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ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations

ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing Provides due diligence Enables

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Page 1: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

ALEC 681: Seminar

APA Style: In-text Citations

Page 2: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Objectives

Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing Provides due diligence Enables others to locate original sources Aids in building journal's “impact factor”

Demonstrate APA style standards for referencing the most common in-text citations

Page 3: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Why use in-text citations?

Scholarly publications require accepted standards or rules (APA)

In-text citations Give authority to your writing by showing your ideas

are supported by others’ ideas Identify and credit previous works used in your writing Give readers a trail to retrieve sources

Page 4: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

When to use in-text citations

Use in-text citations when you Use a direct quotation Restate, summarize, or paraphrase an idea, theory, or

opinion by another author Use dates or facts that might be disputed, especially if

it is not common knowledge Common knowledge is information that recurs in many

sources. If you are uncertain it is common knowledge, cite it.

Page 5: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Perils of no in-text citations

No “absolute original” research exists All research builds upon previous works Reviewers know about previous works

Your writing could be viewed as plagiarism Academia views in-text references seriously

Inaccurate documentation is as serious as having no documentation at all (http://www.nausetschools.org/research/intext.htm).

Page 6: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Quotations: APA 3.34, p. 117

Less than 40 words used verbatim from another source require double quotation marks, author(s), year, and page number.

Ex.A recent study revealed that “if the goal is to internationalize the agricultural curriculum, then simulation activities may prove to part of the answer” (Boyd, Felton, & Dooley, 2004, p. 68).

Boyd et al. (2004) reported that “students exhibited a western viewpoint when making decisions” (p. 66).

Page 7: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Quotations: APA 3.34, p. 117

More than 40 words used verbatim from another source require a freestanding block, indented ½ inch on a new line, plus author(s), year, and page number if available.

Ex.In an article on leadership through service, Acker (2005) advised stakeholders that

The tough problems are seldom solved by a single discipline. We should focus our research on the really difficult problems of development. Inevitably, this will bring us into research collaboration with other disciplines such as health, child development, management, and engineering. (p. 11)

Page 8: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Paraphrase, one author: APA 3.94, p. 207

Use author—year method, surname only

Ex.

Miller (2006) compared philosophies…

In a recent study of philosophies (Miller, 2006)…

In 2006, Miller compared philosophies of…

In a recent study of philosophies in agricultural education research, Miller (2006) described… Miller concluded the traditional positivistic approach…

Page 9: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Paraphrase, two authors: APA 3.95, p. 208

Cite both authors—year, every time citation is used.

Ex.Respondents’ career choices were organized by the 16 career clusters (Talbert & Balschweid, 2006).

Talbert and Balschweid (2006) recommended further studies to examine…

Page 10: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Paraphrase, 3-5 authors: APA 3.95, p. 208

Cite all authors—year, first time only, then first author’s surname with et al. and year thereafter.

Ex.Myers, Dyer, and Breja (2003) conceptualized…

Myers et al. (2003) reported… Additionally, Myers et al. concluded…

Page 11: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Paraphrase, six authors: APA 3.95, p. 209

Cite only first author’s surname with et al. and year, every time the citation is used.

Ex.

Lindner et al. (2004) stated…

Reference List:Lindner, J., Wingenbach, G., Harlin, J., Li, Y., Lee, I., Jackson, R. et al.

(2004). Students' beliefs about science and sources of influence affecting science career choice. NACTA Journal, 48(2), 2-7.

Page 12: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Groups as Authors: APA 3.96, p. 209

Names of groups that serve as authors are written out the first time they appear in text, then may be identified by an abbreviation, if easily recognized, otherwise write full name every time.

Ex.…multiple sources to generate appropriate solutions (Board on Agriculture, 1996; United States Department of Agriculture [USDA], 2002).

The USDA (2002) acknowledged that…

Page 13: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations No Authors: APA 3.97, p. 210

When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as the in-text reference, capitalizing each word.

…the book College Bound Seniors (1979)

Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article or chapter of a book, or italicize it if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.

…on free care (“Study Finds,” 1982)

Anonymous authors should be listed as such with the year.

…journeys start with one step (Anonymous, 1995) 

Page 14: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Two+ Works in same Parentheses: APA 3.99, p. 212

Same author/same year ordered by year with suffixes

…off-farm work and farming respectively (McNamara, 2001a, 2001b) and the impact of…

Same authors/multiple years are ordered by year only

…versions of two instruments, College Students’ Perceptions of Biotechnology (Wingenbach et al., 2002, 2003) and…

Multiple authors are alpha-ordered with semi-colon separators

…examined characteristics related to teaching and instruction (Deeds, 1993; Edwards & Briers, 2001; Larke et al., 1992) support the importance of the teaching ability…

Page 15: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Specific Parts of a Source: APA, 3.101, p. 213

As used in direct quotes, always provide page numbers, or chapter, section, etc., if no page numbers exist.

The NSF (2000) found that “most of what Americans know about science and technology comes from watching television or reading a newspaper” (p. 25).

“…statements made by celebrities” (Vestal & Briers, 2000, p. 139) 

“…leading to outstanding performance” (Stone & Bieber, 1997, ¶ 2) If page numbers are not included in electronic sources, use the

paragraph number preceded by the paragraph symbol or the heading and following paragraph.

(Meyers, 2000, ¶ 5)

(Butler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)

Page 16: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Personal Communications: APA 3.102, p. 214

Letters, interviews, e-mails, and telephone conversations are all personal communications and should be cited in-text.

Not included in the Reference List Include author’s initials and last name, an indication that it is

personal communication, and as complete a date as possible.

According to T. G. Roberts (telephone conversation, May 12, 2006), students’ experiences are increasing.

“Scholarship in this journal is better” (G. J. Richardson, e-mail to author, November 29, 2006).

Page 17: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Publication Date: APA 4.09, p. 225

When the date is unknown, APA recommends using the abbreviation “n.d.” (for “no date”).

Attempts to establish a definitive link between television programming and children’s eating habits have been problematic (Murano, n.d.).

Use “in press” for articles that have been accepted, but not yet published; no date.

Wingenbach and Rutherford (in press) found…Reference List:

Wingenbach, G., & Rutherford, T. (in press). State FFA officers’ confidence and trustworthiness of biotechnology information sources. Journal of Agricultural Education.

Page 18: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

Common APA In-text Citations Secondary Sources: APA 4.16-A22, p. 247

If using a source that was cited in another source (a secondary source), name the primary source in your narrative.

List the secondary source in your reference list and include it in your parenthetical citation, preceded by the words “as cited in.”

In this example, Roberts is the secondary source:

Dewey stated “all learning is experiential, but all experiences are not educational” (as cited in Roberts, 2006, p. 17).

Reference List:Roberts, T. G. (2006). A philosophical examination of experiential

learning theory for agricultural educators. Journal of Agricultural Education, 47(1), 17-29.

Page 19: ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables

That’s enough for today!

Do you have questions?