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1) Location:
Southeastern Europe
Bordering countries include
Greece with 282km, Serbia
115km, and Montenegro 172km,
and Macedonia 151km.
Also borders the Adriatic and
Ionian Sea. Italian boot heel is to
the west, between the two is the Straight of Otranto. 1
Italy and Albania re-connected in the 1980s after WWII, and today seems as though it is
the most important country to Albania, Italy is Albanias #1 trading partner.
Relations between Greece and Albania became increasingly strained after the fall of the
communist regime in 1991. Today the relations between the two countries are relatively
good, after the two signed a treaty for peace and friendship in 1996.
Macedonia and Albania have good relations involving trade, approximately 2 million
Albanians live in Macedonia and they share similar cultures.2
2) Size-comparison:
Albania is slightly larger than Massachusetts
3
Total Area Albania= 11,100 sq. mi.
Total Area Massachusetts=
10,555sq.mi.
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3) Topography and Climate:
The majority of Albania is mountainous with 70% of the land at elevations above 300m
(1000ft). The remainder of the country is comprised of coastal lowlands and other small plains
along the coast. The climate in the northern region has cold wet winters and mild summers. The
coastal areas have hot dry summers and cold rainy winters. The mountainous regions in the
country are generally cooler and wetter than the coastal plains year round. With Albanias poor
infrastructure it is difficult to transport products throughout the country, especially in the
Northern region (to be discussed further on). The Southern region and mountain ranges are
more accessible and this influences the development of their infrastructure and economic
growth.4
4) Family Structure:
2001 Census found an overall average of 4.46 persons per household.
Urban 4.15 persons per household
Rural 4.72 persons per household5
In traditional society, the household consisted of the mother and father as well as their
unmarried daughters, and married sons and their wives and children. The extended
families were quite large. When the father died, the eldest son assumed the responsibility
of the extended family. Upon the death of both parents, all the property was divided
equally amongst the sons. Daughters could not inherit family property.
Todays family structure is not that different. Although the family trends are still quite
large, most Albanian families have three children. Even though the extended family is
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smaller it is still common for one son and his family to remain at home and take care of
the parents in their older age.6
5) Political Environment & Government Structure:
Throughout the 1990s and the end of communism, the political environment has been
shaky and slow to recuperate. For example, in 1997 the State Department released a
travel advisory recommending US tourists immediately depart the country due to
increasing violence from political instability, also all US workers within the country were
flown the US government.7
Government Type Emerging Democracy, Multi-Party Republic
Comprised of Judicial, Legislative and Executive Branches
Albania has Chief of State who is President, and a Head of Government who is
the Prime Minister.
Assembly consists of 140 seats.
Currently the government is slowly beginning and is expected to maintain stability over
the next five years, as Albania continually attempts to join the EU.8
6) Political Relations with the US:
After 52 years without any form of relations, in March of 1991 the United States
and Albania re-established diplomatic and bilateral relations. Later that year in October 1991,
United States built an embassy in the capital Tirana. Since then the US has provided Albania
with over $550 million in assistance, making the US the second largest bilateral economic donor
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over Italy. Also, Albania has helped the US in the war on terrorism, by freezing terrorist assets,
and providing military support in Afghanistan and Iraq.9
Albania and the United States signed and ratified several agreements in 2003. Among
these include a treaty on the Prevention and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction;
Promotion of Defense and Military Relations; and The Adriatic Charter. Also included was an
Agreement regarding the non-surrender of persons to the International Criminal Court. The
United States supports Albanias EU and NATO membership goals. With Albania moving
towards NATO membership, the US and Albania signed a Supplementary Agreement to the
Partnership for Peace in 2003.
In 2006, Albania opened the doors for the largest foreign direct investment project ever in
Albania, $1.9 Billion! With $600 million being US equipment and services, this is a huge
development in Political Relations between the US and Albania. This project is an Energy
Field that will hopefully provide Albania with all of its power and gas needs. The construction
of this project is providing 4,000 jobs over the next 18 months, and huge investment
opportunities for US companies over the next 5 years.10
7) Economic Bases:
GDP = $20.21 Billion
Agriculture: 23.3%
Industry: 18.8%
Services: 57.9 %
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GNP=$ 5.7 Billion *This graph depicts the sharp increase in FDI
inflows.
