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Alexandre Dumas

Dumas in 1855.

Born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie

24 July 1802

Villers-Cotterêts, Aisne, France

Died 5 December 1870 (aged 68)

Puys (near Dieppe), Seine-Maritime,

France

Occupation playwright and novelist

Nationality French

Period 1829–1869

Literary

movement

Romanticism and Historical fiction

Notable

work(s)

The Count of Monte Cristo

The Three Musketeers

Relative(s) Thomas-Alexandre Dumas (father)

Alexandre Dumas, fils (son)

Signature

Alexandre DumasFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Alexandre Dumas (pronounced: [a.lɛk.sɑd̃ʁ dy.ma], born

Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie, [dy.ma da.vi‿d.la

pa.jə.tʁi], 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870),[1] alsoknown as Alexandre Dumas, père, was a French writer,best known for his historical novels of high adventure.Translated into nearly 100 languages, these have made himone of the most widely read French authors in history.Many of his novels, including The Count of MonteCristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, andThe Vicomte de Bragelonne: Ten Years Later wereoriginally published as serials. His novels have beenadapted since the early twentieth century for nearly 200films. Dumas' last novel, The Knight of Sainte-Hermine,unfinished at his death, was completed by a scholar andpublished in 2005, becoming a bestseller. It was publishedin English in 2008 as The Last Cavalier.

Prolific in several genres, Dumas began his career bywriting plays, which were successfully produced from thefirst. He also wrote numerous magazine articles and travel

books; his published works totaled 100,000 pages.[2] Inthe 1840s, Dumas founded the Théâtre Historique inParis.

His father, general Thomas-Alexandre Davy de laPailleterie, was born in Saint-Domingue from a Frenchnobleman and a black slave woman. His aristocratic rankhelped young Alexandre acquire work with Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans.

With the election of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in 1851,Dumas fell from favor, and left France for Belgium, wherehe stayed for several years. Upon leaving Belgium, Dumasmoved to Russia for a few years, before going to Italy. In1861 he founded and published the newspaper, L'Indipendente, which supported the Italian unificationeffort. In 1864 he returned to Paris.

Married, Dumas also had numerous affairs, said to total40. He was known to have at least four illegitimate or"natural" children, including a boy named AlexandreDumas after him. This son became a successful novelistand playwright, and was known as Alexandre Dumas, fils(son), while the elder Dumas became conventionally

Influences

Influenced

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General Thomas-Alexandre

Dumas, father of Alexandre

Dumas.

known in French as Alexandre Dumas, père (father).Among his affairs, in 1866 Dumas had one with AdahIsaacs Menken, an American actress then at the height ofher career and less than half his age. Twentieth-centuryscholars have found that Dumas fathered another threenatural children.

The English playwright Watts Phillips, who knew Dumas in his later life, described him as, "the most generous,large-hearted being in the world. He also was the most delightfully amusing and egotistical creature on the face ofthe earth. His tongue was like a windmill — once set in motion, you never knew when he would stop, especially if

the theme was himself."[3]

Contents

1 Early life

2 Career3 Personal life

4 Death and legacy5 Works

5.1 Fiction5.2 Drama5.3 Non-fiction

6 Personal images7 See also

8 Notes9 References

10 External links

Early life

Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (later known as Alexandre Dumas) was bornin Villers-Cotterêts in the department of Aisne, in Picardy, France. He had

an older sister, Marie-Alexandrine (b. before 1798).[4] Their parents wereMarie-Louise Élisabeth Labouret, the daughter of an innkeeper, andThomas-Alexandre Dumas. Thomas-Alexandre had been born in the Frenchcolony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), the mixed-race son of the marquisAlexandre-Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie, a French nobleman and généralcommissaire in the artillery of the colony, and Marie-Cessette Dumas, aslave who was of Afro-Caribbean ancestry. It is not known whether shewas born in Saint-Domingue or in Africa (although the fact that she had aFrench surname probably means that she was Creole), nor is it known from

which African people her ancestors came.[5][6][7] Brought back to Franceby his father, Thomas-Alexandre was educated in a military school and

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Alexandre Dumas by Achille

Devéria (1829).

joined the army as a young man. Thomas-Alexandre used his mother's name, Dumas, after a break with his father.Thomas-Alexandre was promoted to general by the age of 31, the first of Afro-Antilles origin to reach that rank in

the French army.[8] He served with distinction in the French Revolutionary Wars. Although a general underBonaparte in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, Thomas-Alexandre had fallen out of favor by 1800 and requestedleave to return to France. On his return, his ship had to put in at Taranto, in the Kingdom of Naples, where he andothers were held as prisoners of war. During his two-year imprisonment, his health was ruined. At the time ofAlexandre's birth, his father was impoverished.

