Alaska

This article is about the U.S. state of Alaska. For otheruses, see Alaska (disambiguation).“Alaskan” redirects here. For other uses, see Alaskan(disambiguation).

Coordinates: 64°N 150°W / 64°N 150°W[1]

Alaska ( i/əˈlæskə/) is a U.S. state situated in the north-west extremity of the North American continent. Bor-dering the state to the east are the Canadian territory ofYukon and the Canadian province of British Columbia;to the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, south-ern parts of the Arctic Ocean. To the west and south isthe Pacific Ocean, with Russia (specifically, ChukotkaAutonomous Okrug and Kamchatka Krai) farther westacross the Bering Strait. Alaska is the largest state inthe United States by area, the 4th least populous and theleast densely populated of the 50 United States. Approxi-mately half of Alaska’s residents (estimated at 736,732 bythe Census Bureau in 2014[3]) live within the Anchoragemetropolitan area. Alaska’s economy is dominated by theoil, natural gas, and fishing industries, resources which ithas in abundance. Tourism and military bases are also asignificant part of the economy.Although it had been occupied for over ten thousand yearsby indigenous peoples, from the 18th century onward,European powers considered the territory of Alaska ripefor exploitation and trade. The United States purchasedAlaska from the Russian Empire on March 30, 1867, for7.2 million U.S. dollars at approximately two cents peracre ($4.74/km2). The area went through several admin-istrative changes before becoming organized as a territoryon May 11, 1912. It was admitted as the 49th state of theU.S. on January 3, 1959.[5]

1 Etymology

The name “Alaska” (Аляска) was introduced in theRussian colonial period when it was used to refer to thepeninsula. It was derived from an Aleut, or Unangamidiom, which figuratively refers to the mainland ofAlaska. Literally, it means object to which the action ofthe sea is directed.[6][7][8] It is also known as Alyeska, the“great land”, an Aleut word derived from the same root.

2 Geography

Main article: Geography of Alaska

Alaska is the northernmost, easternmost and westernmoststate in the United States and has the most easterly lon-gitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islandsextend into the eastern hemisphere. Alaska is the onlynon-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America;about 500 miles (800 km) of British Columbia (Canada)separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically partof the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included incolloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S.,often called “the Lower 48”. The capital city, Juneau, issituated on the mainland of the North American conti-nent but is not connected by road to the rest of the NorthAmerican highway system.The state is bordered by Yukon and British Columbiain Canada, to the east, the Gulf of Alaska and the Pa-cific Ocean to the south, the Bering Sea, Bering Strait,and Chukchi Sea to the west and the Arctic Ocean to thenorth. Alaska’s territorial waters touch Russia’s territorialwaters in the Bering Strait, as the Russian Big DiomedeIsland and Alaskan Little Diomede Island are only 3miles(4.8 km) apart. Alaska has a longer coastline than all theother U.S. states combined.[9]

Alaska’s size compared with the 48 contiguous states. (Albersequal-area conic projection)

Alaska is the largest state in the United States in land areaat 663,268 square miles (1,717,856 km2), over twice thesize of Texas, the next largest state. Alaska is larger thanall but 18 sovereign countries. Counting territorial wa-ters, Alaska is larger than the combined area of the nextthree largest states: Texas, California, and Montana. It isalso larger than the combined area of the 22 smallest U.S.

1

2 2 GEOGRAPHY

states.

2.1 Regions

There are no officially defined borders demarcating thevarious regions of Alaska, but there are six widely ac-cepted regions:

2.1.1 South Central

Main article: South Central Alaska

The most populous region of Alaska, containingAnchorage, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley and the KenaiPeninsula. Rural, mostly unpopulated areas south ofthe Alaska Range and west of the Wrangell Mountainsalso fall within the definition of South Central, as dothe Prince William Sound area and the communities ofCordova and Valdez.

2.1.2 Southeast

Main article: Southeast Alaska

Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, thisis the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the UnitedStates. As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years followingthe Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by theAlexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass NationalForest, the largest national forest in the United States. Itcontains the state capital Juneau, the former capital Sitka,and Ketchikan, at one time Alaska’s largest city.[10] TheAlaska Marine Highway provides a vital surface trans-portation link throughout the area, as only three commu-nities (Haines, Hyder and Skagway) enjoy direct connec-tions to the contiguous North American road system.

2.1.3 Interior

Main article: Alaska InteriorThe Interior is the largest region of Alaska; much of it isuninhabited wilderness. Fairbanks is the only large city inthe region. Denali National Park and Preserve is locatedhere. Denali is the highest mountain in North America.

2.1.4 Southwest

Main article: Southwest AlaskaSouthwest Alaska is a sparsely inhabited region stretch-ing some 500 miles (800 km) inland from the Bering Sea.Most of the population lives along the coast. Kodiak Is-land is also located in Southwest. The massive Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, one of the largest river deltas in the

Denali is the highest peak in North America.

Grizzly bear fishing for salmon at Brooks Falls, part of KatmaiNational Park and Preserve.

world, is here. Portions of the Alaska Peninsula are con-sidered part of Southwest, with the remaining portionsincluded with the Aleutian Islands (see below).

2.1.5 North Slope

Main article: Alaska North Slope

TheNorth Slope ismostly tundra pepperedwith small vil-lages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crudeoil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field.[11] Barrow, the

2.3 Land ownership 3

northernmost city in the United States, is located here.The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue andalso containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regardedas being part of this region. However, the respectiveInupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arcticseldom consider themselves to be one people.

2.1.6 Aleutian Islands

Main article: Aleutian Islands

More than 300 small volcanic islands make up this chain,which stretches over 1,200 miles (1,900 km) into the Pa-cific Ocean. Some of these islands fall in the EasternHemisphere, but the International Date Line was drawnwest of 180° to keep the whole state, and thus the en-tire North American continent, within the same legal day.Two of the islands, Attu and Kiska, were occupied byJapanese forces during World War II.

2.2 Natural features

See also: Wildlife of AlaskaWith its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles

Augustine Volcano erupting on January 12, 2006

(54,720 km) of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islandschain extends west from the southern tip of the AlaskaPeninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleu-tians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for exam-ple, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasion-ally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet (3,048m) above the North Pacific. It is the most perfect vol-canic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan’sMount Fuji. The chain of volcanoes extends to MountSpurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland. Geologistshave identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large re-gion consisting of multiple states and Canadian provincesin the Pacific Northwest, which is actively undergoingcontinent building.One of the world’s largest tides occurs in Turnagain Arm,just south of Anchorage – tidal differences can be morethan 35 feet (10.7 m).[12]

Main article: List of lakes in Alaska

Alaska has more than three million lakes.[13]Marshlandsand wetland permafrost cover 188,320 square miles(487,747 km2) (mostly in northern, western and south-west flatlands). Glacier ice covers some 16,000 squaremiles (41,440 km2) of land and 1,200 square miles(3,110 km2) of tidal zone. The Bering Glacier complexnear the southeastern border with Yukon covers 2,250square miles (5,827 km2) alone. With over 100,000glaciers, Alaska has half of all in the world.

2.3 Land ownership

Alaska has more public land owned by the federal governmentthan any other state.[14]

According to an October 1998 report by the United StatesBureau of Land Management, approximately 65% ofAlaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal gov-ernment as public lands, including a multitude of nationalforests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges.[15]Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages 87million acres (35 million hectares), or 23.8% of the state.The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is managed by theUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is the world’slargest wildlife refuge, comprising 16 million acres (6.5million hectares).Of the remaining land area, the state of Alaska owns 101million acres (41 million hectares), its entitlement un-der the Alaska Statehood Act. A portion of that acreageis occasionally ceded to organized boroughs, under thestatutory provisions pertaining to newly formed boroughs.Smaller portions are set aside for rural subdivisions andother homesteading-related opportunities. These are notvery popular due to the often remote and roadless loca-tions. TheUniversity of Alaska, as a land grant university,also owns substantial acreage which it manages indepen-dently.Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are ownedby 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corpora-tions created under the Alaska Native Claims SettlementAct (ANCSA) of 1971. Regional Native corporation

4 3 HISTORY

Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest pri-vate landowner in Alaska in advertisements and othercommunications. Provisions of ANCSA allowing thecorporations’ land holdings to be sold on the open mar-ket starting in 1991 were repealed before they could takeeffect. Effectively, the corporations hold title (includingsubsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to indi-vidual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land. Individual Na-tive allotments can be and are sold on the open market,however.Various private interests own the remaining land, total-ing about one percent of the state. Alaska is, by a largemargin, the state with the smallest percentage of privateland ownership when Native corporation holdings are ex-cluded.

2.4 Climate

Main article: Climate of AlaskaThe climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic

Map depicting the climate zones of Alaska.

climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the south-ern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (KöppenCfc) in the northern parts. On an annual basis, South-east is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska withmilder temperatures in the winter and high precipitationthroughout the year. Juneau averages over 50 in (130 cm)of precipitation a year, and Ketchikan averages over 150in (380 cm).[16] This is also the only region in Alaskain which the average daytime high temperature is abovefreezing during the winter months.The climate of Anchorage and south central Alaska ismild by Alaskan standards due to the region’s proximityto the seacoast. While the area gets less rain than south-east Alaska, it getsmore snow, and days tend to be clearer.On average, Anchorage receives 16 in (41 cm) of precip-itation a year, with around 75 in (190 cm) of snow, al-though there are areas in the south central which receivefar more snow. It is a subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc)

due to its brief, cool summers.The climate ofWestern Alaska is determined in large partby the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. It is a sub-arctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continentalsubarctic climate farther north. The temperature is some-what moderate considering how far north the area is. Thisregion has a tremendous amount of variety in precipita-tion. An area stretching from the northern side of theSeward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley (i. e., the re-gion around Kotzebue Sound) is technically a desert, withportions receiving less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitationannually. On the other extreme, some locations betweenDillingham and Bethel average around 100 in (250 cm)of precipitation.[17]

The climate of the interior of Alaska is subarctic. Someof the highest and lowest temperatures in Alaska occuraround the area near Fairbanks. The summers may havetemperatures reaching into the 90s °F (the low-to-mid 30s°C), while in the winter, the temperature can fall below−60 °F (−51 °C). Precipitation is sparse in the Interior,often less than 10 in (25 cm) a year, but what precipitationfalls in the winter tends to stay the entire winter.The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in Alaskaare both in the Interior. The highest is 100 °F (38 °C) inFort Yukon (which is just 8 mi or 13 km inside the arcticcircle) on June 27, 1915,[18][19] making Alaska tied withHawaii as the state with the lowest high temperature inthe United States.[20][21] The lowest official Alaska tem-perature is −80 °F (−62 °C) in Prospect Creek on January23, 1971,[18][19] one degree above the lowest temperaturerecorded in continental North America (in Snag, Yukon,Canada).[22]

The climate in the extreme north of Alaska is Arctic(Köppen: ET) with long, very cold winters and short, coolsummers. Even in July, the average low temperature inBarrow is 34 °F (1 °C).[23] Precipitation is light in thispart of Alaska, with many places averaging less than 10in (25 cm) per year, mostly as snow which stays on theground almost the entire year.

3 History

Main articles: Prehistory of Alaska and History of Alaska

3.1 Alaska Natives

Main article: Alaska NativesNumerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thou-sands of years before the arrival of European peoples tothe area. Linguistic and DNA studies done here have pro-vided evidence for the settlement of North America byway of the Bering land bridge. The Tlingit people de-veloped a society with a matrilineal kinship system of

3.2 Colonization 5

A modern Alutiiq dancer in traditional festival garb.

property inheritance and descent in what is today South-east Alaska, along with parts of British Columbia andthe Yukon. Also in Southeast were the Haida, now wellknown for their unique arts. The Tsimshian people cameto Alaska from British Columbia in 1887, when PresidentGrover Cleveland, and later the U.S. Congress, grantedthem permission to settle on Annette Island and foundthe town of Metlakatla. All three of these peoples, aswell as other indigenous peoples of the Pacific NorthwestCoast, experienced smallpox outbreaks from the late 18ththrough the mid-19th century, with the most devastatingepidemics occurring in the 1830s and 1860s, resulting inhigh fatalities and social disruption.[25]

The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut peo-ple's seafaring society, although they were the first Na-tive Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western andSouthwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while theircousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now South-central Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the northern In-terior region are Athabaskan and primarily known todayfor their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The NorthSlope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by thewidespread Inupiat people.

3.2 Colonization

See also: Russian America

Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlementin Alaska was established in the 17th century.[26] Accord-ing to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of SemyonDezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by stormand founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based onthe testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin,who had visited Alaska in 1764–1765 and who had re-ported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by“bearded men” who “pray to the icons". Some modernresearchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River.[27]

The Russian settlement of St. Paul’s Harbor (present-day Kodiaktown), Kodiak Island, 1814.

The first European vessel to reach Alaska is generally heldto be the St. Gabriel under the authority of the surveyorM. S. Gvozdev and assistant navigator I. Fyodorov on Au-gust 21, 1732 during an expedition of Siberian cossak A.F. Shestakov and Belorussian explorer Dmitry Pavlutsky(1729—1735).[28]

Another European contact with Alaska occurred in 1741,when Vitus Bering led an expedition for the Russian Navyaboard the St. Peter. After his crew returned to Russiawith sea otter pelts judged to be the finest fur in the world,small associations of fur traders began to sail from theshores of Siberia toward the Aleutian Islands. The firstpermanent European settlement was founded in 1784.Between 1774 and 1800, Spain sent several expeditions toAlaska in order to assert its claim over the Pacific North-west. In 1789 a Spanish settlement and fort were built inNootka Sound. These expeditions gave names to placessuch as Valdez, Bucareli Sound, and Cordova. Later,the Russian-American Company carried out an expandedcolonization program during the early-to-mid-19th cen-tury.Sitka, renamed New Archangel from 1804 to 1867, onBaranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago in what isnow Southeast Alaska, became the capital of RussianAmerica. It remained the capital after the colony wastransferred to the United States. The Russians never fully

6 3 HISTORY

colonized Alaska, and the colony was never very prof-itable. Evidence of Russian settlement in names andchurches survive throughout southeast Alaska.William H. Seward, the United States Secretary of State,negotiated the Alaska Purchase (also known as Seward’sFolly) with the Russians in 1867 for $7.2 million. Alaskawas loosely governed by the military initially, and was ad-ministered as a district starting in 1884, with a governorappointed by the President of the United States. A federaldistrict court was headquartered in Sitka.

Miners and prospectors climb the Chilkoot Trail during the 1898Klondike Gold Rush.

For most of Alaska’s first decade under the United Statesflag, Sitka was the only community inhabited by Amer-ican settlers. They organized a “provisional city govern-ment,” which was Alaska’s first municipal government,but not in a legal sense.[29] Legislation allowing Alaskancommunities to legally incorporate as cities did not comeabout until 1900, and home rule for cities was extremelylimited or unavailable until statehood took effect in 1959.

3.3 U.S. Territory

See also: Territory of Alaska

Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places tothe early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearbyYukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlersto Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an orga-nized territory in 1912. Alaska’s capital, which had beenin Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Con-struction of the Alaska Governor’s Mansion began thatsame year. European immigrants from Norway and Swe-den also settled in southeast Alaska, where they enteredthe fishing and logging industries.During World War II, the Aleutian Islands Campaign fo-cused on the three outer Aleutian Islands – Attu, Agattuand Kiska[30] – that were invaded by Japanese troopsand occupied between June 1942 and August 1943.Unalaska/Dutch Harbor became a significant base for the

U.S. troops navigate snow and ice during the Battle of Attu inMay 1943.

U.S. Army Air Forces and Navy submariners.The U.S. Lend-Lease program involved the flying ofAmerican warplanes through Canada to Fairbanks andthence Nome; Soviet pilots took possession of these air-craft, ferrying them to fight the German invasion of theSoviet Union. The construction of military bases con-tributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities.

3.4 Statehood

See also: Alaska Statehood Act

Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of JamesWickersham early in his tenure as a congressional dele-gate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained itsfirst real momentum following a territorial referendumin 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska’sConstitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehoodsupporters also found themselves fighting major battlesagainst political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but alsowithin Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress onJuly 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state onJanuary 3, 1959.In 1960, the Census Bureau reported Alaska’s populationas 77.2%White, 3% Black, and 18.8% American Indianand Alaska Native.[31]

OnMarch 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquakekilled 133 people and destroyed several villages and por-tions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resul-tant tsunamis and landslides. It was the second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world,with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was over one thou-sand times more powerful than the 1989 San Franciscoearthquake. The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and

7

Kodiak, before and after the tsunami which followed the GoodFriday earthquake in 1964, destroying much of the townsite.

location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in poten-tially sparing thousands of lives, particularly in Anchor-age.The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System led to anoil boom. Royalty revenues from oil have funded largestate budgets from 1980 onward. That same year, notcoincidentally, Alaska repealed its state income tax.In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the PrinceWilliam Sound, spilling over 11 million U.S. gallons (42megaliters) of crude oil over 1,100 miles (1,800 km) ofcoastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of de-velopment and conservation is seen in the contentiousdebate over oil drilling in the Arctic National WildlifeRefuge and the proposed Pebble Mine.

