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Applied Linguistics
By Mr. Humberto Gallardo
EFL Teacher
BA Education
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1. Two translators on a ship are talking."Can you swim?" asks one."No" says the other, "but I can shout for help in ninelanguages.
2. If the translator is a man, HE translates.If the translator is a woman, SHE translates.If the translator is a computer, IT translates.If the translator is either a man or a woman, S/HE
translates.Whether the translator is a man, a woman or a computer,S/H/IT translates.
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What is Human Language?
Language is a highly elaborated signaling
system.
We call the elements of this system TheFeatures of the Language.
- Some found only in Human Being.
- Others are similar to Animals. Another aspect of Human Language is that we
express THOUGHTS with WORDS.
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Another aspect is The duality of patterning
It enables us to use our language in a very economicway for a virtually infinite production of linguistic
units.
How doesthisprinciple work?
Human languages > small, limited set of speech sounds(consonants and vowels = phonemes) > capacity toproduce unlimited vocabulary (meaningful).
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Displacement
In contrast to other animals, humans have a
sense of the past and the future. For Example:Gorillas. (do they speak about the future or
past? Experiences, parents? etc.).
Displacement is thus our ability to convey a
meaning that transcends the immediately
perceptible sphere of space and time.
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Open-endedness
The ability to say things that have never beensaid before, including the possibility to express
invented things or lies, is also a peculiar
feature of human language.
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Stimulus-freedom
Is another aspect that distinguishes human
language from animal communication.The honey-bee must perform its dance,
The woodchuck must cry out in order to warn
his fellows when it beholds an eagle.
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Humans have the ability to say anything they like in any context.
This ability is only restricted in certain ceremonial contexts
such as church services, etc., where a fixed form is expected
to be followed. The possibility to violate this fixed linguistic
behavior is then the source of jokes.
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Language can be ICONIC, which means that thereis a direct correlation betweenform andmeaning.
ICONIC = Visual Representation.
e.g. The length of a phrase could represent a length
of time the phrase refers to, like in a long, longtime ago.
Another example could be onomatopoeia.
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The Human Vocal Tract
An elaborated language requires a highly sophisticated speech
organ that will enable the speaker to produce the many
differentiated sounds. Only humans are endowed with a
speech organ of this complexity.
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What is LINGUISTICS?Linguisticsisthescientificinquiryinto thehumanlanguage with
allitsaspects.(Inquiry = a systematic investigation of a matter of public interest.)
AsitstudiesalLanguageaspectsitincludesthetheoreticalandpracticaluse ofotherStudyAreasderivedfromLinguistics:
Phonetics: The study of the physical properties of sounds of Human Language.
Phonology: the study of sounds.
Morphology: the study of internal structures of words and how they can bemodified.
Syntax: the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences.
Semantics: the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed wordcombination (phraseology) and how these combine to form the meaning ofsentences.
Pragmatics: the study of how utterances are used(literally, figuratively) incommunicative facts.
Discourse Analysis: The analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, signed).
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Psicolinguistics emerged in 1950s and 1960s as aresult of Chomskyan revolution.
Psycholinguistics is a branch of study which combines the
disciplines ofpsychology and linguistics. It is concerned with
the relationship between the human mind and the language
as it examines the processes that occur in brain while
producing and perceiving both written and spoken discourse.
What is more, it is interested in the ways of storing lexical items
and syntactic rules in mind, as well as the processes of
memory involved in perception and interpretation of texts.
Also, the processes of speaking and listening are analyzed,
along with language acquisition and language disorders.
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Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is a quickly developing branch of linguisticswhich investigates the individual and social variation oflanguage.
Some factors influencing the way people speak which are
investigated by sociolinguistics: Social Class
Social Context
Geographical Origins
Ethnicity
Nationality
Gender
Age
http://www.tlumaczenia-
angielski.info/linguistics/sociolinguistics.htm?PHPSESSID=c6ebf0a8d25bde3f4c8
77f1f06b6e78a
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ContrastiveLinguistics
Contrastive Analysis (CA) or Contrastive
Linguistics: "In the study of foreignlanguage
learning, the identification of points of
structural similarity and difference between
two languages
Taken from: http://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1683824.html
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Pragmatics
How people comprehend and produce a
communicative act or speech act in a concrete
speech situation which is usually a conversation.
http://www.gxnu.edu.cn/Personal/szliu/definition.html
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AppliedLinguistics
According to Longman Dictionary of AppliedLinguistics (1985) there are 2 definitions:
1. The study ofSecond or Foreign Languagelearning and teaching.
2.Th
e study of language and lingu
istics
in relat
ionto practical problems, such as lexicography,
translation, speech pathology, etc.
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More Definitionsrelated
Applied Linguistics uses information from
sociology, anthropology, and information
theory as well as from linguistics in order to
develop its own theoretical models of
language and language use, and then uses this
information and theory in practical areas such
as syllabus design, speech therapy, languageplanning, literacy, bilingualism.
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WhatA.L.involves?
It involves:
a. What weknow aboutlanguage.
b. How it is learned.
c. How it is used.
The primary concern of Applied Linguistics hasbeen SLA theory, SL Pedagogy and
interrelationship of both areas.
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AnotherDefinition
Applied Linguistics is a field that studies cases in
which language related disorders such as
speech ofaphasia, schizophrenic and autistic
speakers and hemispherectomy patients in
hopes that a better view ofhow the brain
works when the language system of the
speaker breaks down or is dysfunctional isuncovered.
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Bonus: Language Disorders
DefinitionsAphasia: Partial and total language impairment in common use.
Schizophrenia: is a serious mental illness characterized by adisintegration of the process of thinking and of emotionalresponsiveness. It most commonly manifests as
auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre disillusion,disorganized speech and thinking with significant social oroccupational dysfunction.
Autism: is a disorder of neutral development characterized byimpaired social interaction and communication, and by
restricted and repetitive behaviour.
Hemispherectomy: is a surgical procedure where one cerebralhemisphere(half of the brain) is removed or disabled.
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