The father died of cancer in 1806 when Alexandre was four. His widowed mother could not provide her son withmuch of an education, but Dumas read everything he could. His mother's stories of his father's bravery during thecampaigns of the Revolutionary Wars inspired the boy's vivid imagination. Although poor, the family had theirfather's distinguished reputation and aristocratic rank. In 1822, after the restoration of the monarchy, the 20-yearold Alexandre moved to Paris. He acquired a position at the Palais Royal in the office of Louis-Philippe, Duke ofOrléans.

Career

While working for Louis-Philippe, Dumas began writing articles for magazinesand plays for the theatre. As an adult, he used his slave grandmother's surname

of Dumas, as his father had as an adult.[9] His first play, Henry III and HisCourts, produced in 1829 when he was 27 years old, met with acclaim. Thenext year his second play Christine was equally popular. These successes gavehim sufficient income to write full-time.

In 1830 Dumas participated in the Revolution that ousted Charles X andreplaced him on the throne with the Duke of Orléans. Dumas' former employer,he ruled as Louis-Philippe, the Citizen King. Until the mid-1830s, life in Franceremained unsettled, with sporadic riots by disgruntled Republicans andimpoverished urban workers seeking change. As life slowly returned to normal,the nation began to industrialize. An improving economy—combined with theend of press censorship—made the times rewarding for Alexandre Dumas'literary skills.

After writing additional successful plays, Dumas switched to writing novels.Although attracted to an extravagant lifestyle and always spending more than he earned, Dumas proved to be anastute marketer. As newspapers were publishing many serial novels, in 1838 Dumas rewrote one of his plays as hisfirst serial novel, Le Capitaine Paul. He founded a production studio, staffed with writers who turned out hundredsof stories, all subject to his personal direction, editing and additions.

From 1839 to 1841, Dumas, with the assistance of several friends, compiled Celebrated Crimes, an eight-volumecollection of essays on famous criminals and crimes from European history. He featured Beatrice Cenci, MartinGuerre, Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia, as well as more recent events and criminals, including the cases of the allegedmurderers Karl Ludwig Sand and Antoine François Desrues, who were executed.

Dumas collaborated with Augustin Grisier, his fencing master, in his 1840 novel, The Fencing Master. The story iswritten as Grisier's account of how he came to witness the events of the Decembrist revolt in Russia. The novel waseventually banned in Russia by Czar Nicholas I, and Dumas was prohibited from visiting the country until after the

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Château de Monte-Cristo.

Czar's death. Dumas refers to Grisier with great respect in The Count of Monte Cristo, The Corsican Brothers,and in his memoirs.

Dumas depended on numerous assistants and collaborators, of whom Auguste Maquet was the best known. It was

not until the late twentieth century that his role was fully understood.[10] Maquet is known to have outlined the plotof The Count of Monte Cristo, and made substantial contributions to The Three Musketeers and its sequels, aswell as to several of Dumas' other novels. Their method of working together was for Maquet to propose plots andwrite drafts. Dumas added the details, dialogues, and the final chapters. Maquet took Dumas to court to try to getauthorial recognition and a higher rate of payment for his work. He was successful in getting more money, but not a

byline.[10][11]

Dumas' novels were so popular that they were soon translated into English andother languages. His writing earned him a great deal of money, but he wasfrequently insolvent, as he spent lavishly on women and sumptuous living. (He

has been found to have had a total of 40 mistresses.[12]) In 1846 he had built acountry house outside Paris at Le Port-Marly, the large Château de Monte-Cristo, with an additional building for his writing studio. It was often filled withstrangers and acquaintances who stayed for lengthy visits and took advantage ofhis generosity. Two years later, faced with financial difficulties, he sold the entireproperty.

Dumas wrote in a wide variety of genres and published a total of 100,000

pages in his lifetime.[2] He made use of experience, writing travel books aftertaking journeys, including those motivated by reasons other than pleasure. AfterKing Louis-Philippe was ousted in a revolt, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte waselected as president. As Bonaparte disapproved of the author, in 1851 Dumasfled to Brussels, Belgium, which was also an effort to escape his creditors. Hemoved on to Russia about 1859, where French was the second language of the elite, and his writings wereenormously popular. Dumas spent two years in Russia, before leaving to seek different adventure. He publishedtravel books about Russia.

In March 1861 the kingdom of Italy was proclaimed, with Victor Emmanuel II as its king. Dumas traveled thereand, for the next three years, participated in the movement for Italian unification. He founded and led a newspaper,Indipendente. Returning to Paris in 1864, he published travel books about Italy.

Despite Dumas' aristocratic background and personal success, the writer had to deal with discrimination related tohis mixed-race ancestry. In 1843 he wrote a short novel, Georges, that addressed some of the issues of race andthe effects of colonialism. His response to a man who insulted him about his African ancestry has become famous.Dumas said:

My father was a mulatto, my grandfather was a Negro, and my great-grandfather a monkey. You see,

Sir, my family starts where yours ends.[13][14]

Personal life

On 1 February 1840, he married the actress Ida Ferrier (born Marguerite-Joséphine Ferrand) (1811—1859).[15]

He had numerous liaisons with other women, and was known to have fathered at least four illegitimate children:

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Dumas later in his career.

Alexandre Dumas, fils, son of Marie-Laure-Catherine Labay (1794—1868), a dressmaker. He became a

successful novelist and playwright.

Marie-Alexandrine Dumas (5 March 1831—1878), the daughter of Belle Krelsamer (1803—1875). Marie-Alexandrine later married Pierre Petel.

Micaëlla-Clélie-Josepha-Élisabeth Cordier (born 1860), the daughter of Emélie Cordier.

Henry Bauer, the son of a woman whose surname was Bauer.

About 1866, Dumas had an affair with Adah Isaacs Menken, a well-known American actress. She had performedher sensational role in Mazeppa in London. In Paris she had a sold-out run of Les Pirates de la Savanne and was

at the peak of her success.[16]

These women were among the total of Dumas' nearly 40 mistresses found by the scholar Claude Schopp, in

addition to three more illegitimate children. He has been researching Dumas for decades, primarily his writings.[12]

Death and legacy

At his death in December 1870, Dumas was originally buried at his birthplace ofVillers-Cotterêts in the department of Aisne. His death was overshadowed bythe Franco-Prussian War and later, changing fashions decreased his popularity.In the late twentieth century, scholars such as Reginald Hamel and ClaudeSchopp have caused a critical reappraisal and new appreciation of his art, as

well as finding lost works.[2] These contributed to the ceremony in 2002 toreinter Dumas in the Panthéon de Paris, an honor reserved for the great in

French culture.[12]

In 1970, the Alexandre Dumas Paris Métro station was named in his honour.His country home outside Paris, the Château de Monte-Cristo, has been

restored and is open to the public as a museum.[citation needed]

Researchers have continued to find Dumas works in archives, including the five-act play, The Gold Thieves, found in 2002 by the scholar Reginald Hamel in

the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. It was published in France in 2004 by Honoré-Champion.[2]

In 2002 for the bicentennial of Dumas' birth, the French President, Jacques Chirac, had a ceremony honoring theauthor by having his ashes reinterred at the mausoleum of the Panthéon of Paris, where many French luminaries

were buried.[2] The proceedings were televised: the new coffin was draped in a blue velvet cloth and carried on acaisson flanked by four mounted Republican Guards costumed as the four Musketeers. It was transported through

Paris to the Panthéon.[9] In his speech, President Chirac said:

"With you, we were D'Artagnan, Monte Cristo, or Balsamo, riding along the roads of France, touring

battlefields, visiting palaces and castles—with you, we dream."[17]

Chirac acknowledged the racism that had existed in France and said that the reinterment in the Pantheon had beena way of correcting that wrong, as Alexandre Dumas was enshrined alongside fellow great authors Victor Hugo and

Emile Zola.[17][18] Chirac noted that, although France has produced many great writers, none has been so widelyread as Dumas. His novels have been translated into nearly 100 languages. In addition, they have inspired morethan 200 motion pictures.