GDP Per Capita = $5,600
Balance of Payments:
Imports - $2.901 Billion
Exports - $763.2 Million
Trade Deficit = $2.138 Billion11
8) Chief Imports & Exports:
Exports Textiles and footwear, asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil, vegetables,
fruits, and tobacco.
Export Trading Partners Italy 72.4%, Greece 10.5%, Serbia and Montenegro
5%.
Imports Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, and chemicals.
Import Trading Partners Italy 29.3%, Greece 16.4%, Turkey 7.5%, China 6.6%,
Germany 5.4%, Russia 4%.12
9) US Trade Relations:The volume of US and Albanian trade relations is very low, but growing. In 2006,
Albania imported $27.6 million of US products, and exported $23.9 million of Albanian products
to the US(surprisingly balanced relative to balance of payments). Overall, the US is Albanias
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17th largest trading partner. One main issue that limits the US from being a trading partner with
Albania is infrastructure. The countrys infrastructure is so poor, it literally hampers US
investment within the country.
The products the US imports from Albania ranges in importance. For example, in 2006
the US imported $11.4 million in liquid petroleum gases, $6.5 million imported of leather and
rubber materials, and $3.5 million in tea and spices(top imports among others). Petroleum
products are of more significance to the US than tea and spices. Yet, with petroleum products
being Albanias most exported products, it is clear these products are also very important to
Albania in regards to trading.
13
After reviewing imports and exports, it seems as though Albanias importation of US
products is of more importance. The US product most imported by Albania includes measure,
testing and control products, followed by drilling and oilfield equipment. With all of the
infrastructure and energy projects occurring, it would not be possible without some of the US
equipment imported by Albania. Other important US products Albania imports includes
excavation and telecommunication products, without these growth tools the countrys
infrastructure development would be quite stagnant, therefore Albanias imports are more
important than exports.14
10) Alliance Memberships:
Has been a UN member since December 14, 1955
Albania has been a WTO member since September 8, 2000
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Also belongs to: ECE, FAO, IAEA, IFAD, ILO, IMO, ITU, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO.
Corridor VIII Alliance Economic Alliance
Agreement on Trade Facilitation and Liberalization.15
11) Important Alliances:
Albania became the 138th member of the WTO on September 8, 2000. The WTO Director-
General stated, Membership promises a more prosperous future and raised living standards for
all Albanian citizens. I also believe that, by encouraging the trade links between countries, the
WTO can help foster greater peace, stability and development in south-eastern Europe. Albania's
membership brings this Organization ever closer to being a truly World Trade Organization.
Albania's Minister for Economic Cooperation and Trade, Ermelinda Meksi, agreed saying the
WTO membership presents us with a new role in the international community and would help
bring improvement of the wellbeing and prosperity of my people.16
The Corridor VIII Alliance is of great importance to Albania. The Corridor VIII Alliance
promotes economic development throughout the Balkan Region. The Corridor represents
economic growth and job creation for the entire area. The Corridor will link the Adriatic Sea
Ports of Durres and Vlore in Albania to the Black Sea Ports of Burgas and Varna. This will offer
great potential for development of the involved nations and to the Southern Balkans as a region.
The Agreement on Trade Facilitation and Liberalization was signed by many neighboring
countries including, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia-Montenegro, Rumania,
Bulgaria, Kosovo, and Moldova. The Agreement was made to develop a regional market of 65
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million consumers and is also of great importance to Albania. The goals of the Agreement are to
reduce and liberalize customs, duties and other trade barriers. Through the elimination of these
barriers, the agreement aims to establish free trade areas between the participating countries over
the next 5 to 6 years.17
12) Rostows Stage:
This is a section that we completed last and after researching Albania it was a difficult
choice because Albania seemed to fit stage 3, because infrastructure growth rate was very
low compared to the growth of production and its rapid urbanization. However, it is
definitely not the fastest growing like China or India, therefore we are labeling the country a
stage 2 in Rostows stages of economic development. With Albania holding characteristics
of stages 2 & 3, Albania may be a dual economy. Characteristics of Stage 2 include being in
a state of transition with increases in production, the further development of infrastructure,
also changes in the governments stand point. Comparing that to Albania, production has
greatly increased within the country and has become one of the worlds leading shoe
producers and leather processors. In fact, Albania produces 1.2 million pairs of shoes each
month. Although the countrys infrastructure is becoming more complex, it is definitely still
developing and also is under- funded by the government. Although the countrys government
is still extremely poor, they have abolished communism demonstrating a state of transition.18
13) Forms of Promotion:
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According the National Council of Radio and Television Albania has an estimated 257
media outlets, including 66 radio stations and 65 television stations, with 3 national and
62 local stations.
