Upload
mc-ortega
View
223
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
1/46
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
2/46
electronic integrated circuits in a single
packaging chip that is capable of performing
both arithmetic and logical operations as well
as control operation
a monolithic electronic device controlled by a
program
an integrated circuit that engineers imprint
onto a small, silicon semiconductor chip
WHAT IS A MICROPROCESSOR?
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
3/46
As an integrated circuit, a microprocessor contains
multiple, miniaturized transistors and other
components, which function cooperatively as a
single system.
WHAT IS A MICROPROCESSOR?
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
4/46
TYPES OF MICROPROCESSOR
Rectangular Jedec
64 pins JEDEC
packaging40 pins plastic
ceramic type
packaging
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
5/46
PROGRAM is sets of commands or
instructions that tells the computer what to
do or execute.
INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGY is a technology
wherein a large scale electronic circuit are
stored in a single chip packaging.
vacuum tubes transistors IC
DEFINITION
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
6/46
SMALL SCALE INTEGRATION 10 to 100
transistors
MEDIUM SCALE INTEGRATION 100 to 1,000
transistors
logic gates
LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION 1,000 to 10,000
transistors
registers, flip-flops, counters, decoder
FOUR LEVELS OF INTEGRATION
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
7/46
VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION 10,000 to
1M+ transistors
Pentium 1 to 4
FOUR LEVELS OF INTEGRATION
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
8/46
less space requirements
creates new time dimension
less power consumption inexpensive
less heat dissipation
ease of troubleshooting ease of replacement
greater productivity
BENEFITS OF INTEGRATION
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
9/46
SURFACE-MOUNT TECHNOLOGY solderless
because the devices are already mounted in
the PCB and moulded.
MODULARITYis replaced by module.
DEFINITION
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
10/46
ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT performs arithmetic
and logical operations.
arithmeticmathematical
logicalpertains to the decision-making
operation of the CPU
CONTROL UNIT supervise the flow of
information between the various part of the
microprocessor.
MAJOR PARTS OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
11/46
Three Tasks
Fetchdata or instruction from the memory
Encode/Decodethe instruction or data
Execute
MEMORY UNIT external component because
it is located outside the microprocessor.
storage of data or instructionCPU = ALU + CU
MPU
MAJOR PARTS OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
12/46
Primary/Main Memory
Volatilepower dependent
Static RAM
Dynamic RAM
Non-Volatile
ROM
Flash
Secondary/Auxilliary Memory
diskette
MEMORY UNIT
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
13/46
CDs
Hard disks
Magnetic tapes
Microfilm
Punch paper tape
Punch card
MEMORY UNIT
SAM (Sequentially Access Memory)
- eradicated
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
14/46
CONVENTIONAL MEMORY/BASE MEMORY
refers to the actual memory on-board (640KB)
EXTENDED MEMORY use in memory
swapping which is virtual memory
management that is located in hard disk
TYPES OF RAM CONFIGURATION
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
15/46
SYSTEM BUS is a collection of wires/conductors
that serves as a pathway or passage way of
information or signal to and from and in and out
of the processor
ADDRESS BUS specify the address of the
device the processor wishes to access
DATA BUS serve as the common bus where
data can freely flow
SYSTEM BUS
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
16/46
CONTROL BUS provides timing and
coordination inside the chip
Major Sources Generation of Control Signals
memory device
I/O devices
Clock
SYSTEM BUS
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
17/46
BIRECTIONAL FLOW is a two-way
communication of microprocessor
duplex
UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW is a one-way
communication of microprocessor
simplex
TYPES OF DIRECTIONAL FLOW OF A BUS
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
18/46
BENEFITS
cheaper
simplicity of design
DISADVANTAGES
slower in speed
bus conflict
BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES OF
SINGLE BUS
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
19/46
fast
prevents queuing
prevents bus conflicts ease of troubleshooting
easy to access
ADVANTAGES OF MULTIBUS
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
20/46
REDUCED INSTRUCTION SETS COMPUTER
RISC microprocessors can write programs
more easily than CISC microprocessors, as the
former understand a minimal number ofinstructions and can format those instructions
uniformly using the same basic steps.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
21/46
COMPLEX INSTRUCTION SETS COMPUTER
CISC microprocessors can run programs faster
than their RISC counterparts, as CISC
microprocessors utilize a greater number ofinstructions.
INSTRUCTION SET is a list of all possible
commands or instructions that a particularmicroprocessor can perform or execute.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
22/46
BANDWIDTH is the maximum number of bits
that a microprocessor can process while
carrying out a single instruction.
CLOCK SPEED refers to the rate at which a
microprocessor can create pulses of electrical
current for carrying out operations.
DEFINITION
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
23/46
MICROPROCESSOR relies on various other
computer chips to carry out tasks.
MICROCONTROLLER is a more independent
component, which functions like a separate,
self-contained computer.
