immigration. • Explain the push and pull factors leadingimmigrants to America. • Describe the challenges that immigrants faced intraveling to America.

• Analyze how immigrants adapted to American lifewhile trying to maintain familiar cultural practices.

Terms and People

“new” immigrant steerage Ellis Island Angel Island Americanization “melting pot” nativism Chinese Exclusion Act

NoteTaking

Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Record the main ideas of each section in an outline.

I. New Immigrants Come to America A. B. II. Immigrants Decide to Leave HomeWhy It Matters Immigration has been a central theme in American history. However, when the foreign-born population of the United States nearly doubled between 1870 and 1900, some Americans feared that the newcomers would destroy American culture. Instead, Americans adopted parts of immigrant cultures, while immigrants adopted parts

of American culture. Section Focus Question: Why did immigrants come to the United States, and what impact did they have upon society?

New Immigrants Come to AmericaImmigrants had always come to America for economic opportunity and religious freedom. Until the 1870s, the majority had been Protestants from northern and western Europe. They came as families to settle in the United States, often on farms with family or friends who had come before. Many had saved some money for the journey, had a skill or trade, or were educated.

Many German and Irish Catholics had immigrated in the 1840s and 1850s, and more arrived after the Civil War. Some Americans had prejudices against Catholics, but the Irish spoke English and the German Catholics benefited from the good reputation of their Protestant countrymen. Although they lacked skills and money, the children of these immigrants were often able to blend into American society. Beginning in the 1870s, Irish and Germans were joined by “new” immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. They arrived in increasing numbers until the outbreak of World War I.

129 129In contrast to “old” immigrants who had come before the Irish and Germans, “new” immigrants

were often unskilled, poor, Catholic or Jewish, and likely to settle in cities rather than on farms. Many came alone, planning to save some money in the United States and return home to live. They came from Italy, Greece, Poland, Hungary, and Russia. After 1900, immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe made up more than 70 percent of all immigrants, up from about 1 percent at midcentury. Many native-born Americans felt threatened by these newcomers with different cultures and languages.

Checkpoint Describe the “new” immigrants.Immigrants Decide to Leave Home

Two types of factors lead to immigration. Push factors are those that compel people to leave their homes, such as famine, war, or persecution. Pull factors are those that draw people to a new place, such as economic opportunity or religious freedom. Many immigrants in the late nineteenth century had both push and pull factors that helped them decide to leave the familiar for the unknown.

Push Factors In the 1880s, farmers had a difficult time. In Mexico, Poland, and China, land reform and low prices forced many farmers off their land. Some chose to come to America to get a new start. Beginning in the 1840s, China and eastern Europe experienced repeated wars and political revolutions.

These events disrupted economies and left political refugees. One of the largest groups to settle in America were Russian and eastern European Jews. Beginning in the 1880s, they fled religious persecution and came to the United States to achieve a better life.

Pull Factors In addition to a vague hope for opportunity, the United States offered special attractions, including plentiful land and employment. The 1862 Homestead Act and aid from railroad companies made western farmland inexpensive. The railroads even offered reduced fares to get there because they needed customers in the West for their own business to succeed. Until 1885, immigrants were recruited from their homelands to build railroads, dig in mines, work in oil fields, harvest produce, or toil in factories. Others hoped to strike it rich by finding gold.

Reminders of Home Immigrants often brought items of special significance, such as this Jewish prayer shawl from Russia.

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IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Line graph titled “Immigration, 1870-1910.” Labeled “Number of people (in thousands),” the y-axis is numbered from 0 to 1,000 in increments of 100. The x-axis is numbered from years 1870 to 1910 in increments of 10. Graph legend provides the following colors and meanings: red, Asia; cyan, Americas; blue, Northern and Western Europe (includes Germany); yellow, Southern and Eastern Europe (includes Poland, Austria, Spain, and Italy).