Radio-Television of Albania RTSH, can reach 73% of the country however its
viewership trails that of other stations.
TVSH-Albanian Television Another large public television station that is often accused
of advertising partiality towards the government.
The Tirana Times An Albanian newspaper written in the
English language. There are not a lot of advertisements in
the newspaper however there were 2 ads for BUTRINI Hotel
and BMW.
Television and radio advertising are the most common forms
of promotion utilized in the country. The electronic media
sector in Albania has greatly increased over the last decade. Until 1995 RTSH was
Albanias only television station. Many television and radio stations however have not
been able to fully escape Governmental control of information and advertising.19
14) High/ Low Context Culture:
It is evident that Albania is a P-Time culture, here are some reasons why:
Albanians have low individualism. Religion is indifferent, many people have very
similar views, towards many things.
Albanians are more relationship oriented versus being information oriented.20
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Being the poorest country in Europe, time really is not seen as money, unlike M-Time
cultures.
15) Gender Bias:
Under the communist rule women had quite a fair status, the regime wanted to eliminate
gender discrimination and women were integrated into the work force.
With the fall of communism womens status also fell. As unemployment sky-rocketed
women lost their jobs resulting in only 16% of women working outside the home.
Since this time there has been a resurgence of traditional values which led many Albanian
women to be the caretaker of the home. Many women also have became divorced and
resorted to prostitution, moving to Greece and Italy.21
Muslim Albanian Women are not required to veil their faces, although they may be worn.
16) US Employee Usage:
The Energy Field operation will bring 4,000 jobs to the country during actual construction
and 400 are scheduled to remain as permanent jobs at the conclusion of the project. It is
undetermined as to the quantity of US employees, however, it is known that United States
services will be utilized.22
Beyond this is has been difficult finding information regarding this matter, however, we
are aware there are American workers are working there and have been for some time. For
example, in 1997 around the same time that American tourists were told to leave Albania, the US
government ordered any nonessential workers to leave the country immediately by commercial
airlines. Specifically 160 US workers were to leave the country, with these workers being
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nonessential, there is the possibility that essential US workers stayed behind in Albania to
continue working. It was also noted there were 2,000 private US citizens in Albania at the
time.23
17) Demographics:
Population: (est. July 2006)
3,600,000
Age Distribution: (est. July 2006)
0-14 years: 24.8% ( 464,954 male/423,003 female)
15-65 years: 63.3% (1,214,924 male/1,158,562 female)
65 years + : 8.9% (148,028 male/ 172,166 female)
Rural vs. Urban:
Since 1990, a substantial amount of Albanias population has moved from rural to urban
areas.
Urban: 57%
Rural: 43%
Albanias four largest cities and populations:
Tirana(Capital): 600,000
Duress: 175,000 (350,000 regional)
Elbasan: 225,000
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Shkoder: 110,000
Population density:
123 poeple/km2 or 318.6 people/ sq. mi.24
18) Language:Official:
Albanian
Non-official -Main dialects:
Gheg
Tosk
Although Albanian is predominately spoken across Albania, the Shkumbin River acts
as a dividing line for the two main dialects, where Gheg is spoken in Northern
Albania and Tosk is spoken in Southern Albania.
Other Non-official dialects:
Greek
Vlach( Romanian)
Slavic ( Southern Europe)25
19) Religion:
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In 1967, under communist rule the government completely banned religion in Albania.
To avoid hostile situations many families and people voluntarily ended and gave-up
practicing their religion.
Many people lived decades without practicing religion, it had little or no meaning in their
lives. Today religion is seen greatly indifferent by many in Albania.26
Breakdown of:
Muslim- 70%
Predominate religion throughout country
Orthodox- 20%
Mainly reside in Southern Albania
Roman Catholic-10%
Northern Albania27
20) Housing Styles:
Urban Styles:
Housing mainly comprised of apartment buildings to accompany the large middle-class
found in cities (see picture, city of Duress).
Three main housing types in urban areas:
Rented flats
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Privately owned family houses
Cooperatively owned flats
Rural Style:
Pre-War housing in rural areas was mostly self-built, small and made of natural stone or
rock.
Many dwellings were completely destroyed during WWII, and that began the move
towards urban settings and also citizens immigrating mainly to Greece.
Common to traditional houses in Albania is ground floors used for storage. In more rural
areas the ground floor may be used to house animals. The next floor up is typically the
living area of the family containing a fire place, eating area, and two to three bedrooms.
A third floor is sometimes added in urban areas for extra sleeping quarters or for
entertainment purposes. 28
21) Education:
Before the Communist rule, Albanias illiteracy rate was as high as 85%! Schools were
scarce between WWI and WWII, and education was not very important during those times.
When the Communist Rule over took the country in 1944, the regime wanted to wipe-out
illiteracy. The regulations became so strict that anyone between the ages of 12 and 40 who could
not read or write, were mandated to attend classes to learn. Since these times of struggle the
countrys literacy rate has improved remarkably (Zickel, Iwaskiw, 1994). Today the overall
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literacy rate in Albania is 86.5%, the male literacy rate is 93.3% and female literacy rate is
79.5%. Since the rather large population movements in the 1990s to urban areas, education has
moved as well. Thousands of teachers moved to urban areas to follow students. In fact, the most
dramatic shifts have been a general decrease in rural school enrollment, down as much as 30%.
It seems as though education may be similar to religion in Albania in that the country went
through times where school was almost non-existent and its lack of importance is still evident.
Before 1991, there was no business education whatsoever, but that has changed. In 1991,
many countries including Italy, the United States and Germany, provided business training
grants, to promote business education and economic growth. With the country interested in
foreign business, trade and relations, the country seems to realize the importance of a savvy
business education and how it will improve their economic and social status.29
22) Environment:
Unfortunately under the reign of communism, Albania was heavily polluted and the
country still remains extremely polluted today. It has been over a decade since Albania has
emerged from communism, yet for a population today over 3.5 million there is not one waste-
water treatment plant, a sanitary landfill or toxic-waste disposal site in the country. Recently the
past has really caught up to the country. Being hopeful in joining the EU, the large amount of
pollution has acted like a hurdle the country must overcome before they can successfully join.
Albania holds high potential for the growth of Hydro-electricity (to be discussed in Natural
resources), and provides the country with an opportunity to take advantage of green power. This
will not only improve the environment and increase the use of green marketing, but may also
build economic growth in the long run. Using green marketing in Albania will not only increase
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production and satisfy consumer needs and wants, but complete that objective in an
environmentally friendly way. Within the last two years the country has been researching wind
and solar power, with the high cost of solar power the country sees more potential for wind
power.30
23) Infrastructure:
Albania is the poorest country in Europe today, its infrastructure is generally inadequate,
but is and remains a significant barrier to economic development.
Also, Albanias infrastructure is said to be under-funded by the government, but is
making progress with road rehabilitation and overall construction.
Energy Infrastructure unfortunately cannot keep up with the countrys demand, but
projects are coming along. For example, increased use of hydroelectricity, and the
energy field project will be discussed in section 30.
US infrastructure is much more developed than Albanias, not only in its complexity, but
also strength. In the US you can basically get anywhere using any form of transportation.
In Albania you might have to fly to one spot, to drive to another, to catch a train or a boat
that will take you where you need to go.31
Infrastructure Statistics:
Airports-11 total - One Heliport in Tirana
3 paved
8 unpaved
Roadways- 18,000km
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o Many of Albanias roads are not only mountainous, but are in extremely poor
conditions. Every year more roads are being repaired and paved, also many new
roads are being constructed.
7,020 km paved
10,980 km unpaved
Waterways- 43 km
Marine capital goods-24 ships
23 cargo ships
1 foreign-owned(Turkey)
Railways- 447 km
Links Shkoder to Tirana, Durres, Elbasan, and many other cities.
Pipelines-
Gas- 339 km
Oil- 207 km32
24) Albanian Trade Barriers:
Tariffs- apply to almost all products imported to Albania
15%(maximum rate)- products such as: textiles, jewelry
Average tax rate is 13%
0% applied to humanitarian aid, and waste processing equipment
Import Tax- 1% tax charged on all imports
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Excise, Consumption and Luxury Taxes-
Applied to luxury import products, such as: soft drinks, alcoholic beverages,
coffee, cigarettes, and perfumes.
o These taxes can range from 20-65 %, and are levied in addition to tariffs.
Quotas- there are currently no quota requirements on imports to Albania
Standards- Imports are however subject to standards and quality control, which follows
the WTO requirements.
Possible Export Licenses.33
25) Ethnic Makeup:
The ethnic breakdown in Albania is predominately Albanian, with 95% of the population
from that background. The second largest ethnic group in Albania is Greek at 3%, followed by
2% of other ethnic groups, which include: Gypsy, Serb, Macedonian, and Bulgarian.34
26) Labor Force:
Albanias labor force is comprised of about 1.1 million people, which does not take into
account the 352,000 emigrant workers from Italy and Greece. In recent findings agriculture
holds the highest percentage of Albanian workers at 58%. Services industry follows with 23%,
and the manufacturing industry holds 19% of workers. Although manufacturing currently holds
the lowest amount of workers in the labor force, production is rapidly expanding, and this figure
will change soon.35
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27) Cultural & Social Relations with the US:
The United States and Albania share common cultural and social aspects, while at the
same time each country has their own and unique differences. Albanians are known as being
hospitable and open to strangers and tourists, and it has been known that people who live in the
states, especially in New York, are rude to strangers and tourists. However, it is also known that
people in the south have a certain southern charm and are hospitable as well. The culture in
the US is known for being individualistic, yielding many different cultures and sub-cultures
within the country. Albania also shares differences, for some Albanians have moved away and
returned with a different aspect of culture from living in Greece or Italy. The US has many
important icons and sees art as being important. Many Albanians also appreciate art, and many
even have favorite artists.
The US and Albania also share similarities in social aspects. Children in Albania are
raised to respect elders and recognize the father as the head of the household, these upbringings
are similar to that of the US. The two countries also share some social norms, it is common for
people in both countries to enjoy dining out whether at a caf or restaurant.36
28) Natural Resources:
Albania is an interesting country in that the southern area of the country has large
resources of Petroleum, natural gas, coal and asphalt deep underground. Unlike the south the
north holds a variety of metallic content such as: Ferro-Chromium (chrome), Copper, ferronickel
and cobalt. The country also has scattered deposits of bauxite, phosphorite, gold, silver, kaolin,
magnesite, dolomite, and gypsum. Although most of Albanias high quality chrome deposits
have been exhausted since the late 1990s, chromium products were still Albanias 3rd largest
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export in 2005. There are huge markets for chrome products in American cities like Miami and
Atlanta (really all large cities), where chrome rims are highly desirable, making chrome an
important resource for Albania. Also, with the south having abundances of petroleum and gas,
these resources are important, and will become significant for Albania in the future.37
Due to the fact that over 70% of Albania is above sea level with large mountainous
regions, this has provided a great potential in hydroelectric power for the country. After
examining the countrys pollution level and desire to join the EU, taking advantage of
hydroelectric power may spark economic growth and increased trade with US companies if the
country succeeds in joining the EU. One possible downfall of this is droughts. In the late 1980s
and 1990 the country dealt with severe droughts and hydro-power dried-up, and only resumed in
1991, when heavy rainfall returned. In 2004, Albanias Prime Minister urged US investors to see
potential in Albanian natural resources, in a speech held in New York.38
29) Distribution System:
Albanias distribution system is similar to many other countries, including that of the US.
The country markets and distributes goods using a number of methods including: merchants,
agents, middlemen, retailers and wholesalers. Although these systems are all in place, it was
noted these systems are much less sophisticated than that of the rest of Europe. One important
and interesting fact is that Albanians are price sensitive, and with that in mind, keeping
middlemen out of the picture to keep costs low would be one important strategy. Typically when
selling average consumer products in Albania, one agent or distributor can cover the entire
country effectively.39
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30) US Investment Potential:
Within the last few years US businesses have begun to play a major role in Albania. In
fact, in April of 2006 the US funded the largest FDI ever in Albania, $1.9 Billion on an
energy field that is expected when complete to provide Albania with all the power and
gas they need.
This project is anticipating use of over $600 million in US equipment and services.
Also, the US using the Ex-Im Bank is furthering the opportunities for FDI, providing
more business to US companies. 40
There are several ways a US firm can got products into Albania, these include:
Joint Ventures- Local firm already set-up, helps foreign firm
Selling to Government- must develop relationship; US companies say they are
pressured with Kickbacks.
