UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPT. OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIASCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPT. OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERINGPROJECT TITLE:INVESTIGATION OF THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER AS A RESULT OF ON-SITE SANITATION (CHALALA COMPOUND)Presenter: MUNTHALI ALICE C.Project supervisor: Mr. ANDREW PHIRI A.PROJECT TITLE

1ORDER OF PRESENTATIONPROJECT BACKGROUNDRATIONALEOBJECTIVESSCOPE LITERATURE REVIEWMETHODOLOGYPROGRESS OF WORKDATA ANALYSISWORK DONEWORK TO BE DONETHE END 2 WORK SCHEDULE3

PROJECT BACKGROUNDHygienic disposal of human wastes that does not endanger health should be the underlying objective of all sanitation programs (Franceys, Pickford et al. 1992).

Recent years research, reported by the United Nations, found that one half of the world population does not have access to clean water and acceptable ways of dealing with human waste without polluting or spreading diseases (Anan, 2000) An estimated 80% of all cases of illness are directly connected with poor sanitation .

4IPROJECT BACKGROUND CONTDThe research by the GReSP project indicated that there is a frequent microbiological and nutrient pollution of groundwater (Museteka & Bumle 2009, Nick etal. 2010).

The report also states that, the choice of sanitation systems to be applied must consider the karstic nature of the underground with the containment of excreta being the most important criterion. In the highly vulnerable setting of Lusaka, sanitation cannot remain in the responsibility of the individual household.

Therefore assessing and maintaining water quality and exploring ways to improve water supply and sanitation are therefore key priorities within any national environmental framework.

5RATIONALEDifferent types of pathogens transmit infectious diseases.

These should be understood in order to understand the health consequences of different types and levels of contamination.

Pathogens are grouped into three principal types of organisms: bacteria, viruses and protozoa and these contaminants are termed as biological contaminates..

6RATIONALE CONTDBacterial pathogens cause some of the best known and feared infectious diseases, such as cholera, typhoid and dysentery which still cause massive outbreaks (or epidemics) of diarrhoeal diseases.

There are also chemical contaminants of principal importance that are derived from on-site sanitation like nitrates and chlorides. Each person excretes in the region of 4kg of nitrogen per year and under aerobic conditions it can be expected that a significant percentage of organic nitrogen will be oxidized to form nitrate. I7RATIONALE CONTD As with all micro-organisms, theoretically a single bacterium is sufficient to cause infection within humans (WHO UNNICEF, 2000), however, in general, higher doses of bacteria are required to initiate symptoms than for other types of pathogens such as viruses.

Bacteria tend to be very susceptible to the natural processes which reduce their numbers (attenuation).

Therefore, reducing bacterial pathogen loads through simple protection measures is relatively easy and should be a major target of the planners of water and sanitation programs. 8 8MAIN OBJECTIVEThe project investigates the risks associated with contamination of drinking water as a result of on-site sanitation (chalala compound). 4/1/20159 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Investigate the effects of on-site sanitation systems on surface and groundwater quality in the selected project area (chalala) through estimation of bacteriological and chemical parameters.

Identify the factors which control the movement and fate of biological contaminates.

Suggest corrective and remedial measures to avoid or prevent contamination of water resources when results show contamination of the water sources.

4/1/2015I10SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONTD Develop guidelines for prevention and mitigation of ground and surface water contamination in and around project areas4/1/201511SCOPE OF THE PROJECT The main focus of this project will be the unsafe disposal of excreta into the ground.

The project will be confined to the selected study area (Chalala compound)

The risks associated with ground water pollution owing to on-site sanitation as a result of contamination of drinking water and how these contaminants are transported through the ground4/1/201512IMETHODOLOGYLiterature reviewPrevious research reports will be reviewed in order to have the basic understanding of the project.A review of available reports/information of the existing on-site sanitation projects in the selected area will be done. Data collectionCollection of data from different sources such as the water utility company in this case LWSc, the water regulation board, NWASCO, Water Affaires ,the local government, MOH and many others which will be outlined later.4/1/2015I13METHODOLOGY CONTD Field Data CollectionCollection of secondary data on the geology, hydrogeology, soil and health in the study area.