Many others were “chain immigrants,” joining family or friends who had already settled in America. The earlier arriving immigrants promised to help the newcomers find work and housing, and sometimes they even sent them tickets for the journey. Immigrants may have lured their families and friends with the promise of religious and political freedom. In America, one could worship and vote as one chose without fear of persecution by the government.

Checkpoint List the push and pull factors for immigrants.

130 130The Immigrant Experience

Immigrant experiences varied greatly. However, there were common themes: a tough decision to leave home and family, a hard and costly journey with an uncertain end, and the difficulties of learning a new language and adjusting to a foreign culture. Millions of people decided that the possibilities outweighed the risks and set out for the United States.

The Long Journey Coming to America was a big task. Travelers needed money for passage and to make a new start, although some had only enough for a ticket. The immigrants’ first task was to pack the

items that would help them start a new life. Usually, they brought only what they could carry: clothes, maybe a photograph of loved ones, a cherished musical instrument, or the tools of their trade. Next, they made their way to a port of departure, hoping that a ship would be leaving soon. In war-torn areas, just getting to the ship could be dangerous.

Arriving in America Immigrants wait on the deck of the S.S. Prince Frederick Wilhelm. Look at the passengers’ faces. What thoughts and feelings might they have been experiencing? Why?

IMAGE DESCRIPTION: A photo of immigrants huddled along the guardrail of a ship; some are smiling, others look tired and worried.

By the 1870s, steamships made the trip across the Atlantic safer and faster than ever before. However, it could be an awful voyage. Most immigrants traveled in steerage, the worst accommodations on the ship.

Located on the lower decks with no private cabins, steerage was crowded and dirty. Illness spread quickly, while rough weather could force seasick passengers to stay in cramped quarters for days at a time. Under these conditions, even healthy immigrants fell ill, while frail passengers sometimes died. Passengers on other voyages were fortunate to have beautiful weather and no illness onboard.Immigrants Arrive at American Ports The first stop for ships at American ports was a processing station where immigration officials decided who could stay in the United States. To enter, immigrants had to be healthy and show that they had money, a skill, or a sponsor to provide for them. Most European immigrants arrived in New York Harbor. Beginning in 1892, they were processed at Ellis Island.First- and second-class passengers were inspected on the ship and released, unless they had obvious medical problems. All third-class, or steerage, passengers were sent to Ellis Island. There, immigration officers conducted legal and medical inspections. Since the shipowners did a preliminary screening before passengers boarded, only about 2 percent of immigrants were denied entry; the rest took a ferry to New York City. In 1907, 10-year-old Edward Corsi arrived with his family from Italy. Years later, when he had become an immigration official, he remembered his first impressions:

Vocabulary Builder preliminary–(pree LIHM uh ner ee) adj. happening before and leading up to something; initial

131 131Primary Source “I realized that Ellis Island could inspire both hope and fear. Some of the passengers were afraid …; others were impatient, anxious to get through the inspection and be off to their destinations.” —Edward Corsi, In the Shadow of Liberty, 1935

Chinese and other Asian immigrants crossed the Pacific Ocean, arriving in San Francisco Bay. They were processed at Angel Island, which opened in 1910. If Ellis Island was welcoming to some, Angel Island was always formidable and seemingly designed to filter out Chinese immigrants. After 1882, Chinese travelers were turned away unless they could prove that they were American citizens or had relatives living in America. Officials often assumed that Chinese newcomers would misrepresent themselves in order to gain entry. While most immigrants left Ellis Island within hours, Chinese immigrants at Angel Island were often held for weeks or even months in poor conditions.

Checkpoint Describe what happened to immigrants when they arrived.

Angel Island Poetry

Detained Chinese immigrants might have spent weeks or months waiting to find out if they would be allowed to stay in the United States. To pass the time and express their frustrations, many carved poems into the walls at Angel Island. What does the poem below tell you about the author?

