JApplPhycol(2009)21:193197DOI10.1007/s10811-008-9350-4
SeaweedmealasaproteinsourceforthewhiteshrimpLitopenaeusvannamei
RobsonLiberaldaSilva&JosMiltonBarbosa
Received:30July2007/Revisedandaccepted:8May2008/Publishedonline:2August2008#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2008
AbstractTherhodophytesHypneacervicornisandCryp-tonemiacrenulataareabundantalongtheBraziliancoast-lineandarerichinnutrients.Theymaythereforebeusedasasourceofproteininshrimpdiets.Theaimofthepresentstudywastotestthishypothesis.Theexperimentwasconductedinalaboratory,where10-day-oldpost-larvaeagedunderwent7daysofacclimationina1,000Ltank.Theywerethenkeptinplasticaquariums,eachcontaining10L,and20larvaewerefeddaily(10%ofbiomass)infourequalportionswithoneoffourdiets(fiverepetitionsofeach)foraperiodof45days.Alldietscontained30%crudeprotein(isoprotein)and300kcal100g1(isocaloric),withdifferentpercentagesofseaweedpowder:DietA39%;DietB26%,DietC13%,andDietDwithoutseaweed(controldiet).Algaewerecollected,rinsed,driedandgroundupforthefeedformulations.Weightoftheanimalswasmeasuredatthebeginningoftheexperimentandat15-dayintervalstoassesstheirgrowth.Thephysico-chemicalvariablesofthewaterweremeasuredevery2days.Finalbiomass,biomassgainandspecificgrowthrate(SGR)exhibitednosignificantdifferencesbetweentreat-ments(P>0.05).Survivalratewasequalunderthefourexperimentalconditions,beingconsistentwithinfourdecimal
R.L.daSilvaDepartamentodeBioqumica,UniversidadeFederaldePernambuco,Av.Prof.MoraesRegos/n,RecifePE(CEP50.670-420),Brazile-mail:[email protected](*)DepartamentodePescaeAqicultura,UniversidadeFederalRuraldePernambuco,Av.DomManoeldeMedeiross/n.,RecifePE(CEP:52.171.900),Brazile-mail:[email protected]
places95.2%to97.00%(P>0.05).DietsAandB,withagreatercontentofalgae,exhibitedbetterfeedconversion(1.79:1and1.82:1)thanDietsCandD(2.04:1and2.08:1)(P0.05).Therefore,thereplacementofupto100%ofsoywithseaweedresultedinnointerferencewithregardtogrowth(Table4).Survivalraterangedfrom95.20%(FeedD)to97.00%(FeedsBandC).Comparatively,therewerenostatisticaldifferences(P>0.05)andtherewasanaverageof96.35%inthestockdensityoftwolarvaeperliteroverthe45-dayperiod(Table4).Statisticalanalysesdemonstratedthatthetreatmentshadnoinfluenceonshrimpsurvivalrate.Feedconversionrangedfrom1.79to2.08,withdiffer-encesamongthefourtreatments(P0.05),buttreatmentAandBweresimilartooneanother,asweretreatmentsCandD(Table4).Theaveragesofthephysical-chemicalvariablesoftemperature:27.44C;salinity:19.62;oxygen:4.10mgL1,
andpH:7.43.Theshrimpsexhibitedsatisfactorygrowthunderallcon-ditionstested.Growthwasassessedthroughthedataonfinal
biomass,gainsinbiomassandspecificgrowthrate(SGR),
Discussion
underthefourtestedconditions:A=39%seaweed+0%soy;Pedreschi-Neto(1999)obtainedaveragesbetween0.11and0.20gforfinalbiomass,and1.68to3.17%inspecific
Table3CalculatedcompositionofsomenutrientsanddigestiveenergyintheexperimentaldietsNutrientDietABCD
growthrateusingpost-larvaeforaperiodof60days,i.e.,wellbelowthevaluesobtainedinthepresentstudy.Otherexperimentalresultsfromthesameauthorshowedasurvivalraterangingbetween51.7%and60.0%,withanaverageof55.35%,whichwerealsowellbelowthevaluesobtainedinthepresentstudy.Ontheotherhand,dataon