3.5 Alaska Heritage Resources Survey

The Alaska Heritage Resources Survey (AHRS) is a re-stricted inventory of all reported historic and prehistoricsites within the state of Alaska; it is maintained by the Of-fice of History and Archaeology. The survey’s inventoryof cultural resources includes objects, structures, build-ings, sites, districts, and travel ways, with a general pro-

vision that they are over 50 years old. As of January 31,2012, over 35,000 sites have been reported.[32]

4 Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Alaska

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the pop-ulation of Alaska was 736,732 on July 1, 2014, a 3.73%increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3]

In 2010, Alaska ranked as the 47th state by popula-tion, ahead of North Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming(and Washington, D.C.)[3] Alaska is the least denselypopulated state, and one of the most sparsely populatedareas in the world, at 1.2 inhabitants per square mile(0.46/km2), with the next state, Wyoming, at 5.8 inhabi-tants per square mile (2.2/km2).[34] Alaska is the largestU.S. state by area, and the tenth wealthiest (per capitaincome).[35] As of November 2014, the state’s unemploy-ment rate was 6.6%.[36]

4.1 Race and ancestry

According to the 2010 United States Census, Alaska hada population of 710,231. In terms of race and ethnicity,the state was 66.7%White (64.1%Non-HispanicWhite),14.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 5.4% Asian,3.3% Black or African American, 1.0% Native Hawaiianand Other Pacific Islander, 1.6% from Some Other Race,and 7.3% from Two orMore Races. Hispanics or Latinosof any race made up 5.5% of the population.[37]

As of 2011, 50.7% of Alaska’s population younger thanone year of age belonged to minority groups (i.e., did nothave two parents of non-Hispanic white ancestry).[38]

4.2 Languages

Further information: Alaska Native languages

According to the 2011 American Community Survey,82.4% of people over the age of five speak only Englishat home. About 3.5% speak Spanish at home. About2.2% speak another Indo-European language at home andabout 4.3% speak an Asian language at home. About5.3% speak other languages at home.[42]

The Alaska Native Language Center at the Universityof Alaska Fairbanks claims that at least 20 Alaskan na-tive languages exist and there are also some languageswith different dialects.[43] Most of Alaska’s native lan-guages belong to either the Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Denelanguage families however some languages are thoughtto be isolates (e.g. Haida) or have not yet been clas-sified (e.g. Tsimshianic).[43] As of 2014 nearly all of

8 5 ECONOMY

Alaska’s native languages were classified as either threat-ened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormantlanguages.[44]

A total of 5.2% of Alaskans speak one of the state’s20 indigenous languages, known locally as “native lan-guages”. As the homeland of these two major languagefamilies of North America, Alaska has been described asthe crossroads of the continent.In October 2014, the governor of Alaska signed a billdeclaring the state’s 20 indigenous languages as officiallanguages.[45]

4.3 Religion

St. Michael’s Russian Orthodox Cathedral in downtown Sitka.

According to statistics collected by the Associationof Religion Data Archives from 2010, about 34% ofAlaska residents were members of religious congrega-tions. 100,960 people identified as Evangelical Protes-tants, 50,866 as Roman Catholic, and 32,550 as mainlineProtestants.[46] Roughly 4% are Mormon, 0.5% are Jew-ish, 1% are Muslim, 0.5% are Buddhist, and 0.5% areHindu.[47] The largest religious denominations in Alaskaas of 2010 were the Catholic Church with 50,866 adher-ents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with38,070 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 32,170 adherents, and the SouthernBaptist Convention with 19,891 adherents.[48] Alaskahas been identified, along with Pacific Northwest states

Washington and Oregon, as being the least religious statesof the USA, in terms of church membership.[49][50]

In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was estab-lished in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Nativeshelped the Russian immigrants integrate into society.As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodoxchurches gradually became established within Alaska.[51]Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by per-centage) of any state.[52] In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews inAlaska (for whom observance of halakha may pose spe-cial problems).[53] AlaskanHindus often share venues andcelebrations with members of other Asian religious com-munities, including Sikhs and Jains.[54][55][56]

Estimates for the number of Muslims in Alaska rangefrom 2,000 to 5,000.[57][58][59] The Islamic CommunityCenter of Anchorage began efforts in the late 1990s toconstruct a mosque in Anchorage. They broke ground ona building in south Anchorage in 2010 and were nearingcompletion in late 2014. When completed, the mosquewill be the first in the state and one of the northernmostmosques in the world.[60]

5 Economy

Main article: Economy of AlaskaSee also: Alaska locations by per capita incomeThe 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in

Aerial view of infrastructure at the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field.

the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was$40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. According to a 2013study by Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska hadthe fifth-largest number of millionaires per capita in theUnited States, with a ratio of 6.75 percent.[61] The oil andgas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with morethan 80% of the state’s revenues derived from petroleumextraction. Alaska’s main export product (excluding oiland natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pol-lock and crab.Agriculture represents a very small fraction of theAlaskan economy. Agricultural production is primarilyfor consumption within the state and includes nursery

5.1 Energy 9

stock, dairy products, vegetables, and livestock. Man-ufacturing is limited, with most foodstuffs and generalgoods imported from elsewhere.Employment is primarily in government and industriessuch as natural resource extraction, shipping, and trans-portation. Military bases are a significant component ofthe economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage andKodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak. Federal sub-sidies are also an important part of the economy, allowingthe state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crudepetroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zincand other mining, seafood processing, timber and woodproducts. There is also a growing service and tourismsector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by sup-porting local lodging.

5.1 Energy

See also: Natural gas in Alaska and Energy law § AlaskalawAlaska has vast energy resources, although its oil re-

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline transports oil, Alaska’s most finan-cially important export, from the North Slope to Valdez. Per-tinent are the heat pipes in the column mounts, which disperseheat upwards and prevent melting of permafrost.

serves have been largely depleted. Major oil and gas re-serves were found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) andCook Inlet basins, but according to the Energy Informa-tion Administration, by February 2014 Alaska had fallento fourth place in the nation in crude oil production af-ter Texas, North Dakota, and California.[62][63] Prudhoe

Bay on Alaska’s North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States, typically producingabout 400,000 barrels per day (64,000m3/d), although byearly 2014 North Dakota’s Bakken Formation was pro-ducing over 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m3/d).[64]Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field everdiscovered in North America, but was much smaller thanCanada’s enormous Athabasca oil sands field, which by2014 was producing about 1,500,000 barrels per day(240,000 m3/d) of unconventional oil, and had hundredsof years of producible reserves at that rate.[65]

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day,more than any other crude oil pipeline in the UnitedStates. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are foundin Alaska’s bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coalbasins. The United States Geological Survey estimatesthat there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) ofundiscovered, technically recoverable gas from naturalgas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope.[66] Alaska alsooffers some of the highest hydroelectric power potentialin the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths ofthe Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energypotential as well.[67]

Alaska’s economy depends heavily on increasingly expen-sive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric powerand light. Though wind and hydroelectric power areabundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewideenergy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric inter-ties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the re-port, 2001) due to low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, longdistances and low population.[68] The cost of a gallon ofgas in urban Alaska today is usually 30–60¢ higher thanthe national average; prices in rural areas are generallysignificantly higher but vary widely depending on trans-portation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleumdevelopment infrastructure and many other factors.

5.1.1 Permanent Fund

The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally autho-rized appropriation of oil revenues, established by vot-ers in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum rev-enues from oil, largely in anticipation of the recently con-structed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The fund wasoriginally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eveof the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that thelegislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale(which amounted to $900 million) at once. It was laterchampioned by Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai staterepresentative HughMalone. It has served as an attractivepolitical prospect ever since, diverting revenues whichwould normally be deposited into the general fund.The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discour-age dedicating state funds for a particular purpose. ThePermanent Fund has become the rare exception to this,

10 5 ECONOMY

mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing dur-ing the time of its creation. From its initial principal of$734,000, the fund has grown to $50 billion as a resultof oil royalties and capital investment programs.[69] Mostif not all the principal is invested conservatively outsideAlaska. This has led to frequent calls by Alaskan politi-cians for the Fund to make investments within Alaska,though such a stance has never gained momentum.Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund’s annual growthhave been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, rang-ing from an initial $1,000 in 1982 (equal to three years’payout, as the distribution of payments was held up in alawsuit over the distribution scheme) to $3,269 in 2008(which included a one-time $1,200 “Resource Rebate”).Every year, the state legislature takes out 8% from theearnings, puts 3% back into the principal for inflationproofing, and the remaining 5% is distributed to all qual-ifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Permanent Fund Div-idend, one must have lived in the state for a minimum of12 months, maintain constant residency subject to allow-able absences,[70] and not be subject to court judgmentsor criminal convictions which fall under various disqual-ifying classifications or may subject the payment amountto civil garnishment.The Permanent Fund is often considered to be one ofthe leading examples of a "Basic Income" policy in theworld.[71]

5.2 Cost of living

The cost of goods in Alaska has long been higher than inthe contiguous 48 states. Federal government employees,particularly United States Postal Service (USPS) workersand active-duty military members, receive a Cost of Liv-ing Allowance usually set at 25% of base pay because,while the cost of living has gone down, it is still one ofthe highest in the country.Rural Alaska suffers from extremely high prices for foodand consumer goods compared to the rest of the country,due to the relatively limited transportation infrastructure.

5.3 Agriculture and fishing

Due to the northern climate and short growing season,relatively little farming occurs in Alaska. Most farmsare in either the Matanuska Valley, about 40 miles (64km) northeast of Anchorage, or on the Kenai Peninsula,about 60 miles (97 km) southwest of Anchorage. Theshort 100-day growing season limits the crops that canbe grown, but the long sunny summer days make for pro-ductive growing seasons. The primary crops are potatoes,carrots, lettuce, and cabbage.The Tanana Valley is another notable agricultural locus,especially the Delta Junction area, about 100 miles (160km) southeast of Fairbanks, with a sizable concentration

Halibut is important to the state’s economy as both a commercialand sport-caught fish.

of farms growing agronomic crops; these farms mostly lienorth and east of Fort Greely. This area was largely setaside and developed under a state program spearheadedby Hammond during his second term as governor. Delta-area crops consist predominately of barley and hay. Westof Fairbanks lies another concentration of small farmscatering to restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, andcommunity-supported agriculture.Alaskan agriculture has experienced a surge in growth ofmarket gardeners, small farms and farmers’ markets inrecent years, with the highest percentage increase (46%)in the nation in growth in farmers’ markets in 2011, com-pared to 17% nationwide.[72] The peony industry has alsotaken off, as the growing season allows farmers to harvestduring a gap in supply elsewhere in the world, therebyfilling a niche in the flower market.[73]

Alaska, with no counties, lacks county fairs. However, asmall assortment of state and local fairs (with the AlaskaState Fair in Palmer the largest), are held mostly in thelate summer. The fairs are mostly located in communi-ties with historic or current agricultural activity, and fea-ture local farmers exhibiting produce in addition to morehigh-profile commercial activities such as carnival rides,concerts and food. “Alaska Grown” is used as an agricul-tural slogan.Alaska has an abundance of seafood, with the primaryfisheries in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific. Seafoodis one of the few food items that is often cheaper withinthe state than outside it. Many Alaskans take advantage

6.1 Roads 11

of salmon seasons to harvest portions of their householddiet while fishing for subsistence, as well as sport. Thisincludes fish taken by hook, net or wheel.[74]

Hunting for subsistence, primarily caribou, moose, andDall sheep is still common in the state, particularly in re-mote Bush communities. An example of a traditional na-tive food is Akutaq, the Eskimo ice cream, which canconsist of reindeer fat, seal oil, dried fish meat and localberries.Alaska’s reindeer herding is concentrated on SewardPeninsula, where wild caribou can be preventedfrom mingling and migrating with the domesticatedreindeer.[75]

Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from“Outside”, and shipping costs make food in the citiesrelatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence huntingand gathering is an essential activity because importedfood is prohibitively expensive. Though most small townsand villages in Alaska lie along the coastline, the costof importing food to remote villages can be high, be-cause of the terrain and difficult road conditions, whichchange dramatically, due to varying climate and precipi-tation changes. The cost of transport can reach as high as50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg) or more in some remote areas,during the most difficult times, if these locations can bereached at all during such inclement weather and terrainconditions. The cost of delivering a 1 US gallon (3.8 L) ofmilk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita in-come can be $20,000 or less. Fuel cost per gallon is rou-tinely 20–30¢ higher than the continental United Statesaverage, with only Hawaii having higher prices.[76][77]

6 Transportation

The Sterling Highway, near its intersection with the Seward High-way.

Main article: Transportation in Alaska

6.1 Roads

See also: List of Alaska RoutesAlaska has few road connections compared to the rest of

The Susitna River bridge on the Denali Highway is 1,036 feet(316 m) long.

Alaska Interstate Highways.

the U.S. The state’s road system covers a relatively smallarea of the state, linking the central population centersand the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of thestate through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is notaccessible by road, only a car ferry, which has spurredseveral debates over the decades about moving the capi-tal to a city on the road system, or building a road con-nection from Haines. The western part of Alaska has noroad system connecting the communities with the rest ofAlaska.One unique feature of the Alaska Highway system isthe Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, an active AlaskaRailroad tunnel recently upgraded to provide a pavedroadway link with the isolated community of Whittier onPrince William Sound to the Seward Highway about 50miles (80 km) southeast of Anchorage at Portage. At 2.5miles (4.0 km), the tunnel was the longest road tunnel inNorth America until 2007.[78] The tunnel is the longestcombination road and rail tunnel in North America.

12 6 TRANSPORTATION

6.2 Rail

An Alaska Railroad locomotive and tanker cars crossing theGeorge Parks Highway in 1994.

The White Pass and Yukon Route traverses rugged terrain northof Skagway near the Canadian border.

Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played akey role in the development of Alaska through the 20thcentury. It links north Pacific shipping through providingcritical infrastructure with tracks that run from Seward toInterior Alaska by way of South Central Alaska, passingthrough Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali,and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and NorthPole. The cities, towns, villages, and region served byARR tracks are known statewide as “The Railbelt”. In re-cent years, the ever-improving paved highway system be-gan to eclipse the railroad’s importance in Alaska’s econ-omy.The railroad played a vital role in Alaska’s development,moving freight into Alaska while transporting natural re-sources southward (i.e., coal from the Usibelli coal minenear Healy to Seward and gravel from theMatanuska Val-ley to Anchorage). It is well known for its summertimetour passenger service.TheAlaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in NorthAmerica to use cabooses in regular service and still usesthem on some gravel trains. It continues to offer oneof the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch ofabout 60 miles (100 km) of track along an area north ofTalkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad pro-

vides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins inthe area. Until construction of the Parks Highway in the1970s, the railroad provided the only land access to mostof the region along its entire route.In northern Southeast Alaska, the White Pass and YukonRoute also partly runs through the state from Skagwaynorthwards into Canada (British Columbia and YukonTerritory), crossing the border at White Pass Summit.This line is now mainly used by tourists, often arrivingby cruise liner at Skagway. It was featured in the 1983BBC television series Great Little Railways.The Alaska Rail network is not connected to Outside. In2000, the U.S. Congress authorized $6 million to studythe feasibility of a rail link between Alaska, Canada, andthe lower 48.[79][80][81]

Alaska Rail Marine provides car float service betweenWhittier and Seattle.

6.3 Marine transport

Many cities, towns and villages in the state do not haveroad or highway access; the only modes of access involvetravel by air, river, or the sea.

The MV Tustumena (named after Tustumena Glacier) is oneof the state’s many ferries, providing service between the KenaiPeninsula, Kodiak Island and the Aleutian Chain.

Alaska’s well-developed state-owned ferry system(known as the Alaska Marine Highway) serves the citiesof southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula.The ferries transport vehicles as well as passengers. Thesystem also operates a ferry service from Bellingham,Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia inCanada through the Inside Passage to Skagway. TheInter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an importantmarine link for many communities in the Prince ofWales Island region of Southeast and works in concertwith the Alaska Marine Highway.In recent years, cruise lines have created a summertimetourism market, mainly connecting the Pacific Northwestto Southeast Alaska and, to a lesser degree, towns along

6.5 Other transport 13

Alaska’s gulf coast. The population of Ketchikan mayrise by over 10,000 people on many days during the sum-mer, as up to four large cruise ships at a time can dock,debarking thousands of passengers.

6.4 Air transport

Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reachedonly by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting forAlaska’s extremely well developed bush air services—anAlaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fair-banks, is served by many major airlines. Because of lim-ited highway access, air travel remains the most efficientform of transportation in and out of the state. Anchoragerecently completed extensive remodeling and construc-tion at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport tohelp accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012-2013,Alaska received almost 2 million visitors).[82]

Regular flights to most villages and towns within the statethat are commercially viable are challenging to provide,so they are heavily subsidized by the federal governmentthrough the Essential Air Service program. Alaska Air-lines is the only major airline offering in-state travel withjet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passen-ger Boeing 737−400s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks toregional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham,Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to majorSoutheast and Alaska Peninsula communities.

A Bombardier Dash 8, operated by Era Alaska, on approach toTed Stevens Anchorage International Airport.

The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings comefrom small regional commuter airlines such as RavnAlaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service. The small-est towns and villages must rely on scheduled or charteredbush flying services using general aviation aircraft suchas the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in usein the state. Much of this service can be attributed to theAlaska bypass mail program which subsidizes bulk maildelivery to Alaskan rural communities. The program re-quires 70% of that subsidy to go to carriers who offerpassenger service to the communities.Many communities have small air taxi services. Theseoperations originated from the demand for customized

transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessen-tially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world’sbusiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to TedStevens Anchorage International Airport, where flightsbound for remote villages without an airstrip carry pas-sengers, cargo, and many items from stores and ware-house clubs. In 2006 Alaska had the highest number ofpilots per capita of any U.S. state.[83]

6.5 Other transport

Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. Inmodern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s),dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means oftransportation. Various races are held around the state,but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race,a 1,150-mile (1,850 km) trail from Anchorage to Nome(although the distance varies from year to year, the offi-cial distance is set at 1,049 miles or 1,688 km). The racecommemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome inwhich mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-neededmedicine to the diphtheria-stricken community ofNome when all other means of transportation had failed.Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage eachMarch to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige. The“Serum Run” is another sled dog race that more accu-rately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leavingfrom the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks)to Nome.[84]

In areas not served by road or rail, primary transporta-tion in summer is by all-terrain vehicle and in winter bysnowmobile or “snow machine,” as it is commonly re-ferred to in Alaska.

6.6 Data transport

Alaska’s internet and other data transport systems areprovided largely through the two major telecommuni-cations companies: GCI and Alaska Communications.GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska UnitedFiber Optic system[85] and as of late 2011 Alaska Com-munications advertised that it has “two fiber optic pathsto the lower 48 and two more across Alaska.[86] In Jan-uary 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project torun connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned,aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the fed-eral government.[87]

7 Law and government

7.1 State government

Main article: Government of Alaska

14 7 LAW AND GOVERNMENT

The center of state government in Juneau. The large buildings inthe background are, from left to right: the Court Plaza Building(known colloquially as the "Spam Can"), the State Office Building(behind), the Alaska Office Building, the John H. Dimond StateCourthouse, and the Alaska State Capitol. Many of the smallerbuildings in the foreground are also occupied by state governmentagencies.

Like all other U.S. states, Alaska is governed as a re-public, with three branches of government: an executivebranch consisting of the Governor of Alaska and the otherindependently elected constitutional officers; a legislativebranch consisting of the Alaska House of Representativesand Alaska Senate; and a judicial branch consisting of theAlaska Supreme Court and lower courts.The state of Alaska employs approximately 16,000 peo-ple statewide.[88]

The Alaska Legislature consists of a 40-member Houseof Representatives and a 20-member Senate. Sena-tors serve four-year terms and House members two.The Governor of Alaska serves four-year terms. Thelieutenant governor runs separately from the governor inthe primaries, but during the general election, the nomi-nee for governor and nominee for lieutenant governor runtogether on the same ticket.Alaska’s court system has four levels: theAlaska SupremeCourt, the Alaska Court of Appeals, the superior courtsand the district courts.[89] The superior and district courtsare trial courts. Superior courts are courts of general ju-risdiction, while district courts only hear certain typesof cases, including misdemeanor criminal cases and civilcases valued up to $100,000.[89]

The Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals areappellate courts. The Court of Appeals is required tohear appeals from certain lower-court decisions, includ-ing those regarding criminal prosecutions, juvenile delin-quency, and habeas corpus.[89] The Supreme Court hearscivil appeals and may in its discretion hear criminalappeals.[89]

7.2 State politics

Main article: Politics of AlaskaFurther information: Political party strength in Alaska,Alaska political corruption probe

Although in its early years of statehood Alaska was aDemocratic state, since the early 1970s it has been char-acterized as Republican-leaning.[90] Local political com-munities have often worked on issues related to landuse development, fishing, tourism, and individual rights.Alaska Natives, while organized in and around their com-munities, have been active within the Native corpora-tions. These have been given ownership over large tractsof land, which require stewardship.Alaska was formerly the only state in which possession ofone ounce or less of marijuana in one’s home was com-pletely legal under state law, though the federal law re-mains in force.[91]

The state has an independence movement favoring a voteon secession from the United States, with the Alaskan In-dependence Party.[92]

Six Republicans and four Democrats have served as gov-ernor of Alaska. In addition, Republican Governor WallyHickel was elected to the office for a second term in 1990after leaving the Republican party and briefly joining theAlaskan Independence Party ticket just long enough to bereelected. He subsequently officially rejoined the Repub-lican party in 1994.Alaska’s voter initiative making marijuana legal takes ef-fect 24 February 2015, placing Alaska alongside Col-orado and Washington as the three U.S. states whererecreational marijuana is legal. The new law means peo-ple over age 21 can consume small amounts of pot — ifthey can find it. It’s still illegal to sell marijuana.[93]

7.3 Taxes

To finance state government operations, Alaska dependsprimarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies.This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden inthe United States.[94] It is one of five states with no statesales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individ-ual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither.The Department of Revenue Tax Division[95] reports reg-ularly on the state’s revenue sources. The Departmentalso issues an annual summary of its operations, includ-ing new state laws that directly affect the tax division.While Alaska has no state sales tax, 89 municipalitiescollect a local sales tax, from 1.0–7.5%, typically 3–5%.Other local taxes levied include raw fish taxes, hotel, mo-tel, and bed-and-breakfast 'bed' taxes, severance taxes,liquor and tobacco taxes, gaming (pull tabs) taxes, tiretaxes and fuel transfer taxes. A part of the revenue col-lected from certain state taxes and license fees (such as

15

petroleum, aviation motor fuel, telephone cooperative) isshared with municipalities in Alaska.Fairbanks has one of the highest property taxes in thestate as no sales or income taxes are assessed in theFairbanks North Star Borough (FNSB). A sales tax forthe FNSB has been voted on many times, but has yet tobe approved, leading law makers to increase taxes dra-matically on goods such as liquor and tobacco.In 2014 the Tax Foundation ranked Alaska as having thefourth most “business friendly” tax policy, behind onlyWyoming, South Dakota, and Nevada.[96]

7.4 Federal politics

Main article: Politics of AlaskaSee also: Arctic Policy of the United States

Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidentialelections and has done so since statehood. Republi-cans have won the state’s electoral college votes in allbut one election that it has participated in (1964). Nostate has voted for a Democratic presidential candidatefewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nomineeLyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964,while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since1972, however, Republicans have carried the state bylarge margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain de-feated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to37.83%. McCain’s running mate was Sarah Palin, thestate’s governor and the first Alaskan on a major partyticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured40% of the state’s vote in that election, making him thefirst Democrat to do so since 1968.The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown anddowntown Anchorage, and the areas surrounding theUniversity of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Esterhave been strongholds of the Democratic Party. TheMatanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks(including North Pole and the military base), and SouthAnchorage typically have the strongest Republicanshowing. As of 2004, well over half of all registeredvoters have chosen “Non-Partisan” or “Undeclared”as their affiliation,[97] despite recent attempts to closeprimaries to unaffiliated voters.Because of its population relative to other U.S. states,Alaska has only one member in the U.S. House of Rep-resentatives. This seat is held by Republican Don Young,who was re-elected to his 21st consecutive term in 2012.Alaska’s At-large congressional district is one of thelargest parliamentary constituencies in the world.In 2008, Governor Sarah Palin became the first Repub-lican woman to run on a national ticket when she be-came John McCain's running mate. She continued to bea prominent national figure even after resigning from thegovernor’s job in July 2009.[98]

Alaska’s United States Senators belong to Class 2 andClass 3. In 2008, Democrat Mark Begich, mayor ofAnchorage, defeated long-time Republican senator TedStevens. Stevens had been convicted on seven felonycounts of failing to report gifts on Senate financial dis-closer forms one week before the election. The convic-tion was set aside in April 2009 after evidence of prose-cutorial misconduct emerged.Republican Frank Murkowski held the state’s other sen-atorial position. After being elected governor in 2002,he resigned from the Senate and appointed his daughter,State Representative Lisa Murkowski as his successor.She won full six-year terms in 2004 and 2010.