MICROPROCESSOR VS
MICROCONTROLLER
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
24/46
it is a microcomputer itself
it has a microprocessor
it has built-in memory it has built-in clock or timer
it has built-in Analog-Digital Converter or
Digital-Analog Converter
ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLER
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
25/46
1971
Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of high-
performance programmable calculator asked
Intel to design a set of chips for its calculator
production
i4004
was the worlds first general-purpose
microprocessor
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
26/46
designed by Ted Hoff, Stan Mazor, Federico Faggin
and Masatoshi Shima of Busicom
it consisted of only 2,300 transistors in a 4-bit
wide architecture it supports 45 instructions only
it runs under a clock speed of 740kHz
* Intel Corporation was formerly named as IntegratedElectronics Corporation which was founded by Robert Noyce
and Gordon Moore.
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
27/46
1972
Intel debuted the i8008
consisting of only 3,500 transistors
it was considered to be the worlds first 8-bit
microprocessor
it can manage both alphanumeric data
it was first used in the construction of Micral
(Mark-8)
Mark-8 was considered the worlds first personal
computer
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
28/46
1974
Intel introduced the i8080
became the brain of the one of the first personal
computerMITS Altair
it has 6,000 transistors
it has 16-bit addressing, 8-bit data bus, and run at
a clock speed of 2MHz
it contain 16-bit stack pointer to memory
it has 256 Input/Output ports
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
29/46
became the heart of the MITS Altair 8800 which
was considered to be the worlds first
microcomputer
Motorola debuted the worlds first 8-bitmicroprocessor, M6800
uses low power consumption specifically 5V
power supply RCA 1802 was introduced
capable of running at a speed of 6.4MHz
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
30/46
1975
Federico Faggin and Masatoshi Shima
developed Zilog Z80
it was viewed as an advancement over 8080
it was modeled after 8080
it runs under a clock frequency of 2.5MHz and
contained 8,500 transistors
Z80A capable of a maximum clock speed of 4MHz
hosted the first standard microprocessor
operating system
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
31/46
1976
MOS Technologies introduced the 6502
microprocessor
it has 8-bit data bus
it used 250 bytes of RAM
the first microprocessor to use the first
multiplication instructions
it has 16-bit arithmetic and the first to use a fast
interrupt technology
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
32/46
was the heart and brain of Steve WosniaksApple
II microcomputer
also used by Commodores Atari Game arcade
Computer
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
33/46
1978
Intel 8086 was constructed
contains 29,000 transistors
with 16-bit data bus
the processor contained a clock speed of 4MHz
the first microprocessor to use segmented
memory addressing
the chip contained a 20-bit address bus providing
it with 1MB of memory space
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
34/46
1979
Intel introduced i8088 which was based on
8086
it has 16-bit data bus
it ran under a clock frequency of 4MHz
it was the heart of IBMs first personal computer
the IBM PC XT
it was the first chip to support DOS and LOTUS 1-
2-3
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
35/46
Motorola introduced the 16-bit M68000
it runs at 2MHz and included a 32-bit instruction
set
the first microprocessor to be used as platform ofsome early UNIX systems
it was the heart of Apple for the Lisa and later the
Macintosh it contained 68,000 transistors
it contains 16-bit data bus and 24-bit address bus
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
36/46
1982
Intel debuted the 16-bit i80286
the first X86 processor to support general
protection and virtual memory
it was the heart of IBM PC AT
it contains 130,000 transistors
the chip can run at speeds of 8 to 12 MHz
it can support 16MB of physical memory
it contains a 16-bit data bus and a 24-bit address
bus
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
37/46
1985
Intel introduces i80386
it runs at speed ranging from 16-25MHz i80386SX
to 20-40 MHz i80386DX
it contains 32-bit design with 275,000 transistors
it was the first Intel processor to contain both a
32-bit data and address buses contains 4GB address space and the first
mainstream Intel chip to support linear addressing
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
38/46
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
39/46
1986
Stanford MIPS produced the R2000
was the first commercial RISC microprocessor
it contains 50,000 transistors
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
40/46
1987
Sun Micro introduces the first SPARC
microprocessor
it runs at 36MHz and was designed to run at a full
32-bit applications
Sun-4 was the first computer based on the SPARC
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
41/46
1989
Intel 486 was introduced
contains 1.2 million transistors
includes a built-in floating point unit
it includes 8 to 16K internal RAM cache
operates under 16 to 100MHz
the processor to first contain a Level 1 cache
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
42/46
1993
Intel Pentium I was unveiled
it contains 3.1M transistors
the chip was the first to incorporate a superscale
architecture whose dual-pipeline design could
execute two instructions as one
it contains 64-bit bus along with 16K of Level1cache
it runs at a clock speed ranging from 50 to
120MHz
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
43/46
1995
Intel introduced Pentium Pro
the processor is optimized for 32-bit applications
running on 32-bit operating systems
it contains 5.5M transistors
it operates on different clock frequencies of 150,
166, 180, or 200MHz the chip contains a 36-bit address data bus
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
44/46
1996
Cyrix introduced its 6 x 86 family of processor
it operates on the clock speeds ranging from 100
to 150 MHz but it performs at the speeds of Intels
chips
120 to 200MHz
it contain a 64-bit external data bus along with a32-bit address bus
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
45/46
1997
Intel introduced the Pentium processor with
MMX technology
contains 57 new instructions for Multimedia
expansion
Pentium II was released
originally named as Klamath
it runs at 233MHz
it comes with a 256 or 512 KB cache
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)
46/46