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8/8/2019 Alimentary 1
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The alimentary
system is adapted toingest foods, to secrete
enzymes that modify
the sizes of foodmolecules, to absorb
the products of this
digestive action, and
to eliminate the
unused residues.
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The respiratory
system is to carry outthe gas exchanges ----
supply of oxygen for the
living cells and removeof carbon dioxide
resulting from cell
metabolism. This course
is fulfilled through
breath action.
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The primary function of the
urinary system is to keep the
body in homeostasis by
removing and restoring
selected amount of water and
solutes.
It also excretes selected
amount of various wastes---it
is urine and be excreted.
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The functions of the
genital system are to
produce germ cells
(sperm or ovum) and to
secrete some hormones
which can control the
development of the
secondary sexual
characteristics.
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I. General Structure of Viscera
The tubular viscus
The parenchymatous organs
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The Tubular Viscus
The wall of these organs has different tissue
layers. From inner to outer, these walls include
mucosa, submucosa, muscular coat and serosa.
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The Parenchymatous Organ
There is the hilum or
porta on the surface of
the viscus.
No cavity. Usually soft, grayish-red orbrownish masses. There are lobules divided by
fibrous septum.
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II. Reference Lines and Abdominal Regions
I) The Common Used Reference Lines of the Thorax
Anterior median line
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II) The Abdominal Regions
Nine-region
the inferior border
of costal arch
the tubercles on the
iliac crest
the
midpoint
of theinguinal
ligament
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four-region
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Chapter 2 The Alimentary System
The alimentary system
(digestive system)
the alimentary canal
the alimentary glands
Function: digest, absorb,store, excretion
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the
alimentary
canal
thealimentary
glands
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
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Six walls and inner cavity
Anterior wall ____the oral lip, the labial frenulum
Lateral wall ____the cheek. From superficial to
profound, cheek includes outer skin, buccinator and
fat, inner mucous membrane.
Section 1 The Oral Cavity
The parotid duct opens on the
inside of the cheeks opposite
the upper second molar tooth.
The floor of the mouth:mucous
membrane and tongue
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Upper wall ____the palate
the hard palate ; the soft palate .
The palatine velum , the uvula , the palatine tonsilsthe palatoglossal arch (anterior),
the palatopharyngeal arch (posterior)
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The isthmus of fauces is surrounded with the uvula,
the free margin of the palatine velum, the
palatoglossal arch and the root of tongue. It is the
boundary of the oral cavity and the oropharynx.
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In the mouth, two parts are divided into by
alveolar arch. The anterior oral vestibule and theposterior oral cavity proper.
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The Teeth (Dentes)
two sets of teeth:deciduous (milk) teeth 20
permanent teeth 32
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crown root function
incisor have a horizontal, beveled
cutting edge crown
Single cutting
canine conical crown long single root Cutting (tearing)
premolor have two cusps on the crown single root masticating
molor Have three, four or five cuspson the crown
two or threeroots
masticating
The general form of the different teeth
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basic structure
the crown
the root
the neck
dental
cavity
the cavity ofthe crown
root canal
dental pulp the apical foramen
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The bulk of the tooth
(the tooth tissue)
the dentine
the enamel
the cement
The
periodontal
structures
the gums
the alveolar
socket
the periodontal
membrane
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The Tongue (Lingua)
tongue
(muscular
organ)
apex
dorsum surface
inferior surface
terminal sulcus
lingual tonsil
root
Functions: taste,help masticate
and swallow, help
make voice
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the filiform papillae :feel general sense
the fungiform papillae
the vallate papillaepapillae on thedorsum surface
the foliate papillae
have taste buds
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Furring of the tongue is due to thesurface cells of the filiform papillae
accumulating on the tongue and
residuary food and saliva.
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The inferior surface of the tongue
smooth
many obviously veins
frenulum of tongue
the sublingual caruncle :
the orifice of the duct of
the submandibular
gland and the major
sublingual gland duct
the sublingual fold :
the minute multiple openings of the
ducts of sublinguil gland
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The muscles of the tongue
two groups
intrinsic muscles (change the tongues shape)
extrinsic muscles (change the position of the tongue)
sagittal plane coronal plane
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The most important muscle of the extrinsic muscles
is the genioglossus. The genioglossus draws the tongue
forward and downward, thus helping to protrude the
tongue. Its muscular fiber is fan-shape and tortile.
In the case of
hypoglossal nerve
paralysis, when
stick out tongue, the
tongue is deviated
to paralyzed side.
