Algae Cultures to Biofuels

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    Algae Cultures to BiofuelsHeather Sommers

    Molluscan Aquaculture

    April 25th, 2007

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    Overview

    What is Algae Basics Types

    Importance Making algae into a fuel source

    Biodiesel History

    Hydrogen History

    Biomass How to Culture

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    What is Algae?

    Algae Simple plant

    Most live in water

    Photosynthetic Capture light energy

    Convert inorganic to organic matter

    Nonvascular

    Use lipids and oils to help float in water

    Range from small, single-celled species to complex

    multicellular species, such as the giant kelps

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    Types

    Red Algae Benthic

    Macro

    Green Algae Chlorophyll a and b

    Plants

    Freshwater

    Brown Algae Benthic

    Macro

    Kelp

    Marine

    Diatoms Single celled

    Silica cell wall

    Blue Green Algae Vertical migration

    Fix N2 from air

    Freshwater

    Dinoflagellates Toxic; suck out O2

    Cause red tides

    Organic matter

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://coris.noaa.gov/glossary/bluegreen_algae_186.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/coris_glossary/index.aspx%3Fletter%3Db&h=175&w=186&sz=39&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=2288WlJ04BpWWM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=102&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblue%2Bgreen%2Balgae%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.meditec.zeiss.com/C12567BE00472A5C/GraphikTitelIntern/Discovery_Applications02/%24File/Diatoms.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.meditec.zeiss.com/C12567BE0045ACF1/allBySubject/C199C7481E3A53A4C1256F2F003D749B&h=305&w=305&sz=17&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=WFbtiOGles4ttM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddiatoms%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04etta/logs/aug25/media/sargassum_600.jpg&imgrefurl=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04etta/logs/aug25/media/sargassum.html&h=450&w=600&sz=202&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=wtkP6B-nH2zO-M:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbrown%2Balgae%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/invasive_algae/chloro/caulerpa_taxif_lynn_small.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/invasive_algae/chloro/chlorophyta.htm&h=409&w=300&sz=27&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=TQ5RvSdkZbZdYM:&tbnh=125&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgreen%2Balgae%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/MajorDivisions/KingdomProtista/Protists/Erythrophyllum.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/MajorDivisions/KingdomProtista/Protists/protists.htm&h=372&w=191&sz=25&hl=en&start=7&um=1&tbnid=-nv5dTObVTtmrM:&tbnh=122&tbnw=63&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dred%2Balgae%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212
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    Background

    Location Most habitats

    How many Over 36,000 species

    How does it feed? PhotosynthesisAll have chlorophyll

    Uses food, fertilizer, foodstock, pharmaceutical, pollution

    control, water treatment, dyes, agar, Fuels

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    Biodiesel History

    From 1978 to 1996 the U.S. Department of

    Energy funded a program to develop

    renewable transportation fuels from algae The main focus of the program was known as

    the Aquatic Species Program (or ASP)

    Production of biodiesel from high lipid-content

    algae grown in ponds

    Utilized waste CO2 from coal fired power plants

    (Department of Energy. 1996)

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    Why make it a fuel?

    Algae can be used to make biodiesel Produces large amounts oil

    When compared to terrestrial crops grown for the same purpose Algae contain anywhere between 2% and 40% of lipids/oils by

    weight Once harvested, this oil can be converted into fuels for

    transportation, aviation or heating

    High growth rate and easy to grow Warm Seasons

    Amphora sp. Tetraselmis suecica

    Cold Seasons Monoraphidium minutum

    Use of diatoms and green algae

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.reed-mariculture.com/microalgae/tetra_suecica.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.reed-mariculture.com/microalgae/tetraselmis.asp&h=200&w=200&sz=18&hl=en&start=9&um=1&tbnid=hIyFzVlQwc2a3M:&tbnh=104&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3DTetraselmis%2Bsuecica%2B%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cyclot.hp.infoseek.co.jp/keisou/ampho1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cyclot.hp.infoseek.co.jp/keisou/ampho1x.html&h=203&w=126&sz=9&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=guMb_NyIYVUnwM:&tbnh=105&tbnw=65&prev=/images%3Fq%3DAmphora%2Bsp.%2B%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPIB_en___US212%26sa%3DN
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    Harvesting Biodiesel