Primary Source “Lin, upon arriving in America, Was arrested, put in a wooden building, And made a prisoner. I was here for one autumn. The Americans did not allow me to land. I was ordered to be deported.” — Taoist From the Town of Iron

IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Photo of Chinese immigrants standing on steps outside a building.

Opportunities and Challenges in America

Passing immigration inspections was just the first step. Once in America, immigrants immediately faced tough decisions such as where to settle and how to find work. On top of that, most had to learn a new language and new customs. Sometimes, immigrants worked with an agent who spoke their language for help finding work and housing, but many agents took advantage of the newcomers to make money. Lucky immigrants had contacts through family and friends who could help them navigate a new and strange world.

Immigrants Assimilate Into Society Most new immigrants stayed in cities, close to industrial jobs in factories. There, they often lived in ethnic neighborhoods, called ghettoes, with people who shared their native language, religion, and culture. Neighbors might have come from the same country, region, or even village.132 132By 1890, many cities had huge immigrant populations. In San Francisco and Chicago, they made up more than 40 percent of the population. Four out of five inhabitants of New York City were foreign born or had foreign-born parents. While exclusionist policies forced some people to live in ghettoes, these neighborhoods also provided familiarity. Specialty shops, grocers, and clothing

stores provided a taste of the food and culture that immigrants had left behind.

In many cities, volunteer institutions known as settlement houses ran Americanization programs, helping newcomers learn English and adopt American dress and diet. At the same time, immigrants helped one another through fraternal associations, such as the Polish National Alliance and the Ancient Order of Hibernians. These organizations, based on ethnic or religious identity, provided social services and financial assistance. Settlement workers and immigrants alike believed that American society was a “melting pot” in which white people of all different nationalities blended to create a single culture. The term came from the name of a play that opened in 1908. This model excluded Asian immigrants, who became targets of social and legal discrimination.

Despite the hopes of settlement workers, immigrants often held on to their traditions. Their children, however, became more Americanized, without memories of homes and families left behind. Some adults dreamed of returning to their homelands, but few did. Instead, they established fraternal lodges and religious institutions that made them feel more comfortable in their new surroundings. Catholics, in particular, established churches and parochial schools. In many cities,

Irish Catholic churches stood side by side with Italian Catholic churches — each built to serve the needs of its own community. The immigrants’ churches, schools, and institutions reminded native-born Americans that new cultures were changing American society.

Analyzing Political Cartoons

Keeping Foreigners Out The caption for this cartoon entitled “Looking Backward” says, “They would close to the newcomer the bridge that carried them and their fathers over.”

1. What groups of people are represented in thispicture? 2. What point was the artist trying to make?

IMAGE DESCRIPTION [previous page]: Political cartoon titled “Looking Backward” features five aristocratic men standing at a dock, blocking an immigrant from coming ashore. Behind each man is a larger shadow of an immigrant figure.

New Immigrants Face Hostility Accepting immigrants into American society was not always easy. Newcomers often faced nativism, which was a belief that native-born white Americans were superior to newcomers. During the economic recessions of the late nineteenth century, competition for jobs and housing fueled resentment, while religious and cultural differences sparked suspicion between native-born workers and immigrants, as well as between ethnic groups. Many workers worried that immigrants would work for lower pay.Religion was also a big problem. Protestants were suspicious of Catholicism, the religion of many Irish, German, Italian, and Polish people. Some native-born white Protestants would not hire, vote for, or work with Catholics or Jews. Some Americans even signed restrictive contracts agreeing not to rent or sell property to Catholics, Jews, African Americans, or other groups they considered “non-native.”

Nativist intellectuals backed up their prejudices with dubious scientific rhetoric that linked immigrants’ physical characteristics to criminal tendencies

or lower intellectual abilities. Extreme hostility toward Chinese laborers led Congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. The act prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited the civil rights of Chinese immigrants already in the United States, and forbade the naturalization of Chinese residents. Many Chinese dared not visit their families in China, fearing they would not be permitted to return. In 1898, a court case established that Chinese people born in America were United States citizens and could, therefore, come and go freely. However, many immigration officials ignored this ruling.

133 133In the same year, Congress passed another act that prohibited the entry of anyone who was a criminal, immoral, a pauper, or likely to need public assistance. In practice, the law was used to bar many poor or handicapped immigrants. These acts marked the beginning of immigration restriction into the United States. Until then, everyone had been welcomed. Immigration became a constant topic of conversation throughout America.

Checkpoint Why did some Americans want to restrict immigration?

SECTION 1 Assessment Progress Monitoring Online For: Self-test with vocabulary practice www.pearsonschool.com/ushist

Comprehension

1. Terms and People What do the terms below havein common?

• “new” immigrant• steerage• Ellis Island• Angel Island• Americanization• “melting pot”• nativism• Chinese Exclusion Act

2. NoteTaking Reading Skill: Main Ideas Use youroutline to answer the Section Focus Question: Why did immigrants come to the United States, and what impact did they have upon society?

Writing About History

3. Quick Write: Outline a Proposal Outline a planfor helping immigrants adjust to life in America. Consider cultural and language differences. Critical Thinking 4. Make Comparisons How did new immigrantsdiffer from old immigrants?

5. Express Problems Clearly What problems didimmigrants face in coming to America? 6. Draw Conclusions In what ways did immigrantsaffect the American economy and culture?

134 134American Experience: History Interactive EXPERIENCE ELLIS ISLAND

By 1900, thousands of immigrants steamed past the Statue of Liberty and landed at Ellis Island each day. After checking their baggage, immigrants walked up a staircase toward the Great Hall on the second floor. Doctors watched closely, looking for signs of illness. At the top of the stairs, about one tenth of the immigrants were marked with chalk and sent for a closer examination. Some were quarantined on the island until they recovered their health. Others were sent home, their dreams crushed.

At the Great Hall, immigrants waited for an interview with a customs officer who checked paperwork and determined if immigrants would be able to support themselves. If they passed inspection, they could buy a train ticket before boarding a ferry for the mainland. Those with no money might stay in the dormitories until a sponsor arrived to vouch for them. Single women were detained until a relative collected them, or they

could marry on the island. By 1954, more than 12 million immigrants had passed through Ellis Island on their way to a new life.

Causes of ImmigrationPush Factors Pull Factors• Persecution• Economic hardship• Lack of jobs• War

• Religious and politicalfreedom • Cheap land• Factory jobs• Family in the United States

Ellis Island in 1926. ID: Photo of the compound of buildings atop water.

Immigrants arrive at Ellis Island carrying their belongings and a paper with their entry number.

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IMAGE DESCRIPTION: Collage of four photos, starting from left to right and clockwise: 1) Photo of a woman holding a baby with a child nearby, titled "Immigrants 1905."2) Photo of the Great Hall in Ellis Island, showingpeople standing in long lines. 3) Photo depicts an official giving medical exams to immigrants. 4) Photo of people in the dining room, sitting atlong tables.

The passenger list included each passenger’s name, gender, previous address, who paid for the tickets, and other information. Immigrants often brought keepsakes like this locket and sent postcards to announce their safe arrival. IMAGE DESCRIPTION: A collage of an open locket containing two black-and-white photos, a postcard of the Statue of Liberty; and a document titled "List or Manifest of Alien Immigrants".Thinking Critically

1. Analyze Visuals Look at the photos on theprevious page. In what ways might Ellis Island have been an intimidating place? 2. Make Inferences Why were single women notallowed to leave Ellis Island on their own?

Connect to Today Do research to learn about how immigrants legally enter the United States today. How are the experiences of today’s immigrants similar to and different from those of the immigrants who arrived at Ellis Island?

History Interactive For: Experience Ellis Island video, audio, and analysis www.pearsonschool.com/ushist