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The parotid gland
It lies below the external acoustic meatus.
The parotid duct opens on the oral surface of
the cheek opposite the crown of the second
upper molar tooth.
The Salivary Glands
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The submandibular gland lies deep to the body
of the mandible. It is irregular in form and about
the size of a chestnut. It consists of a large
superficial part and a smaller deep part. The
submandibular duct opens on the summit of the
sublingual caruncle.
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The sublingual gland is situated beneath the
sublingual fold. It is narrow, flattened, shaped
somewhat like an almond. Its excretory ducts are
from eight to twenty in number. The smaller ducts
open separately into the summit of the sublingual
fold. A major sublingual duct opening at thesublingual caruncle.
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The pharynx is the common passage of thealimentary and the respiratory system. It extends
from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth
cervical vertebra where it becomes the esophagus.
Section 2 The Pharynx
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The pharynx has completely posterior and lateral
wall, but its anterior wall is incompletely which
communicates to three parts: nasal cavity, oral
The pharyngeal cavity (posterior aspect)
cavity and laryngeal
cavity. So the pharynx
may be divided into
three parts: nasal, oral
and laryngeal.
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The Nasal Part of Pharynx (the nasopharynx)
It lies from the base of the skull to the soft palate.
Anteriorly it communicates with the nasal cavity
through two large choanae (posterior nasal apertures).
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the pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
the tubal torus; the pharyngeal recessthe pharyngeal tonsil; the tubal tonsil
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The Oral Part of Pharynx (the oropharynx)
It is from the level of the soft palate to the superior
border of the epiglottis. Anteriorly it is continuous
with the mouth through the isthmus of fauces.
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Tonsilar ring: The palatine tonsil together with the
pharyngeal tonsil and the tubal tonsil of the
nasopharynx, lingual tonsil comp1ete a tonsilar
ring, it forms a strong defense system against the
spread of infection from the oral and nasal cavities
to the lower organs.
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It is from the superior border of the epiglottis to
the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it
becomes the esophagus. Anteriorly it communicates
with the cavity of the larynx through the inlet of the
larynx.
The Laryngeal Part of Pharynx (the laryngopharynx)
the piriform
recess
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Section 3 The Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube, about 25cmlong, connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It
passes down through the lower part of the neck
and the superior and
posterior parts of the
mediastinum, pierces the
diaphragm at the level of
the tenth thoracicvertebra, ends at the
cardiac orifice of the
stomach.
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There are three constrictions:
at its commencement, 15cm from the incisor teeth,
at the level with the sixth cervical vertebra; where is crossed by the left bronchus, 25cm from
the incisor teeth, at the level with the fourth thoracic
vertebra;
where it passes
through the
diaphragm, 40cm
from the incisorteeth, at the level
with the tenth
thoracic vertebra.
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Section 4 The Stomach
1. The position of the stomach
2. The shape of the stomach
3. The relations of the stomach
4. The structure of the stomach
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11.. TheThe PositionPosition ofof thethe stomachstomach
stomach
The stomach lies in the left hypochondriac,epigastric, umbilical regions of the abdomen.
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22.. TheThe ShapeShape ofof thethe stomachstomach
Two openings Two curvaturesFour partsTwo surfaces
pyloric antrum
pyloric canal
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TheThe ShapeShape ofof thethe stomachstomach
Two openings
the cardiac orifice, the pyloric orifice
Two curvatures
the lesser curvature, the greater curvature
Two surfaces
the anterior, posterior surfaces
Four parts:
The cardiac part
The fundus of stomach
The body of stomach
the pyloric part:
the pyloric antrum and the pyloric canal
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The mean capacity of the stomach varies with
the age. The shape and position of the stomach
are also varied from person to person.
horn-like stomach boot-like stomachhook-like stomach
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33.. TheThe relationsrelations ofof thethe stomachstomach
stomach
liverdiaphragm
lungheart
liver
stomach
gallbladder
greater
omentum
spleen
pancreas
transverse colon
liver
stomach
Greater omentum
spleen
stomach
Lessor
omentum
liver
duodenum
greater omentum
diaphragm
left suprarenal
gland and the
left kidney
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44.. TheThe structurestructure ofof thethe stomachstomach
Serosa
Musculature
Mucosa
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Musculature
The outer layer ---- longitudinal
An middle layer ---- oblique
The inner layer ---- circular ( the pyloric sphincter)
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Mucosa
Thick; velvety
The body and fundus ---- form ridges or rugae
The pyloric part ---- smooth