Selection of sampling points in the study area considering the logistic aspects in the region.

Identification of the control site in same region.

4/1/201514METHODOLOGY CONTDCollection of information on water quality in the study area after implementation of on-site sanitation system.

Identification of other possible sources of pollution affecting the quality of drinking water in the area4/1/2015 15LITERATURE REVIEWBelow, fig 1.0, is a vulnerability map (Nick et al. 2012) constituting zones of extreme vulnerability (red, priority area 1) and high vulnerability (orange, priority area 2). The areas outlined in red represent places which need to be serviced with highest priority; they include Kanyama, the industrial area, John laign and kamwala south as densily populated areas.

4/1/2015 16LITERATURE REVIEW CONTDFIG 1. Vulnarabity Map17

LITERATURE REVIEW CONTDThe area bordered in orange including settlements like John Howard, Libala and Chilenje stands for second priority but should closely follow priority 1 areas on the intervention schedule. And chalala is close to libala and chilenje with a high population growth rate so can also be included among these.

4/1/201518 PROGRESS OF WORKSampling points where identified in Chalala compound and samples were taken from 10 different wells plus a control taken at the water works.

Two tests were done, biological and chemical tests. Biological test consisted of total and faecal coliform (F.C) tests and the chemical consisted of P.H, nitrates, nitrites and ammonia.

The results of the tests done and the graphical representation are shown in the figures below

4/1/201519 PROGRESS OF WORK CONTD

FIG 2. Biological Test Results20PROGRESS OF WORK CONTD Fig 3. Chemical Test Results21PROGRESS OF WORK CONTDFig 4. Biological Test Results I22PROGRESS OF WORK CONTDFig 5. Chemical Test Results23PROGRESS OF WORK CONTDFig 6. Biological Test ResultsI24PROGRESS OF WORK CONTDFIG 7. CHEMICAL TEST RESULTSI25PROGRESS OF WORK CONTD

FIG 8. Biological Test Results26PROGRESS OF WORK CONTD

Fig 9. Chemical Test Results 27DATA ANALYSIS

The stipulated WHO standards for T.C and F.C is zero and for nitrates and nitrites is 10mg/L and 0.1mg/L respectively.

As can be seen from the results obtained, most samples have shown the presence of T.C and F.C and the nitrate levels are also above the recommended standard in all the samples taken.

Results from this study indicate that drinking water from some domestic boreholes in areas where there is a large population using septic tanks (on-site sanitation) in close proximity may be affected by seepage from the systems.

4/1/201528DATA ANALYSIS CONTDIt was also observed that houses where chickens where reared had higher amounts of total and faecal coliforms and nitrates also showed to be way beyond the WHO standards.

Some houses had both a pit latrine and a septic tank and this attributed to the samples from them having results which were far beyond the acceptable limits.

4/1/201529 DATA ANALYSIS CONTD Fig.10 Houses With Pit Latrines30

DATA ANALYSIS CONTDHEALTH RISKSThere are two main health risks commonly associated with water quality degradation from on-site sanitation and these are the faecal-oral disease transmission, and nitrate poisoning.

To help with investigations on the health risks, data was collected and anlyzed on the diarrhoeal cases reported at Chilenje clinic.

Below is the figure showing diarrhoeal cases reported over a period of two years.4/1/2015CE590-MANJATA KAPOSHI31DATA ANALYSIS CONTDFig 11. Diarrhoeal Cases 32DATA ANALYSIS CONTDFig 12. Diarrhoeal Cases3333DATA ANALYSIS CONTDIt can be observed that in certain months the diarrhoeal cases seem to be more prevalent than in others for example in 2013,month of March, April and May, diarrhoeal cases where more as compared to the other months.4/1/201534WORK DONE literature review was done and is still on-going

Objective of the project was established

Scope of the project was also established

Collection and analysis of data was done and is still on-going 4/1/201535 WORK TO BE DONECollection and analysis of more data on the diarrhoeal cases reported at chilenje clinic for atleast 8 years

Identifying and recommending remedial measures

Suggest corrective and remedial measures to avoid or prevent contamination of water .

Develop guidelines for prevention and mitigation of ground and surface water contamination in and around project areas.

36THANK YOU4/1/201537