• Alaska’s current statewide elected officials

• Bill Walker, Governor

• Byron Mallott, Lieutenant Governor

• Lisa Murkowski, senior United States Senator

• Dan Sullivan, junior United States Senator

• Don Young, at-large United States Representative

8 Cities, towns and boroughs

See also: List of cities in Alaska by population, Alaskalocations by per capita income and List of boroughs andcensus areas in Alaska

Alaska is not divided into counties, as most of the

Anchorage, Alaska, Alaska’s largest city.

other U.S. states, but it is divided into boroughs. Manyof the more densely populated parts of the state are partof Alaska’s 16 boroughs, which function somewhat simi-larly to counties in other states. However, unlike county-equivalents in the other 49 states, the boroughs do notcover the entire land area of the state. The area not partof any borough is referred to as theUnorganized Borough.The Unorganized Borough has no government of its own,but the U.S. Census Bureau in cooperation with the state

16 8 CITIES, TOWNS AND BOROUGHS

Fairbanks, Alaska’s second-largest city and by a significant mar-gin the largest city in Alaska’s interior.

Juneau, Alaska’s third-largest city and its capital.

Bethel, the largest city in the Unorganized Borough and in ruralAlaska.

divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areassolely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presen-tation. A recording district is a mechanism for administra-tion of the public record in Alaska. The state is dividedinto 34 recording districts which are centrally adminis-tered under a State Recorder. All recording districts usethe same acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc., for ac-

Homer, showing (from bottom to top) the edge of downtown, itsairport and the Spit.

Barrow (Browerville neighborhood near Eben Hopson MiddleSchool shown), known colloquially for many years by the nick-name “Top of the World”, is the northernmost city in the UnitedStates.

Cordova, built in the early 20th century to support the KennecottMines and the Copper River and Northwestern Railway, has per-severed as a fishing community since their closure.

cepting documents into the public record.Whereas many U.S. states use a three-tiered sys-tem of decentralization—state/county/township—mostof Alaska uses only two tiers—state/borough. Owing tothe low population density, most of the land is located in

17

Main Street in Talkeetna.

the Unorganized Borough. As the name implies, it hasno intermediate borough government but is administereddirectly by the state government. In 2000, 57.71% ofAlaska’s area has this status, with 13.05% of the popula-tion.Anchorage merged the city government with the GreaterAnchorage Area Borough in 1975 to form theMunicipal-ity of Anchorage, containing the city proper and the com-munities of Eagle River, Chugiak, Peters Creek, Gird-wood, Bird, and Indian. Fairbanks has a separate borough(the Fairbanks North Star Borough) andmunicipality (theCity of Fairbanks).The state’s most populous city is Anchorage, home to278,700 people in 2006, 225,744 of whom live in the ur-banized area. The richest location in Alaska by per capitaincome is Halibut Cove ($89,895). Yakutat City, Sitka,Juneau, and Anchorage are the four largest cities in theU.S. by area.

8.1 Cities and census-designated places(by population)

As reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaskahas a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includesfour unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of aconsolidated city–county. The majority of these commu-nities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as"The Bush" and are unconnected to the contiguous NorthAmerican road network. The table at the bottom of thissection lists the 100 largest cities and census-designatedplaces in Alaska, in population order.Of Alaska’s 2010 Census population figure of 710,231,20,429 people, or 2.88% of the population, did not livein an incorporated city or census-designated place. Ap-proximately three-quarters of that figure were people wholive in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the out-skirts of the city limits of Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer andWasilla. CDPs have not been established for these areas

by the United States Census Bureau, except that sevenCDPs were established for the Ketchikan-area neighbor-hoods in the 1980 Census (Clover Pass, Herring Cove,Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass High-way, Pennock Island and Saxman East), but have notbeen used since. The remaining population was scatteredthroughout Alaska, both within organized boroughs andin the Unorganized Borough, in largely remote areas.

9 Education

The Kachemak Bay Campus of the University of Alaska Anchor-age, located in downtown Homer.

The Alaska Department of Education and Early Devel-opment administers many school districts in Alaska. Inaddition, the state operates a boarding school, Mt. Edge-cumbe High School in Sitka, and provides partial fund-ing for other boarding schools, including Nenana StudentLiving Center in Nenana and The Galena Interior Learn-ing Academy in Galena.[99]

There are more than a dozen colleges and universitiesin Alaska. Accredited universities in Alaska include theUniversity of Alaska Anchorage, University of AlaskaFairbanks, University of Alaska Southeast, and AlaskaPacific University.[100] Alaska is the only state that hasno institutions that are part of the NCAA Division I.The Alaska Department of Labor and WorkforceDevelopment operates AVTEC, Alaska’s Institute ofTechnology.[101] Campuses in Seward and Anchorage of-fer 1 week to 11-month training programs in areas as di-verse as Information Technology, Welding, Nursing, andMechanics.Alaska has had a problem with a "brain drain". Manyof its young people, including most of the highest aca-demic achievers, leave the state after high school grad-uation and do not return. As of 2013, Alaska did nothave a law school or medical school.[102] The Universityof Alaska has attempted to combat this by offering par-tial four-year scholarships to the top 10% of Alaska highschool graduates, via the Alaska Scholars Program.[103]

18 11 CULTURE

10 Public health and public safety

See also: Dentistry in rural Alaska

The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska’s statewide policeforce. They have a long and storied history, but werenot an official organization until 1941. Before the forcewas officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska washandled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usu-ally have their own local police and some villages relyon “Public Safety Officers” who have police training butdo not carry firearms. In much of the state, the troop-ers serve as the only police force available. In addition toenforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers en-force hunting and fishing regulations. Due to the variedterrain and wide scope of the Troopers’ duties, they em-ploy a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles.Many rural communities in Alaska are considered“dry,” having outlawed the importation of alcoholicbeverages.[104] Suicide rates for rural residents are higherthan urban.[105]

Domestic abuse and other violent crimes are also athigh levels in the state; this is in part linked to alcoholabuse.[106] Alaska has the highest rate of sexual assaultin the nation, especially in rural areas. The average ageof sexually assaulted victims is 16 years old. In fourout of five cases, the suspects were relatives, friends oracquaintances.[107]

11 Culture

See also: List of artists and writers from AlaskaSome of Alaska’s popular annual events are the Iditarod

A dog team in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, arguably themost popular winter event in Alaska.

Trail Sled Dog Race that starts in Anchorage and ends inNome, World Ice Art Championships in Fairbanks, theBlueberry Festival and Alaska Hummingbird Festival inKetchikan, the Sitka Whale Fest, and the Stikine RiverGarnet Fest in Wrangell. The Stikine River attracts the

largest springtime concentration of American bald eaglesin the world.The Alaska Native Heritage Center celebrates the richheritage of Alaska’s 11 cultural groups. Their purposeis to encourage cross-cultural exchanges among all peo-ple and enhance self-esteem among Native people. TheAlaska Native Arts Foundation promotes and marketsNative art from all regions and cultures in the State, usingthe internet.[108]

11.1 Music

Main article: Music of Alaska

Influences on music in Alaska include the traditional mu-sic ofAlaskaNatives as well as folkmusic brought by laterimmigrants from Russia and Europe. Prominent musi-cians from Alaska include singer Jewel, traditional Aleutflautist Mary Youngblood, folk singer-songwriter LibbyRoderick, Christian music singer/songwriter LincolnBrewster, metal/post hardcore band 36 Crazyfists and thegroups Pamyua and Portugal. The Man.There are many established music festivals in Alaska,including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Sum-mer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival, theAthabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka JazzFestival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. Themost prominent orchestra in Alaska is the AnchorageSymphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks SymphonyOrchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. TheAnchorage Opera is currently the state’s only professionalopera company, though there are several volunteer andsemi-professional organizations in the state as well.The official state song of Alaska is "Alaska’s Flag", whichwas adopted in 1955; it celebrates the flag of Alaska.