Digestiveenergy
312.50315.30308.10301.00
feedconversionfromthissameexperimentusingpopcorn
(kcal100g1)Crudeprotein(%)a29.8329.9530.5731.01Etherextract(%)a7.366.786.215.64Rawfiber(%)a9.428.176.925.66Ash(%)a11.1210.359.598.82aPercentageofnutrientindiet
residuals(ZeamaysL.)inLitopenaeusvannameipost-larvaefeedswerebetween1.23and1.81,whichwerehigherthanthoseofthepresentstudy.Cornejoetal.(1999)testedtheeffectoftheseaweedCaulerpasertularioidesonthegrowth,survivalandbio-massofthebrownshrimpPenaeuscaliforniensisfora10-
196JApplPhycol(2009)21:193197
Table4Growthdataonshrimpfedwithdifferentfeeds(meanstandarddeviation,n=100pertreatmentgroup).Differentlettersonthesamelineindicatestatisticaldifferences(P0.05).SGRSpecificgrowthrateDataTreatmentABCDInitialbiomass(gL1)10.100.08b10.420.15ab11.780.15ab14.772.12aFinalbiomass(gL1)128.663.19a134.822.03a120.892.08a121.272.97aSGR(%/day)5.652.85a5.681.81a5.171.86a4.682.65aGaininbiomass(gL1)118.563.11a124.361.97a109.122.72a106.493.15aSurvival(%)96.204.18a97.002.73a97.002.73a95.206.73aFeedconversionratioc1.790.0b1.820.03b2.040.17a2.080.22aCultivationperiods(days)45454545PLdensity/aquarium20202020cTotalfeedsuppliedindryweight/biomassgaininwetweight
weekperiodin150Ltankswiththreerepetitionsofthreetreatments:Treatment1withnoseaweed,butcommercialfeedwith35%crudeprotein;Treatment2indirectpresenceofseaweedwithcommercialfeed;andTreatment3directpresenceofseaweedwithcommercialfeed.Theresultsforgrowth,survivalandproductionwerethefollowing:Treatment1,0.460.4g,68.71.2%and5.61,1g;Treatment2,0.730.4g,751.0%and7.81.2g;andTreatment3,3.980.4g,100%and36.244.3g,respectively.TheauthorconcludesthatthepresenceofthealgaeC.sertularioideshasadirecteffectonthegrowth,survivalandbiomassofthebrownshrimpP.californiensisunderlaboratoryconditions.InanalyzingthedigestibilityofninecommercialshrimpfeedsinMexico,Cruz-Surezetal.(2000)obtainedsurvivalratesof100%in14daysforthreetreatments.At28days,survivalrangedfrom94%to98%.FeedconversionusingPhaeophyceaalgaeflourwas2.630.42;2.800.27and3.120.54,using0,4%and8%,respectively.Thesevalueswerelowerthanthoseofthepresentexperimentforsurvival.Twooftheninedietstestedcontainedkelpflourorphycocolloidsintheformula.However,otherparametersshouldbetakenintoconsideration;forexample:thecostoftransportofrawmaterialsandthestoragestructure,takingintoaccountthefeedcomposition.Thephysical-chemicalvariablesremainedwithintherangerecommendedforL.vannameibyRochaetal.(1998),Clifford(1992),Barbierietal.(2001),lvarezetal.(2004)andMcGrawandScarpa(2004),suchthatthesevariablesdidnotinterferewiththetreatments.Inconclusion,thisstudyfoundthatthemarinealgaeH.cervicornisandC.crenulataareviableforuseinthefeedingofL.vannamei,witheffectonshrimpgrowthrates.Theresultssuggestthatthereisanincreaseinfeedconversionwhenthelevelsofalgaeareincreased.Also,thisincreaseintheproportionofalgaeinthefeedwasasso-ciatedwithincreasedfishmeallevels.However,itisneces-sarytotestthealgaedissociatedfromthelevelsoffishmeal.
AcknowledgmentsThePurinaandSupranorcompaniessuppliedtheingredientsforthediets.
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