Sales Channels
Franchising/Direct Marketing- both new and growing concepts in Albania, but
expanding.
Quite interesting are some of the company names that export to Albania, some include:
Coca-Cola/Pepsi
P&G/Gillette
General Electric41
31) Ultimate Consumer Products:
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We called the US Embassy in Tirana, just to talk to an Albanian. We will discuss this
more in our presentation, but wanted you to know we did this.
Member 1:
Product 1- Cigarettes: After discovering Albania produces a significant amount of
tobacco, it would possibly provide potential not only for our company but Albania
as well. This would be possible because we could purchase Albanian tobacco,
decreasing our import costs and tariffs, at the same time we would be boosting
revenue for Albania. Although the country is poor, utilizing the countrys tobacco
will help keep the price low for our customers, while keeping that western appeal.
Product 2- Yoyos: Marketing Yoyos in a poor country may have potential
because Yoyos are a cheap form of entertainment. There also may be a large
market for our product with about 65% of the countrys population between the
ages of 15 and 65. After the product has had so much success back in the States,
our company may have a great opportunity. With discretionary income slowly
rising, but not to the point they can afford cell phones and other hand held
electronics, kids and young adults will want a form of inexpensive entertainment.
Member 2:
Product 3- Shampoo: When speaking to the man at the embassy, we discovered he
only washed his hair with soap maybe once every two weeks. Therefore it was
clear that shampoo has potential in the market as discretionary income slowly
rises. Beyond income rising, as people have more money they may want the
western feel of washing their hair with soap, even if bottled in small containers.
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Product 4- Credit Cards: As Albania is slowly repairing itself, people are going to
need a service that can help them. Although the country is poor, extending a line
of credit can provide not only the citizens of the country, but also the government
with the ability to strengthen the economy. Being a service there would be little
to no inventory, production costs, or transportation costs.
32) Level of Commitment for Products:
When thinking of products we remembered that it is important to understand that
products have different levels of commitment, depending on several factors within a
country and markets within other countries.
Product 1- Cigarettes We would introduce our product in an ethnocentric manner
using a western appeal to attract consumers. After time we could possibly market the
product in Greece also due to the products western appeal, perhaps making it a
regiocentric product, depending on our level of success.
Product 2-YoYos The product would be on the geocentric level, because no matter
where the product is sold a yoyo will basically still be a yoyo. This product could be
sold on a global basis, with very little differences yoyo to yoyo.
Product 3- Shampoo Regiocentric product. Northern Europeans may want and
need a different shampoo formula than Southern Europeans (difference in thickness
and oils, also difference in water types). Developing a formula to sell in one region
and not another suggests these products are modified based on consumers
preferences.
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Product 4-Credit Cards The same service our company provides can be obtained
literally anywhere in the world, placing it a geocentric level. We label it as geocentric
because anywhere in the world we will extend credit to people we have accepted and
there will be no significant differences between the cards and interests rates in one
country versus another.
BIBLIOGRAPGHY:
Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. Background Note: Albania. October 2006.US Department of State. Retrieved Feb 16, 2007, Website:http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3235.htm.
Dashi, Omer, Nikolla, Frank. (2004, July 30). Albania: 2004 Country Commercial Guide.Retrieved March 8, 2007, Website:http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126287e.html.
The Library of Congress. Albania: Family Life. Nov. 07, 2005. Retrieved Mar. 10, 2007,Website: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/altoc.html.
The World Factbook. CIA- The World Factbook- Albania. Feb 08 2007. Retrieved Feb 14 2007,Website:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Albania#Education_in_the_New_Albania.
Ries, Marcie B. (2006, April 25). Embassy of Unites States-Tirana: Albania.Retrieved March 8, 2007, Website:http://tirana.usembassy.gov/06pr_0421.html.
State Department: Albania-Travel Warning. Mar 1997. Retrieved Feb 25, 2007, website:http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-Travel/Albania.97-007.html.
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Albania: A Country Study.36 Albania: 2004 Country Commercial Guide.37 Zickel, Iwaskiw. 1994.38 Albania: 2004 Country Commercial Guide.39 How to Export to Albania.40 Reis, 2006.41 How to Export to Albania. 2005.