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8/2/2019 Algae Cultures to Biofuels
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Algae Cultures to BiofuelsHeather Sommers
Molluscan Aquaculture
April 25th, 2007
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Overview
What is Algae Basics Types
Importance Making algae into a fuel source
Biodiesel History
Hydrogen History
Biomass How to Culture
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What is Algae?
Algae Simple plant
Most live in water
Photosynthetic Capture light energy
Convert inorganic to organic matter
Nonvascular
Use lipids and oils to help float in water
Range from small, single-celled species to complex
multicellular species, such as the giant kelps
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Types
Red Algae Benthic
Macro
Green Algae Chlorophyll a and b
Plants
Freshwater
Brown Algae Benthic
Macro
Kelp
Marine
Diatoms Single celled
Silica cell wall
Blue Green Algae Vertical migration
Fix N2 from air
Freshwater
Dinoflagellates Toxic; suck out O2
Cause red tides
Organic matter
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://coris.noaa.gov/glossary/bluegreen_algae_186.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/coris_glossary/index.aspx%3Fletter%3Db&h=175&w=186&sz=39&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=2288WlJ04BpWWM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=102&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblue%2Bgreen%2Balgae%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.meditec.zeiss.com/C12567BE00472A5C/GraphikTitelIntern/Discovery_Applications02/%24File/Diatoms.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.meditec.zeiss.com/C12567BE0045ACF1/allBySubject/C199C7481E3A53A4C1256F2F003D749B&h=305&w=305&sz=17&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=WFbtiOGles4ttM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddiatoms%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04etta/logs/aug25/media/sargassum_600.jpg&imgrefurl=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04etta/logs/aug25/media/sargassum.html&h=450&w=600&sz=202&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=wtkP6B-nH2zO-M:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbrown%2Balgae%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/invasive_algae/chloro/caulerpa_taxif_lynn_small.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/invasive_algae/chloro/chlorophyta.htm&h=409&w=300&sz=27&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=TQ5RvSdkZbZdYM:&tbnh=125&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgreen%2Balgae%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/MajorDivisions/KingdomProtista/Protists/Erythrophyllum.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/MajorDivisions/KingdomProtista/Protists/protists.htm&h=372&w=191&sz=25&hl=en&start=7&um=1&tbnid=-nv5dTObVTtmrM:&tbnh=122&tbnw=63&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dred%2Balgae%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US2128/2/2019 Algae Cultures to Biofuels
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Background
Location Most habitats
How many Over 36,000 species
How does it feed? PhotosynthesisAll have chlorophyll
Uses food, fertilizer, foodstock, pharmaceutical, pollution
control, water treatment, dyes, agar, Fuels
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Biodiesel History
From 1978 to 1996 the U.S. Department of
Energy funded a program to develop
renewable transportation fuels from algae The main focus of the program was known as
the Aquatic Species Program (or ASP)
Production of biodiesel from high lipid-content
algae grown in ponds
Utilized waste CO2 from coal fired power plants
(Department of Energy. 1996)
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Why make it a fuel?
Algae can be used to make biodiesel Produces large amounts oil
When compared to terrestrial crops grown for the same purpose Algae contain anywhere between 2% and 40% of lipids/oils by
weight Once harvested, this oil can be converted into fuels for
transportation, aviation or heating
High growth rate and easy to grow Warm Seasons
Amphora sp. Tetraselmis suecica
Cold Seasons Monoraphidium minutum
Use of diatoms and green algae
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.reed-mariculture.com/microalgae/tetra_suecica.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.reed-mariculture.com/microalgae/tetraselmis.asp&h=200&w=200&sz=18&hl=en&start=9&um=1&tbnid=hIyFzVlQwc2a3M:&tbnh=104&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3DTetraselmis%2Bsuecica%2B%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cyclot.hp.infoseek.co.jp/keisou/ampho1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cyclot.hp.infoseek.co.jp/keisou/ampho1x.html&h=203&w=126&sz=9&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=guMb_NyIYVUnwM:&tbnh=105&tbnw=65&prev=/images%3Fq%3DAmphora%2Bsp.%2B%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212%26sa%3DN8/2/2019 Algae Cultures to Biofuels
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Harvesting Biodiesel
Microalgae have much faster growth-rates than terrestrial crops Algal-oil processes into biodiesel as easily as oil derived from land-
based crops Use microalgae
Less complex structure Faster growing rate High oil content
How to harvest Open-pond systems
Can be difficult Type of algae has to be hardy Can be less hardy and grow slower
Use Bioreactor Tubes Use existing infrastructures
Provides the raw materials for the system, such as CO2 and nutrients Changes those wastes into resources.
