Albert Einstein, a German Physicist, was sworn in as a US citizen in Trenton, New Jersey, on this day in 1940. Einstein won international acclaim for

his recognition of the relationship between matter and energy, which he explained in his formula E=mc2

Thurgood Marshall was sworn in as a justice of the US Supreme Court in 1967. Marshall became the first

African American to sit on the Supreme Court.

his recognition of the relationship between matter and energy, which he explained in his formula E=mc2

Mrs. H. Felton became the first woman senator in the United States when she was appointed to that position by Governor Harwick of Georgia in 1922.

A former sheriff and three law-enforcement officers in Philadelphia, Mississippi, were arrested by the FBI in connection with the murder of three civil rights workers in 1964. Two of the civil rights workers were white (both Jewish), and the third

was African American. The murder of the civil rights workers and the investigation that led to the arrest of the law-enforcements officials became the story line for the movie Mississippi Burning in 1990.

On this day --that was for Crystal--in 1948, the US Supreme Court declared that the state ban on interracial marriage in California was unconstitutional.

During the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, the colonists were victorious over the British. The victory was due in part to the effect of Irish American

Sharpshooter Timothy Murphy. Murphy, who was a member of Morgan's Rifle Corps, was credited as being the best marksman of the Revolutionary War.

In 1954, Marian Anderson became the first African American singer to be hired by the New York Metropolitan Opera Company.

The St. Francis Xavier Church in Baltimore, Maryland, was purchased in 1863. The church, which was dedicated on February 21, 1864, became the first Catholic parish for African Americans in the U.S.

In 1906, the San Francisco Board of Education issued an order prohibiting persons of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese heritage from attending neighborhood schools.

The students were to be segregated and sent to the established Oriental School instead.

Latino and Italian Americans celebrate Columbus Day. Christopher Columbus--real name--Cristoforo Colombo--and his three ships reached land in the Western Hemisphere in

1492. His native Italy would not finance the voyage, but Spain did. Colombo was seeking a route to Asia, expecting to find gold, spices and other treasures. Spain funded the voyage hoping

to share in the wealth and to expand its empire. Colombo and his ships landed on an island called Santo Domingo by Spain, the present-day Dominican Republic and Haiti.

The voyage of Colombo brought two worlds together forever changed their relationship with one another.

In 1951, the first episode of I Love Lucy aired on CBS. It starred the husband and wife team of Cuban American Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball. In the show, Desi Arnaz played

the part of Cuban bandleader Ricky Ricardo, a character similar to Arnaz in real life. The show, which was produced by Arnaz and Ball’s production company, Desilu Productions, came

be one of the most significant sitcoms in the history of television.

While resting in a hospital room awaiting a physical exam, the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was informed by telephone that he would be the recipient of the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize.

The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to King for his leadership during the nine-year struggle for civil rights, beginning with his leadership in the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. The people of

the U.S. were greatly moved by his “I Have a Dream” speech at the 1963 march on Washington D.C. He was present at President Johnson’s signing of the 1964 Civil Rights Bill,

which was almost certainly inspired by Dr. King’s hard work and dedication.

The US Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, West Virginia, was raided in 1859. The leader of the raiding party was John Brown, a white man who was a fierce, longtime abolitionist. His

plan seems to have been to raid the arsenal, give out the weapons to nearby slaves and encourage the slaves to revolt. After a battle with the local militia, Brown and his 18 men were surrounded and

captured on October 18th by Colonel Robert E. Lee. Lee delivered Brown to the state for trial. He was found guilty of treason and hanged on December 2nd.

U.S. Senator Hiram L. Fong of Hawaii, the first Chinese American senator, was selected to become a member of New York University’s College of Electors Hall

of Fame for Prominent Americans in 1959.

Jackie Robinson became the first African American player to be permitted to play professional baseball outside the “Negro Leagues.” He signed a contract with the

Montreal Royals of the International League during this week in 1945.

During this week in 1871, one of the worst riots in Chinese American history took place in Los Angeles. The rioting started as an argument between two Chinese, then rapidly developed

into utter chaos, with shootings and non-Asians venting their resentment against the Chinese. By the end of the riot, 19 were dead. The event sparked world outrage, but nothing was ever done

to identify the Chinese Americans who suffered losses of life and property as a result of the rioting.

On this day in 1492, Columbus left the island of San Salvador of the Dominican Republic and sailed toward Cuba.

Juanita Kidd Stout was sworn in as a judge in

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Municipal Court system in 1959.

With this appoint-ment, Stout became the first

African American woman to serve as a judge in

the history of the state.

The Statue of Liberty was officially dedicated on this day in 1886 in Upper New York Bay. Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, the French sculptor and designer of the statue, was present

at the ceremony, as were representatives of the French government who financed the statue.The statue symbolized the alliance between America and France during the

Revolutionary War in the US and was a memorial to the people of France and America who died during the struggle.

Frida Kahlo, Mexican artist and wife of

muralist Diego Rivera, had her first one-woman exhibit at the Julian Levy Gallery in New York City

in 1938. The exhibit lasted from October 25th through November 14th.

Kahlo, who was born and raised in Russia, and of Russian, Jewish, Irish, and Mexican heritage, moved to Mexico after

she married Diego Rivera.

This day in 1956 marks the extinction of the language spoken by

Native Americans of the Delaware Nation. The

language ceased to exist when Jane Mountour

Battice, the last-known person to be fluent in the

language died.

In 1492, Columbus left the island of

San Salvador of the Dominican Republic and sailed toward

Cuba.

Booker T. Washington, educator and founder of

Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, became the first African American

elected to the New York University Hall of Fame

in 1945.