11.2 Alaska in film and on television

See also: List of films set in AlaskaAlaska’s first independent picture entirely made in

Alaska was The Chechahcos, produced by Alaskan busi-nessman Austin E. Lathrop and filmed in and around An-chorage. Released in 1924 by the Alaska Moving PictureCorporation, it was the only film the company made.One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska isMGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring AlaskaNative Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out fromMGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what wasthen billed as “The Biggest Picture Ever Made.” Upon ar-riving inAlaska, they set up “CampHollywood” inNorth-west Alaska, where they lived during the duration of thefilming. Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of theremote location, going so far as to hire the chef from theHotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals.

19

Films featuring Alaskan wolves usually employ domesticatedwolf-dog hybrids to stand in for wild wolves.

When Eskimo premiered at the Astor Theatre in NewYork City, the studio received the largest amount of feed-back in its history to that point. Eskimo was critically ac-claimed and released worldwide; as a result, Mala becamean international movie star. Eskimo won the first Oscarfor Best Film Editing at the Academy Awards, and show-cased and preserved aspects of Inupiat culture on film.The 1983 Disney movie Never Cry Wolf was at least par-tially shot in Alaska. The 1991 film White Fang, basedon Jack London's novel and starring Ethan Hawke, wasfilmed in and around Haines. Steven Seagal's 1994 OnDeadly Ground, starring Michael Caine, was filmed inpart at the Worthington Glacier near Valdez.[109] The1999 John Sayles film Limbo, starring David Strathairn,Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, and Kris Kristofferson,was filmed in Juneau.The psychological thriller Insomnia, starring Al Pacinoand Robin Williams, was shot in Canada, but was set inAlaska. The 2007 film directed by Sean Penn, Into TheWild, was partially filmed and set in Alaska. The film,which is based on the novel of the same name, followsthe adventures of Christopher McCandless, who died ina remote abandoned bus along the Stampede Trail westof Healy in 1992.Many films and television shows set in Alaska are notfilmed there; for example, Northern Exposure, set in the

fictional town of Cicely, Alaska, was filmed in Roslyn,Washington. The 2007 horror feature 30 Days of Nightis set in Barrow, but was filmed in New Zealand.Many reality television shows are filmed in Alaska. In2011 the Anchorage Daily News found ten set in thestate.[110]

12 State symbols

Main article: List of Alaska state symbols

The forget-me-not is the state’s official flower and bears the sameblue and gold as the state flag.

• State motto: North to the Future

• Nicknames: “The Last Frontier” or “Land of theMidnight Sun” or “Seward’s Icebox”

• State bird: willow ptarmigan, adopted by the Terri-torial Legislature in 1955. It is a small (15–17 in or380–430 mm) Arctic grouse that lives among wil-lows and on open tundra and muskeg. Plumage isbrown in summer, changing to white in winter. Thewillow ptarmigan is common in much of Alaska.

• State fish: king salmon, adopted 1962.

• State flower: wild/native forget-me-not, adopted bythe Territorial Legislature in 1917.[111] It is a peren-nial that is found throughout Alaska, from Hyder tothe Arctic Coast, and west to the Aleutians.

• State fossil: woolly mammoth, adopted 1986.

• State gem: jade, adopted 1968.

• State insect: four-spot skimmer dragonfly, adopted1995.

• State land mammal: moose, adopted 1998.

20 14 REFERENCES

• State marine mammal: bowhead whale, adopted1983.

• State mineral: gold, adopted 1968.

• State song: "Alaska’s Flag"

• State sport: dog mushing, adopted 1972.

• State tree: Sitka spruce, adopted 1962.

• State dog: Alaskan Malamute, adopted 2010.[112]

• State soil: Tanana,[113] adopted unknown.

13 See also• Index of Alaska-related articles

• Outline of Alaska – organized list of topics aboutAlaska

• Sports in Alaska

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United States Geological Survey.

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[3] “Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population forthe United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April1, 2010 to July 1, 2014” (CSV). U.S. Census Bureau. De-cember 26, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014.

[4] “Elevations and Distances in the United States”. UnitedStates Geological Survey. 2001. Retrieved October 21,2011.

[5] Video: 49th Star. Alaska Statehood, New Flag, Official,1959/01/05 (1959). Universal Newsreel. 1959. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2012.

[6] Bergsland, Knut (ed.) (1994). Aleut Dictionary:Unangam Tunudgusii. Alaska Native Language Center.ISBN 1-55500-047-9., at pp. 49 (Alaxsxi-x = mainlandAlaska), 50 (alagu-x = sea), 508 (-gi = suffix, object of itsaction).

[7] Bright, William (2007). Native American Placenames inthe United States. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN978-0806135984.

[8] Ransom, J. Ellis. 1940. “Derivation of the Word“Alaska”, " American Anthropologist n.s., 42: pp. 550–551

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[11] Alaska.com. “Alaska.com”. Alaska.com. Archived fromthe original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2010.

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[38] Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). “Americans under age 1 nowmostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot”.The Plain Dealer.

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[46] “The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Mem-bership Report”. www.thearda.com. Retrieved Novem-ber 15, 2013.

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[51] “An early Russian Orthodox Church”. Vilda.alaska.edu.Retrieved June 2, 2010.

[52] “Association of Religion Data Archive”. Thearda.com.Retrieved June 2, 2010.

[53] Table 76. Religious Bodies—Selected Data. U.S. CensusBureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011.

[54] Kalyan, Mala. “Shri Ganesha Mandir of Alaska”. Cul-tural Association of India Anchorage. Archived from theoriginal on February 11, 2009.

[55] “Hindu Temples in USA – Hindu Mandirs in USA”. Hin-dumandir.us. Archived from the original on June 16,2010. Retrieved June 2, 2010.

[56] “Holi & Baisakhi celebrated by Alaskan Hindus andSikhs”. Cultural Association of India Anchorage.Archived from the original on February 11, 2009.

[57] “First Muslim cemetery opens in Alaska”. Archived fromthe original on January 16, 2009.

[58] “EngagingMuslim: Religion, Culture, Politics”. Archivedfrom the original on February 15, 2009.

[59] “Alaskan Muslims Avoid Conflict”. Humanitynews.net.July 7, 2005. Archived from the original on 13 January2009. Retrieved June 2, 2010.

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[61] Frank, Robert. “Top states for millionaires per capita”.CNBC. Retrieved January 22, 2014.

[62] “EIA State Energy Profiles: Alaska”. U.S. Energy Infor-mation Administration. March 27, 2014. Retrieved May21, 2014.

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[64] “ND Monthly Bakken Oil Production Statistics” (PDF).North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources. Re-trieved May 21, 2014.

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23

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[113] TANANA – ALASKA STATE SOIL U.S. Departmentof Agriculture

15 External links

• Alaska at DMOZ

• Alaska’s Digital Archives

• Alaska Inter-Tribal Council

• The short film Alaska (1967) is available for freedownload at the Internet Archive

• Geographic data related to Alaska atOpenStreetMap

US federal government

• Alaska State Guide from the Library of Congress

• Energy & Environmental Data for Alaska

• USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific re-sources of Alaska

• US Census Bureau

• Alaska State Facts

• Alaska Statehood Subject Guide from the Eisen-hower Presidential Library

• Alaska Statehood documents, Dwight D. Eisen-hower Presidential Library

Alaska state government

• State of Alaska website

• Alaska State Databases – Annotated list of search-able databases produced by Alaska state agen-cies and compiled by the Government DocumentsRoundtable of the American Library Association.