(Solix BioFuels. 2006)
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Factories
(Enhanced Biofuels & Technologies Ltd. 2007)
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How to get oil
Expeller/Press Algae is dried Oil content can be "pressed" out with an oil press Extracts 70-75% of the oils out of algae
Hexane Solvent Method Uses chemicals (such as hexane and methanol) Can be harmful and explosive Cold press & hexane solvent = extract 95% of oil
Supercritical Fluid Extraction CO2 is liquefied under pressure and heated to the point that it
has the properties of both a liquid and gas This liquefied fluid then acts as the solvent in extracting the oil Can Extract almost 100% of the oils Expensive equipment
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Oil Yield
Gallons of Oil per Acre per Year
Corn . . . . . . . 15
Soybeans . . . .48
Safflower. . . . . 83
Sunflower . . . 102
Rapeseed. . . 127
Oil Palm . . . . 635
Micro Algae . .1850 [based on actual biomass yields]
Micro Algae . .5000-15000 [theoretical laboratory yield]
Cultivating Algae for Liquid Fuel Production (http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm ); 2005
http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htmhttp://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm8/2/2019 Algae Cultures to Biofuels
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Other Uses
HydrogenAlgae can be grown to produce hydrogen
Discovered first in 1939 by Hans Gaffrom Late 1990s it was found that if sulfur deprived,
algae will produce hydrogen
BiomassAlgae can be grown to produce biomass
Burned to produce heat and electricity
Can still produce greenhouse gases
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Biomass Yield
Metric Tons per Hectare per Year
Algae.....51.1 [USA average, 1978]
Sugarcane.....79.2 [Brazilian average, 2005]
Sorghum.....70 [India average, 2005]
Cassava.....65 [Nigeria average, 1985]
Oil palm.....50 [Global average, 2005]
Cultivating Algae for Liquid Fuel Production (http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm ); NREL, 2005
http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htmhttp://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm8/2/2019 Algae Cultures to Biofuels
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Importance
Algae is easy to grow
Can produce a high yield of oil
Oil can be processed into biodiesel Help to solve dependence on fossil fuels
Can be better for the Earth
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References
Cultivating Algae for Liquid Fuel Production (http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm); NREL,2005
Department of Energy, Office of Fuel Development. Aquatic Species Program. 1996. Enhanced Biofuels & Technologies Ltd. 2007. Accessed: http://www.ebtplc.com/c4c.htm Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. (Eds) 1991. Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John
Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-92947-6 Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A. 1988. 4. Porphyra as food: cultivation and economics. p.87 117. In
Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. (Ed.)Algae and Human Affairs. 1988. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0 521 32115 8
John Sheehan, Terri Dunahay, John Benemann and Paul Roessler, "A Look Back at the U.S.Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program-Bio-diesel from Algae, Closeout Report", July1998, NREL/TP-580-24 190 http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24190.pdf
Michael Briggs, Widescale Biodiesel Production from Algae, University of New Hampshire, PhysicsDepartment, revised August 2004.http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html
Sheehan, J., T. Dunahay, J. Benemann, and P. Roessler. 1998. A look back at the U.S. Departmentof Energys aquatic species program - Biodiesel from algae. US Dept. Energy, Office of FuelsDevelopment, Nat. Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO.
Solix BioFuels, 2006. accessed:http://www.solixbiofuels.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26
Websites: http://www.ecology.com/dr-jacks-natural-world/most-important-organism/index.htm l http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.htm l
http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htmhttp://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htmhttp://www.ebtplc.com/c4c.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0471929476http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0471929476http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0521321158http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0521321158http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24190.pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24190.pdfhttp://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.htmlhttp://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.htmlhttp://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.htmlhttp://www.solixbiofuels.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26http://www.ecology.com/dr-jacks-natural-world/most-important-organism/index.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.htmlhttp://www.ecology.com/dr-jacks-natural-world/most-important-organism/index.htmlhttp://www.solixbiofuels.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.htmlhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24190.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0521321158http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0471929476http://www.ebtplc.com/c4c.htmhttp://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htmhttp://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm