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busek.com © 2017 Busek Co. Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright May 2017.
All-Electric CubeSat Propulsion Technologies
6th International Interplanetary CubeSat Workshop
May 31st 2017
Dan CourtneyMichael Tsay
Nathaniel Demmons
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright May 2017. 2
Busek Co. Inc.
A History of Innovation and Space Flight
Largest Staff in the Industry devoted to Electric
Propulsion
Five propulsion technologies; design, development,
manufacture in-house
Close cooperation with universities ISO 9001:2008 and AS9100C certified
Registered Manufacturer and Exporter
with the US Dept. of State/DDTC
HOW WELL WE DO IT …
• Established the Domestic Hall Thruster Industry
• First US designed/built Hall thruster in space
• First micro-pulsed plasma thruster in space
• First flight-demonstrated electrospray thrusters
• First iodine fueled Hall thrusters & Ion engines
WHAT WE DO
• Engines for Spacecraft
• Compact Power Electronics
• Space Environment Testing
• Terrestrial R&D
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright May 2017. 3
Missions: Past and Present
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright May 2017. 4
Busek CubeSat Propulsion Systems
BmP-220: Micro Pulsed Plasma
• No moving parts, valves
• No pressure vessel
• Teflon propellant
• Low Power
• System volume <1/3U
BET-100: Mini Electrospray
• Passive feed
• No pressure vessel, valves
• Low Power
BIT-3: 3 cm Micro RF Ion
• No internal cathode
• Tested up to 3,500s Isp
• Iodine compatible
BGT-X5 System: 1U/0.5N
Green Monoprop
• High thrust (high
acceleration)
• High density Isp
• Low-toxicity propellantBHT-200: 200W Hall Effect
• Flight heritage
• High thrust-to-power
• Suitable for MicroSats
Compatible with 3U or 6U CubeSats
Compatible with >12U CubeSats
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright May 2017. 5
Busek BIT-3 RF Ion Thruster
• Unprecedented performance per volume
– Up to 2.9km/s deltaV for 6U/14kg CubeSat
– >35kNs total impulse
– 1.6U system envelope
– 3.0kg wet, 1.5kg propellant loading
– 0.66-1.24mN thrust and 1,400-2,640sec Isp (56-80W throttleable system input )
• 2-axis, ±10o gimbal integrated to thruster
• Volume efficient, conformal iodine tank
– Lightweight, 22.5psig proof pressure
• Rad-tolerant, miniaturized PPU
– 28V regulated input, RS-485 comm
– SOA, 90% efficiency RF power generators
– “Rad-Hard Fence” providing 37MeV SEU immunity
• 80W power draw fits within capability of SOA solar arrays (120W for 6U)
Thruster
Cathode
Prototype BIT-3 Thruster Firing on I2
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright May 2017. 6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52
Measu
red
Th
rust,
mN
Measured Thruster Head Power (Not System Input Power), W
Xe I2
Busek BIT-3 RF Ion Thruster Performance
Xe vs. I2 Thrust Comparison per Thruster Head Power
Latest BIT-3 System Performance (Calculated)
y = 0.0242x - 0.6968
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80
Th
rust,
mN
Est. PPU Input Power within Throttleable Range, W
y = 51.6700x - 1,487.1953
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80
To
tal
Isp
, sec
Est. PPU Input Power within Throttleable Range, W
Prototype BIT-3 Thruster Firing on Xe
Adaption of Iodine Technology by Busek’s Mini RF Ion Thrusters (Engines)
• Iodine stored as a solid low pressure, high density propellant storage
• The BIT series thrusters (1-7cm sized) are inherently iodine compatible
• The 3cm BIT-3 thruster is the world’s first gridded ion thruster using iodine
Prototype BIT-3 Thruster Firing on I2
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Busek BIT-3 RF Ion Thruster Mission Applications
6U/14kg Lunar IceCube in Stowed and
Flight Configurations
BIT-3 System Enables New Mission Concepts via High ΔV
Two lunar missions, to be launched via NASA EM-1 (SLS, 2019)
• Busek BIT-3 RF to achieve lunar capture and science orbits
• 6U CubeSats
Lunar IceCube
• Morehead State University
• Detection of water / other volatiles from LLO
LunaH-Map
• Arizona State University
• Detection of hydrogen (water)
BIT-3 entering CDR for flight hardware deliveries end of CY17
Img: NASA, D. Folta
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NASA/JPL Disturbance Reduction SystemFlown on ESA LISA Pathfinder mission
• Technology demo for future gravity wave mission
• Delivered 2008, launched 2015,
• On-orbit success, >1500hrs/thruster
8 Busek systems in total
Null disturbances
• Maintain spacecraft position to test masses
Required to hold position <10 nm/Hz1/2
Busek Electrospray Thrusters Aboard LISA Pathfinder
Img: NASA/JPL
Other Missions• Comet ‘crumb’ detection
• Full LISA missionImg: NASA/JPL
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright May 2017. 9
Busek’s BET-100 and BET-300-P Passive Thrusters
Fully integrated, unpressurized propellant supply
Low power, highly variable thrustCompact / high performance
thrusters for CubeSats
BET-100
Precision thrust control
• <5 to 65μN @ 1μN resolution
• Closed loop thrust control via PPU
Compact 0.5U system
• Fully integrated propellant reservoir
• Unpressurized propellant tank
• 50Ns+ total impulse
Low power, <6W max. system power
Under development
• Qual. Testing Q2 2017