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Tomb of Alexandre Dumas at

the Panthéon in Paris.

In 2005, Dumas' last novel, The Knight of Sainte-Hermine, was published inFrance in June of that year. Featuring the Battle of Trafalgar, Dumas describeda fictional character killing Lord Nelson. (In fact, he was killed by an unknownsniper.) Writing and publishing the novel serially in 1869, Dumas had nearlyfinished it before his death. It was the third part of the Sainte-Hermine trilogy.Claude Schopp, a Dumas scholar, noticed a letter in an archive in 1990 that ledhim to discover the unfinished work. It took him years to research it, edit thecompleted portions, and decide how to treat the unfinished part. Schopp finallywrote the final two-and-a half chapters, based on the author's notes, to

complete the story.[12] Published by Editions Phébus, it sold 60,000 copies,making it a bestseller. Translated into English, it was released in 2006 as The

Last Cavalier, and has been translated into other languages.[12]

Schopp has since found additional material related to the Saints-Hermine saga. Schopp combined them to publish

the sequel Le Salut de l'Empire in 2008.[12]

Works

Fiction

Alexandre Dumas wrote numerous stories and historical chronicles of high adventure. They included the following:

Othon l’archer

Captain Pamphile (Le Capitaine Pamphile, 1839)

The Fencing Master (Le Maître d'armes, 1840)Castle Eppstein; The Specter Mother (Chateau d'Eppstein; Albine, 1843)

Georges (1843): The protagonist of this novel is a man of mixed race, a rare allusion to Dumas' own African

ancestry.

The Conspirators (Le chevalier d'Harmental, 1843) later adapted by Paul Ferrier into an opera

Ascanio (1843?); Written in collaboration with Paul Meurice (1820–1905): France – History –

Francis I, 1515–1547 – Fiction.Louis XIV and His Century (Louis XIV et son siècle, 1844)

The Nutcracker (Histoire d'un casse-noisette, 1844): a revision of Hoffmann's story The Nutcracker and

the Mouse King, later set by the composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to music for a ballet

the D'Artagnan Romances:

The Three Musketeers (Les Trois Mousquetaires, 1844)

Twenty Years After (Vingt ans après, 1845)

The Vicomte de Bragelonne, sometimes called "Ten Years Later", (Le Vicomte de Bragelonne, ouDix ans plus tard, 1847): When published in English, it was usually split into three parts: The

Vicomte de Bragelonne, Louise de la Valliere, and The Man in the Iron Mask, of which the last

part is the best known. (A third sequel, The Son of Porthos, 1883 (a.k.a. The Death of Aramis)

was published under the name of Alexandre Dumas; however, the real author was Paul Mahalin.)

The Corsican Brothers (Les Frères Corses, 1844)

The Count of Monte Cristo (Le Comte de Monte-Cristo, 1845–1846)

The Regent's Daughter (Une Fille du régent, 1845)The Two Dianas (Les Deux Diane, 1846)

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the Valois romances:The horoscope : a romance of the reign of François II (1897?)

La Reine Margot (1845)

La Dame de Monsoreau (1846) (a.k.a. Chicot the Jester)

The Forty-Five Guardsmen (1847) (Les Quarante-cinq)

the Marie Antoinette romances:

Joseph Balsamo (Mémoires d'un médecin: Joseph Balsamo, 1846–1848) (a.k.a. Memoirs of a

Physician, Cagliostro, Madame Dubarry, The Countess Dubarry, or The Elixir of Life)(JosephBalsamo is about 1000 pages long, and is usually published in two volumes in English

translations: Vol 1. Joseph Balsamo and Vol 2. Memoirs of a Physician.)

The Queen's Necklace (Le Collier de la Reine, 1849–1850)

Ange Pitou (1853) (a.k.a. Storming the Bastille or Six Years Later)

The Countess de Charny (La Comtesse de Charny, 1853–1855) (a.k.a. Andrée de Taverney, or

The Mesmerist's Victim)

Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (1845) (a.k.a. The Knight of the Red House, or The Knight ofMaison-Rouge)

The Black Tulip (La Tulipe noire, 1850)

The New Troy (Montevideo, ou une nouvelle Troie, 1850), inspired by the Great Siege of Montevideo

Olympe de Cleves (Olympe de Cleves, 1851-2)

The Page of the Duke of Savoy (Catherine Blum, 1853-4)

The Mohicans of Paris (Les Mohicans de Paris, 1854)

The Wolf-Leader (Le Meneur de loups, 1857)

the Sainte-Hermine trilogy:The Companions of Jehu (Les Compagnons de Jehu, 1857)

The Whites and the Blues (Les Blancs et les Bleus, 1867)

The Knight of Sainte-Hermine (Le Chevalier de Sainte-Hermine, 1869): This nearly completed

novel was his last major work; it was being published serially. It was lost until a rediscovery in 1990

by the Dumas scholar Claude Schopp. He edited it and wrote two-and a half chapters to complete it,

based on the notes of Dumas. Published in 2005 in France, it quickly became a bestseller.

Pietro Monaco sua moglie Maria Oliverio e i loro complici, 1864)Robin Hood (Robin Hood le proscrit, 1863)

The Count of Moret; The Red Sphinx; or, Richelieu and his rivals (Le Comte de Moret; Le Sphinx

Rouge, 1865–1866)

The Women's War (La Guerre des Femmes): follows Baron des Canolles, a naive Gascon soldier who falls

in love with two women.

Drama

Although best known now as a novelist, Dumas first earned fame as a dramatist. His Henri III et sa cour (1829)was the first of the great Romantic historical dramas produced on the Paris stage, preceding Victor Hugo's morefamous Hernani (1830). Produced at the Comédie-Française and starring the famous Mademoiselle Mars, Dumas'play was an enormous success and launched him on his career. It had fifty performances over the next year,extraordinary at the time.

Other hits followed. Antony (1831)—a drama with a contemporary Byronic hero—is considered the first non-historical Romantic drama. It starred Mars' great rival Marie Dorval.

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Charles VII at the Homes of His Great Vassals (Charles VII chez ses grands vassaux, 1831). Thisdrama was adapted by the Russian composer César Cui for his opera The Saracen.

La Tour de Nesle (1832), an historical melodrama

Kean (1836), based on the life of the notable late English actor Edmund Kean. The great French actor

Frédérick Lemaître played him in the production.

The Gold Thieves (after 1857): an unpublished five-act play. It was discovered in 2002 by the Canadian

scholar Reginald Hamel, who was researching in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. The play was

published in France in 2004 by Honoré-Champion. Hamel said that Dumas was inspired by a novel written

in 1857 by his mistress Célèste de Mogador.[2]

Dumas wrote many plays and adapted several of his novels as dramas. He founded the Théâtre Historique in the1840s, located on the Boulevard du Temple in Paris. The building was used after 1851 by the Opéra National(established by Adolphe Adam in 1847). It was renamed the Théâtre Lyrique in 1851.

Non-fiction

Dumas was a prolific writer of non-fiction. He wrote journal articles on politics and culture, and books on Frenchhistory.

His lengthy Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine (Great Dictionary of Cuisine) was published posthumously in 1873.A combination of encyclopedia and cookbook, it reflects Dumas' interests as both a gourmet and an expert cook.An abridged version (the Petit Dictionnaire de cuisine, or Small Dictionary of Cuisine) was published in 1882.

He was also known for his travel writing. These books included:

Impressions de voyage: En Suisse (Travel Impressions: In Switzerland, 1834)Une Année à Florence (A Year in Florence, 1841)

De Paris à Cadix (From Paris to Cadiz, 1847)

Le Journal de Madame Giovanni (The Journal of Madame Giovanni, 1856)

Travel Impressions in the Kingdom of Napoli/Naples Trilogy:

Impressions of Travel in Sicily (Le Speronare (Sicily – 1835), 1842

Captain Arena (Le Capitaine Arena (Italy – Aeolian Islands and Calabria – 1835), 1842Impressions of Travel in Naples (Le Corricolo (Rome – Naples – 1835), 1843

Travel Impressions in Russia:

Adventures in Czarist Russia, or From Paris to Astrakhan (Impressions de voyage: En Russie; De

Paris à Astrakan: Nouvelles impressions de voyage (1858), 1859–1862Voyage to the Caucasus (Le Caucase : Impressions de voyage; suite de En Russie (1859), 1858–1859

Personal images

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Alexandre Dumas about1832

Alexandre Dumas

Alexandre Dumas in hislibrary, par MauriceLeloir

Alexandre Dumas in1860

Alexandre Dumas,cliché by CharlesReutlinger

Alexandre Dumas byGill

See also

Illegitimacy in fiction

Notes

1. ^ Alexandre Dumas (http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563124/Alexandre_Dumas.html) on Encarta.Archived (http://www.webcitation.org/5kwDgz6ji) 31 October 2009.

2. ̂a b c d e f French Studies: "Quebecer discovers an unpublished manuscript by Alexandre Dumas"(http://www.iforum.umontreal.ca/ForumExpress/Archives/vol4no1en/article02_ang.html), iForum, University ofMontreal, 30 September 2004, accessed 11 August 2012

3. ^ Watts Phillips: Artist and Playwright by Emma Watts Phillips. 1891(http://archive.org/details/wattsphillipsar01philgoog) pg 63

4. ^ John G. Gallaher, General Alexandre Dumas: Soldier of the French Revolution (http://books.google.com/books?id=zZ-ALXkowCEC&pg=PA98&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false), Southern Illinois University,1997, p. 98

5. ^ Claude Schopp (http://www.dumaspere.com/pages/vie/biographie.html), Société des Amis d'Alexandre Dumas— 1998-2008

6. ^ "Alexandre Dumas > Sa vie > Biographie" (http://www.dumaspere.com/pages/vie/biographie.html).Dumaspere.com. Archived

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(http://web.archive.org/web/20100120030100/http://www.dumaspere.com/pages/vie/biographie.html) from theoriginal on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.

7. ^ "Le métissage rentre au Panthéon" (http://marianne2.fr/-Le-metissage-rentre-au-Pantheon-_a40493.html).

8. ^ "L'association des Amis du Général Alexandre Dumas" (http://www.general-dumas.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=57), Website, accessed 11 August 2012

9. ̂a b Webster, Paul (29 November 2002). "Lavish reburial for Three Musketeers author"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/nov/30/paulwebster?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487). The Guardian. UK.Retrieved 31 January 2012.

10. ̂a b Samuel, Henry (10 February 2010). "Alexandre Dumas novels penned by 'fourth musketeer' ghost writer"(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/7198679/Alexandre-Dumas-novels-penned-by-fourth-musketeer-ghost-writer.html). The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 August 2012.

11. ^ See Andrew Lang's essay, "Alexandre Dumas", in his Essays In Little (1891), for a full description of thesecollaborations.

12. ̂a b c d e f Crace, John (6 May 2008). "Claude Schopp: The man who gave Dumas 40 mistresses"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/06/highereducationprofile.academicexperts). The Guardian. UK.Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20080820091722/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/06/highereducationprofile.academicexperts) from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.

13. ^ Alexandre Dumas ou les aventures d'un romancier (in French). Découvertes Gallimard. 21 November 1986.p. 75. ISBN 2-07-053021-3. "Mon père était un mulâtre, mon grand-père était un nègre et mon arrière grand-pèreun singe. Vous voyez, Monsieur: ma famille commence où la vôtre finit."

14. ^ "Dumas et la négritude" (http://pages.infinit.net/minos1er/negritude.htm) (in French). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20080906154324/http://pages.infinit.net/minos1er/negritude.htm) from the original on6 September 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008.

15. ^ British Library biography (http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/blackeuro/pdf/dumas.pdf)

16. ^ Dorsey Kleitz, "Adah Isaacs Menken" (http://books.google.com/books?id=IKped0j8PXwC&pg=PA294&dq=menken&f=false#v=onepage&q=menken&f=false), in Encyclopedia ofAmerican Poetry: The Nineteenth Century, ed. by Eric L. Haralson, pp. 294-296 (1998) (ISBN 978-1-57958-008-7)

17. ̂a b Chirac, Jacques (30 November 2002). "Discours prononcé lors du transfert des cendres d’Alexandre Dumasau Panthéon"(http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Discours_prononc%C3%A9_lors_du_transfert_des_cendres_d%E2%80%99Alexandre_Dumas_au_Panth%C3%A9on) (in French). Retrieved 19 August 2008.

18. ^ "Paris Monuments Panthéon-Close up picture of the interior of the crypt of Victor Hugo (left) Alexandre Dumas(middle) Émile Zola (right)"(http://www.parisphotogallery.com/Paris/photos/monuments/Pantheon/Interior_crypt_Victor_Hugo_Alexandre_Dumas_Emile_Zola_10526.htm). ParisPhotoGallery. Retrieved 30 January 2012.

References

Gorman, Herbert (1929). The Incredible Marquis, Alexandre Dumas. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.

OCLC 1370481 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1370481).

Hemmings, F.W.J. (1979). Alexandre Dumas, the King of Romance. New York: Charles Scribner's

Sons. ISBN 0-684-16391-8.

Lucas-Dubreton, Jean (1928). The Fourth Musketeer

(http://cadytech.com/dumas/related/fourth_musketeer.php). trans. by Maida Castelhun Darnton. New York:Coward-McCann. OCLC 230139 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/230139).

Maurois, André (1957). The Titans, a Three-Generation Biography of the Dumas. trans. by Gerard

Hopkins. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. OCLC 260126 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/260126).

6/27/13 Alexandre Dumas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas 11/12

Phillips, Emma Watts (1891). Watts Phillips: Artist and Playwright. London: Cassell & Company.

Reed, F. W. (Frank Wild) (1933). A Bibliography of Alexandre Dumas, père. Pinner Hill, Middlesex:

J.A. Neuhuys. OCLC 1420223 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1420223).

Ross, Michael (1981). Alexandre Dumas. Newton Abbot, London, North Pomfret (Vt): David & Charles.

ISBN 0-7153-7758-2.

Schopp, Claude (1988). Alexandre Dumas, Genius of Life. trans. by A. J. Koch. New York, Toronto:

Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-531-15093-3.

Spurr, Harry A. (October 1902). The Life and Writings of Alexandre Dumas. New York: Frederick A.Stokes, Company. OCLC 2999945 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2999945).

External links

Works by Alexandre Dumas, père (http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Alexandre_Dumas_père) at ProjectGutenberg

Works by Alexandre Dumas (http://www.archive.org/search.php?

query=creator%3ADumas%20Alexandre%20-

contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts) at Internet Archive

Works by or about Alexandre Dumas (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-42162) in libraries (WorldCat

catalog)

Herald Sun: Lost Dumas play discovered(http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,10904968%255E1702,00.html)

Lost Dumas novel hits bookshelves (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4609819.stm)

Dumas' Works (http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT139.HTM): text, concordances and

frequency lists

The Alexandre Dumas père website (http://www.cadytech.com/dumas/), with a complete bibliography and

notes about many of the works

Rafferty, Terrence. "All for One" (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/20/books/review/20pevear.html?ex=1313726400&en=dd1eb4e9bdbf3499&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss), The New York Times

(http://www.nytimes.com/), August 20, 2006 (a review of the new translation of The Three Musketeers,

ISBN 0-670-03779-6)

1866 Caricature of Alexandre Dumas by André Gill

(http://greatcaricatures.com/articles_galleries/gill/galleries/html/1866_1202_dumas.html)

Alexandre Dumas et compagnie (http://www.alexandredumasetcompagnie.com) : Freely downloadable

works of Alexandre Dumas in PDF format (text mode)

Alexandre Dumas Collection (http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00239.xml&query=dumas,%20alexandre&query-join=and) at the Harry Ransom Center at the

University of Texas at Austin

Alejandro Dumas Vida y Obras (http://www.alexdumas.110mb.com//) First Spanish Website about

Alexandre Dumas and his works.

Alexandre Dumas (pere) (http://www.iblist.com/author98.htm) at the Internet Book List

Works by Alexandre Dumas on Open Library at the Internet Archive

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Dumas&oldid=561390312"

Categories: 1802 births 1870 deaths 19th-century French writers 19th-century dramatists and playwrights

19th-century French novelists Alexandre Dumas Burials at the Panthéon, Paris

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