• Alaska Department of Natural Resources,Recorder’s Office

24 16 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

16 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

16.1 Text• Alaska Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska?oldid=693106062Contributors: The Epopt, Brion VIBBER, Vicki Rosenzweig, Mav,

Bryan Derksen, The Anome, RobLa, Manning Bartlett, Jeronimo, Malcolm Farmer, Ed Poor, BenBaker, Andre Engels, Eclecticology,Youssefsan, Danny, Fredbauder, Sfmontyo, Tim Shell, William Avery, Ray Van De Walker, SimonP, Zoe, Jinian, Montrealais, Olivier,Ram-Man, Orcalover, Hfastedge, Mrwojo, Edward, Patrick, Kwertii, Wapcaplet, Mic, Ixfd64, Delirium, Minesweeper, Ahoerstemeier,Haakon, Stan Shebs, Docu, TUF-KAT, Angela, Netsnipe, JamesReyes, John K, Rob Hooft, Mxn, Jengod, Feedmecereal, Smith03, AlexS, Tcoahran, Charles Matthews, Timwi, Dysprosia, Omeomi, Cos111, WhisperToMe, SatyrTN, DJ Clayworth, Tpbradbury, Kaare, Itai,SEWilco, Ed g2s, Bevo, Fvw, Jusjih, Camerong, Flockmeal, EldKatt, Finlay McWalter, Cluth, Rossumcapek, Shantavira, Denelson83,Bearcat, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Jeff8765, KeithH, Chris 73, Moncrief, Altenmann, Romanm, Seglea, Postdlf, Merovingian, Rfc1394,Rholton, Ojigiri~enwiki, Auric, LGagnon, Sunray, Bkell, Xepher, Hadal, Emergencyninja, Mushroom, Anthony, Kairos, HaeB, Cyrius,Xyzzyva, Decumanus, Alexwcovington, Pabouk, JamesMLane, DocWatson42, MPF, TOttenville8, Nat Krause, Inter, Netoholic, Hang-ingCurve, Zigger, Peruvianllama, Wwoods, Everyking, Bkonrad, No Guru, Rwk~enwiki, Curps, Rick Block, Guanaco, Dmw, Foryst,Siroxo, AlistairMcMillan, Solipsist, Kowh, Bobblewik, Golbez, SonicAD, Wmahan, Stevietheman, Fishal, James Crippen, Gadfium,Andycjp, Knutux, Zeimusu, Slowking Man, Quadell, Christian.B, Antandrus, Beland, OverlordQ, Evertype, Daniel,levine, Aulis Eskola,Emax, Vina, Mzajac, JimWae, Gauss, Latitude0116, Saopaulo1, Hammersfan, GeoGreg, Scott Burley, Sam Hocevar, Aaron Einstein,Creidieki, Neutrality, Quota, Kareeser, Andy Christ, Jh51681, Adashiel, Grunt, Thorwald, Danh, Mike Rosoft, Kingal86, Ouro, Perey,Dufekin, ChrisRuvolo, Heegoop, Monkeyman, Jiy, Bourquie, Haruo, EugeneZelenko, Lan56, Moverton, Discospinster, Deirdre~enwiki,Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Qutezuce, Vsmith, Rupertslander, Florian Blaschke, Aris Katsaris, Eric Shalov, Xezbeth, Mani1, Paul Au-gust, SpookyMulder, TriviaMan!, Bender235, ESkog, Asdfgh, LemRobotry, Mcpusc, Petersam, Evice, Ylee, CanisRufus, MBisanz, El C,Fenevad, Pjrich, Bletch, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, Kross, Laurascudder, Richard W.M. 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26 16 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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16.2 Images• File:1964_Alaska_Quake_Kodiak_Before_and_After.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/1964_

Alaska_Quake_Kodiak_Before_and_After.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://libraryphoto.cr.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/show_picture.cgi?ID=ID.%20Alaska%20Earthquake%20no.%20%20%20%2017ct&SIZE=large Web page includes photo descriptionOriginal artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718'src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20'height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='1050'data-file-height='590' /></a>

• File:2008-05-04_at_18-26-44-Forgetmenot-Flower.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/2008-05-04_at_18-26-44-Forgetmenot-Flower.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wilder Kaiser (talk)

• File:Alaska-StateSeal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Alaska-StateSeal.svg License: Public domainContributors: ATSDR (part of the CDC) series of state-specific fact sheets. Bitmap versions have been seen on US Embassy websites.Direct PDF URL [1] Original artist: U.S. Government

16.2 Images 27

• File:Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: RockyMtnGuy

• File:Alaska_Crude_Oil_Reserves.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Alaska_Crude_Oil_Reserves.PNG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: RockyMtnGuy

• File:Alaska_Pipeline_Closeup_Underneath.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Alaska_Pipeline_Closeup_Underneath.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Photo by and (c)2005 Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man)

• File:Alaska_Railroad.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Alaska_Railroad.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leon Petrosyan

• File:Alaska_area_compared_to_conterminous_US.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Alaska_area_compared_to_conterminous_US.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work

• Data:• NGDC World Coast Line (public domain)

• NGDC World Data Bank II (public domain)

Original artist: Eric Gaba (Sting - fr:Sting)• File:Alaska_climate_regions_USGS.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Alaska_climate_regions_

USGS.gif License: Public domain Contributors: http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/research/alaska/turnarm.html Original artist: Thomas A. Ager andPaul E. Carrara, USGS

• File:Alaska_in_United_States_(US50).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Alaska_in_United_States_%28US50%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The source code of this SVG is invalid due to 3 errors. Original artist:TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_Silk.svg.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/23px-Email_Silk.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/30px-Email_Silk.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='16' data-file-height='16' /></a> <a href='http://toolserver.org/~{}daniel/WikiSense/Gallery.php?wikifam=commons.wikimedia.org,<span>,&,</span>,img_user_text=TUBS' title='Gallery' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Gallery' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnome-emblem-photos.svg/20px-Gnome-emblem-photos.svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnome-emblem-photos.svg/30px-Gnome-emblem-photos.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnome-emblem-photos.svg/40px-Gnome-emblem-photos.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='48' data-file-height='48' /></a>

• File:AlutiiqDancer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/AlutiiqDancer.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/byways/photos/59191 Original artist: Christopher Mertl

• File:Anchorage1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Anchorage1.jpg License: Copyrighted free useContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Augustine_Volcano_Jan_12_2006_edited-1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Augustine_Volcano_Jan_12_2006_edited-1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.avo.alaska.edu/image_full.php?id=5927 Originalartist: Game McGimsey

• File:Barrow-Alaska-skyview.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Barrow-Alaska-skyview.jpg License:CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Photo by Dave Cohoe Original artist: Dave Cohoe

• File:Bethel_Alaska_aerial_view.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Bethel_Alaska_aerial_view.jpgLicense: Public domain Contributors:

• Image page Original artist: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, photographer not specified or unknown• File:Bow_bow.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Bow_bow.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own

work Original artist: Elżbieta Wojtko Orinek7• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

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• File:CordovaHillside.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/CordovaHillside.jpg License: Public domainContributors: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Original artist: St. Louis, Julie

• File:Denali_Mt_McKinley.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Denali_Mt_McKinley.jpg License:Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: National Park Service

• File:Downtown_Juneau_with_Mount_Juneau_rising_in_the_background.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Downtown_Juneau_with_Mount_Juneau_rising_in_the_background.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr:Downtown Juneau with Mount Juneau rising in the background Original artist: Alan Wu

• File:Downtown_Talkeetna.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Downtown_Talkeetna.jpg License: CCBY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Downtown Talkeetna Original artist: Justin Morgan from Richmond, Virginia, USA

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• File:Fairbanks05.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Fairbanks05.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contrib-utors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Xnatedawgx using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Originaluploader was JeffreyAllen1975 at en.wikipedia Later version(s) were uploaded by Noahcs at en.wikipedia.

• File:Flag_of_Alaska.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg License: CC0 Contribu-tors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Province of British Columbia [2] Original artist: Original concepts of Arthur John Beanlands; AmbroseLee, York Herald (1906); and Conrad Swan, York Herald (1987), College of Arms, London.[3]. Rendered into SVG by -xfi-.

28 16 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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• File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-nal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-nal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Yukon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg License: CC0 Contribu-tors: ? Original artist: ?

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• File:Looking_into_the_sun_from_over_downtown_onto_the_Homer_Spit..jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Looking_into_the_sun_from_over_downtown_onto_the_Homer_Spit..jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr:Looking into the sun form over downtown onto the Homer Spit. Original artist: Scott McMurren

• File:Miners_climb_Chilkoot.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Miners_climb_Chilkoot.jpg License:Public domain Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference numberC-005142and under the MIKAN ID number 3192704Original artist: Hegg, E.A (1867-1948)

• File:Monster_vegetable_display_at_the_Tanana_Valley_State_Fair_2010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Monster_vegetable_display_at_the_Tanana_Valley_State_Fair_2010.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: statefair 2010 Original artist: Liz

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• File:Prudhoe_Bay_aerial_FWS.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Prudhoe_Bay_aerial_FWS.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Digital Library [] Original artist: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

• File:Public-Lands-Western-US.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Public-Lands-Western-US.pngLicense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Northwest-historian

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16.3 Content license 29

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