    Microalgae have much faster growth-rates than terrestrial crops Algal-oil processes into biodiesel as easily as oil derived from land-

    based crops Use microalgae

    Less complex structure Faster growing rate High oil content

    How to harvest Open-pond systems

    Can be difficult Type of algae has to be hardy Can be less hardy and grow slower

    Use Bioreactor Tubes Use existing infrastructures

    Provides the raw materials for the system, such as CO2 and nutrients Changes those wastes into resources.

    (Solix BioFuels. 2006)

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    Factories

    (Enhanced Biofuels & Technologies Ltd. 2007)

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    How to get oil

    Expeller/Press Algae is dried Oil content can be "pressed" out with an oil press Extracts 70-75% of the oils out of algae

    Hexane Solvent Method Uses chemicals (such as hexane and methanol) Can be harmful and explosive Cold press & hexane solvent = extract 95% of oil

    Supercritical Fluid Extraction CO2 is liquefied under pressure and heated to the point that it

    has the properties of both a liquid and gas This liquefied fluid then acts as the solvent in extracting the oil Can Extract almost 100% of the oils Expensive equipment

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    Oil Yield

    Gallons of Oil per Acre per Year

    Corn . . . . . . . 15

    Soybeans . . . .48

    Safflower. . . . . 83

    Sunflower . . . 102

    Rapeseed. . . 127

    Oil Palm . . . . 635

    Micro Algae . .1850 [based on actual biomass yields]

    Micro Algae . .5000-15000 [theoretical laboratory yield]

    Cultivating Algae for Liquid Fuel Production (http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm ); 2005

    http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htmhttp://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm
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    Other Uses

    HydrogenAlgae can be grown to produce hydrogen

    Discovered first in 1939 by Hans Gaffrom Late 1990s it was found that if sulfur deprived,

    algae will produce hydrogen

    BiomassAlgae can be grown to produce biomass

    Burned to produce heat and electricity

    Can still produce greenhouse gases

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    Biomass Yield

    Metric Tons per Hectare per Year

    Algae.....51.1 [USA average, 1978]

    Sugarcane.....79.2 [Brazilian average, 2005]

    Sorghum.....70 [India average, 2005]

    Cassava.....65 [Nigeria average, 1985]

    Oil palm.....50 [Global average, 2005]

    Cultivating Algae for Liquid Fuel Production (http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm ); NREL, 2005

    http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htmhttp://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm
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    Importance

    Algae is easy to grow

    Can produce a high yield of oil

    Oil can be processed into biodiesel Help to solve dependence on fossil fuels

    Can be better for the Earth

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    References

    Cultivating Algae for Liquid Fuel Production (http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm); NREL,2005

    Department of Energy, Office of Fuel Development. Aquatic Species Program. 1996. Enhanced Biofuels & Technologies Ltd. 2007. Accessed: http://www.ebtplc.com/c4c.htm Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. (Eds) 1991. Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John

    Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-92947-6 Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A. 1988. 4. Porphyra as food: cultivation and economics. p.87 117. In

    Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. (Ed.)Algae and Human Affairs. 1988. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0 521 32115 8

    John Sheehan, Terri Dunahay, John Benemann and Paul Roessler, "A Look Back at the U.S.Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program-Bio-diesel from Algae, Closeout Report", July1998, NREL/TP-580-24 190 http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24190.pdf

    Michael Briggs, Widescale Biodiesel Production from Algae, University of New Hampshire, PhysicsDepartment, revised August 2004.http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html

    Sheehan, J., T. Dunahay, J. Benemann, and P. Roessler. 1998. A look back at the U.S. Departmentof Energys aquatic species program - Biodiesel from algae. US Dept. Energy, Office of FuelsDevelopment, Nat. Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO.

    Solix BioFuels, 2006. accessed:http://www.solixbiofuels.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26

    Websites: http://www.ecology.com/dr-jacks-natural-world/most-important-organism/index.htm l http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.htm l

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