• Flight in 2018 on 6U AMES Pathfinder
Highly scalable technology
• BET-300-P thruster head
• Directly measured 300μN @ <6W
Modular/distributable form factor
In active development
• Presently at TRL 3
9.5cm
4.3cm
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Electrospray Thrusters as a Precision CubeSat RCS
Compare with reaction wheels
~0.5uNm resolution
Mech. jitter > 10mNm
Passive Electrospray Thrusters as Precision RCS
• 100’s of nN resolution; 10’s of nNm torque on CubeSats
• Stable output, no sources of mechanical vibration
• Highly throttleable
• Precision low thrust maneuvers and fast slews
• Slew a 6U S/C through 180o in minutes
• Numerous applications:
• Pointing for observations, laser comms…
• Formation flights, disturbance reduction
Small Form Factor Retains LISA-Proven High Precision
e.g. 6U S/C
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Applications to CubeSat Attitude Control : Example Mission Scenario
6U CubeSat observatory tasked with taking long exposure inertial-stare images
• Precision ACS via electrospray holds target centroid to sub-arcsec
(w/appropriate feedback sensor) over 10’s of seconds
• Same ACS used to slew to next image positionImages 100/day
Impulse /image 1.7mNs/img
Impulse /year 125Ns/yr
Margin 100%
Total impulse 250Ns/yr
Mprop @ 1650s Isp 15g/yr
Mprop @ 65s Isp
(e.g. cold-gas)
400g/yr
High Isp, highly throttleable electrosprays could serve as sole ACS
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright May 2017. 12
Applications to Small Spacecraft Trajectory Control: Formation Flight
Circular relative motion example
Precision Formation Flight
• Maintain static or dynamic separation in LEO or beyond earth
• Offset environmental disturbances
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright May 2017. 13
Busek All-Electric Propulsion Systems for CubeSats
BIT-3 system
• Advancing towards TRL-6 in 2017
• High impulse density ~20kNs/U
• Thrust up to 1.24mN
• Iodine propellant
• Compact, low pressure tanks
• Scheduled for two 6U lunar missions launched via EM-1
Busek Electrospray Thrusters
• Unique precision trajectory and attitude control capabilities
• Extremely quiescent, no moving parts
• Applications to precision pointing, formation flight, disturbance compensation…
• BET-100uN
• Highly throttleable precision thrust from <5 to 65μN
• Fully integrated, unpressurized propellant supply
• Advanced PPU with thrust control
• Scheduled for flight on NASA Ames Pathfinder Tech. Demonstrator, 2018
• Upcoming developments
• Scaled up thrust up to 300μN demonstrated
• Compact, multi-axis system architecture
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Facilities
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Thruster Space Qualification and Simulation Chambers
T4 T6
T8 T18 T8T6 T9
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Acceptance Testing, Manufacturing and Assembly
Designation Area (SF) Image Certification Function/Major Equipment
CR-1
Microfluidics200
ISO-8
(Class 100,000)
Used for assembly of electrosprays/flight HW. Contains an
ISO-5 laminar flow hood for enhanced cleanliness
operations'. Propellant drying station, various special tools,
microfluidic diagnostics. Nikon SMZ-10 stereoscopic
microscope with fiber-optic illumination, Olympus BH2
binocular microscope with video output, GR-202 laboratory
balance, 0.0001g resolution and 104X ultrasonic cleaner
CR-2
Metrology
Welding
Specialty Operations
300ISO-8
(Class 100,000)
Used for incoming parts inspection w/ CMM & optical 3D
microscope. Assembly, calibration, testing of micro-valves.
Contains orbital & laser welder, inductive brazing unit,
optical particle counter, and xenon loading cart
CR-3
Assembly
Integration & Test
1,000ISO-8
(Class 100,000)
Used for assembly, integration and testing of major flight
HW. Contains electronic GSE, instrumentation, test
benches, overhead gantry. 100 SF parts cleaning annex
accessible from within CR3, automated 3-axis transition 3-
axis magnetic probe
Designation Area (SF) Image Certification Function/Major Equipment
CR-1
Microfluidics200
ISO-8
(Class 100,000)
Used for assembly of electrosprays/flight HW. Contains an
ISO-5 laminar flow hood for enhanced cleanliness
operations'. Propellant drying station, various special tools,
microfluidic diagnostics. Nikon SMZ-10 stereoscopic
microscope with fiber-optic illumination, Olympus BH2
binocular microscope with video output, GR-202 laboratory
balance, 0.0001g resolution and 104X ultrasonic cleaner
CR-2
Metrology
Welding
Specialty Operations
300ISO-8
(Class 100,000)
Used for incoming parts inspection w/ CMM & optical 3D
microscope. Assembly, calibration, testing of micro-valves.
Contains orbital & laser welder, inductive brazing unit,
optical particle counter, and xenon loading cart
CR-3
Assembly
Integration & Test
1,000ISO-8
(Class 100,000)
Used for assembly, integration and testing of major flight
HW. Contains electronic GSE, instrumentation, test
benches, overhead gantry. 100 SF parts cleaning annex
accessible from within CR3, automated 3-axis transition 3-
axis magnetic probe
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright May 2017. 17
Selected Customers
Busek is proud to serve a variety of academic, government and commercial
customers in the U.S. and abroad.